cee ea see a. can eaten teste nt tg eat Gn tented wots 6~ batten mer ersn tata ta entertain ent Soave Stn ee tenn dn rent ON GRAS SIA Be I SE POO RN RRS RT a a a hb tee VN A Pe ree Ld DM Dye

. Seton = = Sal nO le ny Re RAE SODA One cn ent nb S ee ca ew eee btn ante hl tet oad ie i

o~ Sescchee thn tah mech ged A abet taedieten teats tedieh deals ta dea oiedira teeta Aipted oe tote Seelam rma tale eit htntel

= omrerrer eer in retrain = er re

a e os Ranenaceeearenchrareeatlna teireeene ot ae

me. Ps

eS

o) -y/ oy,

SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT

BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY

TO THE

SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Se Vee © VW 6 Is,

DIRECTOR

WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1888

xu Oey ij UM IAUOLTAL

a\ ABUTS t)

CONTENDS.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

Page Tete AO UNeAS IMMA ore jece eerc.ais. chereyeis ie isle sc auclabesiatercielele secs ete e Peters XXI [ARO ONO), Gvacns oO SaRnn ORO tn oR OAR SAnnnen a AOceacr aaccete tn cere ae XXUI LEA SIM SELIOIY gos celsig oe ten Sekl nb EB rine ob 0 Gr ETO OO acc Een En OG eRe c XXIV LENG Rove. 3 settee mea Schmid ota Ocieiean Gare BOOS Ma OO TRO ee mTeClan a orn a metres XXVI WikoiniaGl xq TMI S aa. chee a6 boat osounoTOnEcHIesBA be HI ondE a basenepS XXVI Work of Prof. Cyrus minomiss dia sRoyege srs Water eSavsteie, tie ye hiatal yn sieestest de XXVI Explorations in the Southwest ........ iGOHKE Hao ShbAdsorones sonsames -XXVIII Wiorksot Mir James SteveDSOD . sccm = sei ccecis ene cla cereeieie or ener SXOSSVILL WiorkoteMirs Victor miindeleth-s2 ec, sce sacs cnc amioeineren eles ee 5 3.0.6 TAIT OMT SLC HE] ea OTUs eecre rer a ayoie Tesas's verete ahs rec tare rss sichspe lt eaatote Sepeecieee vetoes asi sets XXX NVOnkOneMirsshinminnierAs |S DIi er cvs elise aun aeieoreeieee se ee RONEN Wiorkof Miri Hes Wer Elenshaiwy.. scenes <2 <2 sacaetesiecers Se gs cstntete vest esas XXXI IWiOGks Ole rwAtr Sa GapSCIeby cisic. miet acie nu so emia o. 5 cinierels(ersporcrelenuie ais elors P ROROR DEL VOT ka Of Rue vised oy OW CHUL OLSCY 2 caso, afer r= lay eve tel fercore aia, chersistere ale cist cheie ctere OO NWOrk On Wie ereniiahl Curtin. heer curesciesce cece cine 1 ekcRO VIL (Gracnl GAG Wo © = se ace ceenen conomcild ob BA a Eee DUNT t sd Comeanine? OO QA tn iWork of Dr) Washington Matthews) 7s: ~ 2... sce e cs oneness XXXVI VOT KAO DMD Trae Elie Com NANT O Wa ay sreteialavatsits auclemsiscets iam raisteeastaray. a avon se-craeranee XL Gale OED Nive, de Lakosientels Go dagoododododopaccs cond amodeeatar ac XLI OviOS Word hele ache ton DS I Oe AIO Sai Dao DOD TRG CeIn eer eae ee XLII VOT ISO Le Mirai Ele avis HELONS Ha W ete myeieyenese tare sie acciorererecece kisieie ste seis Seto neice a XLV WOEksOLe ins se EMInmic PACK Smith ere. eters, yas rsrs steerer sie eters nia oie reteteie XLV NVOLKOLs Cole GarrickeMallonys same sp cise ange ass cease netios eeiouseare ae XLV WOT OLE) HAAVY ccd SwELO timer eis scree rer are ay cel wo aie cic clon Sita eae Soe XLV WWOrkxOfe Moret ames, Crs Malin Osc ye states ores x, cieus sitysj alate verer sie. aletere niece stteraysterstelere XLV Wile oe ihe, lihgmaltc 181, (Otel mle one OScO RA BG Ob OOD AD Doe eso Sean XLVI Wot kiOree role Gyis EN OMAS yccistiacn tiac iar eiteeie sas « staasisectciee noe) ee XL VIL NV OEkIOheMiTsmViGhOrg NMAC lel nici crete cnc shartoucrsiotvs. kerecnioardateeiociime savas XLVI Work of Rev. J. Owen Dorsey ..............-. ieteh ctgke onote Mate sein anes Ae eels VLE NVOEKFOfe Mir Al bert: 9:1 GatsChebiycoarm ss cia ascites sin re eed a0 create: a seievetwetcis o1e XLVIII Vor Karo laevis mV oe Flee OLMIES Ei ree cto natn crases ele farelenicieusiaisisinesah shooter fees RIVAL \ivorric ie ID Yes dat, (5 WohaoNo sonosauar cM Cc ee actor ude cians cris L WViorkrofe Moe Chanless Cn siOy CO st yate ar erste reeves lefetels le aiafealeiercieyaveve alsin Se see Li PAC COMPANY LT Oma DOLS rer Ne tey hava stetsy sy eleven cts ote ae acfors torah eneneatotecinie ema Sarees LI Ancient art of the province of Chiriqui, Colombia, by William H. Holmes. LI

A study of the textile art in its relation to the development of form and GMaMent, Oya iliamisel- PELOUINES \c/-se les encfers ee cicicle 2102. oie) sinielaus «ares 4 LIV Aids to the study of the Maya Codices, by Cyrus Thomas............... LV Osage traditions, by Rev. J. Owen Dorsey ...........2.220.+cceeeecees LVI heCentralsBskinios Dy WC. WEANZ BOS). crsyejewini ects aisle, aie. ales o sini sie «ciesele eis LVI EUR AIG AMS DALEK CLL bieers meee ees. See alar cle ee saee coisa nal alenesckeyecBeuote, Wie @ <ftpaueia e,oye Napevetnae ess LVI

IV CONTENTS.

ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.

ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI, BY WILLIAM H. HOLMES.

Iai nga cheYeinloy Ron eect IT AtiO neh ttcon erie o IGE OD ee Apc an nica ann GE ae aman aUr aca Geo prays x siete cre crsrs sia) «4 tietepst aye 0D svehesHe avelalecaraye aera) terrae Urs eee tena eee A Enemy ikl kere hes Sn a A eA OR Ea a I ECL RVO nd anders ao ety a6 acre Geno t Geen LEG) OG oan ooutecenea go AponGg MAPGhoaboosonnhcohoosudopyba “cacctowadnod Af at sh(e1s)an{o i211 >: pee eae aor Tenis are ce coEn Moto chica Cradlt G,cin6 onion Melony esiwacn ie creer ccncu merce cl siete sce WE okra stops Beaten: eee eee Lekiheatiguiy ent heal ene Sear MRO RATA etna Onondinanacmodedacaonc

Stoners sa... acwisraslavahio Seat a alate free os atayeua cays uateencieieirstayelll ofa tape des Tei Metsber aetna tee Pictured! LOCKS) 05 «ois. «5 c/n Sere cuesse simcher 5 Clarets eerie Hee RE eS (Gf) ist | Peete Morte oA orn enor ao oman oiLetconcdy camo TOMAS). o scisseye cave rx ronevordin, ersicuonke terete evocey Sey tlore tavevebacetess) ole Terel shee ene Neer Mealling: Stones’ crcntaciaiad carscetentiett rere ATC gel enero ial aS eee SBOOIS oyecejeic ace Garet, becrs me eteeans Sais BNE eerie Meee Oe ee eae EE ae Celtsiebe cs iscitited cee dit aya tie ee taTe ss SIRE areola aoe TES Spearheadsi casas c vce. svete cyep terete auctal= gkko fea rereiee ee eee eae ATKOW POMS =:202 disc sxins ahsccusist ovals ue isis) cesera ta rel eee erode spe eect Ornaments’ 33s s.s ce siees cde trast eee Ee OE Cee Metall Fics canabectelss pyate aie oicuel tie dusiahn seem ache cleric aReR kere ae ETC ete ican Gold and ‘Coppers ier .5 sto craic sieve eievehel aioiers cheusts stone erase ole eea revels tee BEONZO cate teveters. sabe Seteeie cis pee sen aaa chat elgste Bienes ere OC Ee RCE ae Clay Ge Bo bberyi.. vrei icrooracres on io teioe isc rere ee SEN eRe aera Pereliv 1m By 2p o.fvene ites eave va eye yanste <p och gent et creer ese AEE ete Te eS ETO WP LOUNGE) seas si2 be se ceetuee ao cata eb «ee eee areee eiee ers

Unpainted: waren sss so. seen eiseree acre sche evade ae ese eecmicl arctan Terra COwla sey OUP iaisc.stics nese alae Masia are eRe Black incised group...... wi £8 Sheps aha en othe oes teks Poteau am eT Cpe ttc

Painted! wares cir acc iiss rs ete iereereiers Soe ith siaheter ulead eyes Scarifiedievoup i fstcys+ esters cer teat aera ce pea ee Ree Han dledteroup sis. ad tse Sees cy aere es rySered acre ORE oe ee er eee APTI pod iSTOUD cme emis cl-es aero nee Mat oom: TOU i rie cies fave artic sinceeeiele sie eee ener Red line-eroupe..coctsgenwere &.one 1 aele ce cps trae arene White line! groups 525s. terdcnetiaister- eke pos eerste est eee Reese Lost iGolormeroupists< «ruse. ek ecm tnaectiels eee oor aE EE ere Alligator’ Group ser. « sepa ors cis lees ove = alee ce cllehosevernereteee raysene Seperate een Poly chrome group's i-jtestess ae «ghee crete chases aver sreisne teers eats eee Unclassified.) 2 sot cece stdae Sees Chics Sores eee eee

Miscellaneous objects! sain. Senne ser nace coe e ern earache aici eter tae Spindleswihorlss Axsececcs sere vot cucretcie eiclore ete alee ste are = err aes Needlecases i. <i i:tiicacatas are baepanvsiseclelcte charteaceone ee eae cae oT Figurines Stools

CONTENTS, V

: Page. Objects of art —Continued. Miscellaneous objects — Continued. AVMUISLCSUINIM SHRINE a bs eetesstne Wer ar re cite Pcl rere ester cteuetater oa victeravaecciattersmyet 156 INKS cacti bb BE Oa OUR ae BORD od Dein dor age brn cho Comrie Tee 156 NBVYUNTIAS epee cee retote se icasuctiane ©. cieuctessucyereccherayohatel Che nas v.8 agate olancie tate Mhaudls Mussels 157 VAMC SHIUINEN Ue erase ccs 4 tees te eso tact tevsccrolere Mietiners wa aoe eustesene ava 160 Life forms in vase HQAUIMGLIN ONam Recs eatet Ne apestensral crave ev atascel ars rerate renee sa rclate le ce eye 171 TRISS PITTS. 4c a oe oak 7 Oded OE SOSH aD Cee aECt ACI niet: eran trees a eee 186

A STUDY OF THE TEXTILE ART IN ITS RELATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORM AND ORNAMENT, BY WILLIAM H. HOLMES.

TEAR ROLG FELELU CON. Acaconato arene cio eu Seats Cate Si TERE CHE CHEE EIT OR Penn hc lence pe one hace ean a 195 HOTA MY GSMS AM epee cxeeayaleutiaseieiel yc ahaa nso yet wpe ssts/ses 5) x20 Sele oy dievoveyabssa:ciawele,« 196 RGLatrOnSiOLeLOUIMmUOLO CM AITLON ber ierctaremere ate ere eiereiari-p ele mvtonay ection eyerene cae eae rax 201 Colonainetextileyartrea-vacie chs cfs tye rte eis seislevaee Nin oats cusssta et rss eens teases 201

Anes ail Exaln nao) tht OAee nonin gices bed Gein iO eee teaae 2 Geico aca aia oa Cicero 202 Development of a geometric system within the art...................... 202

TEA AOTC) As ce OA OSA Came ROe On ompd hoe ae oC orc centers. 202 Realiefephen Omen arreecscrecmtrre cys ias tele var vatehae italiane teyee Crete rec eie sleee yon 203 Giaslhaeiiy WARS aga op oosee aasomve tec mndaden dn seca Vaaate 208 Reticulated work 210 SIU ORE VRCOVAS AHURA AE WISENADERES qo onc mods oc ob te caborobeneotosabucene 211 Colonphenomengremrryc cits see eect seieiae seis t festive icre 215 OpdamamryeatUnes te cir ses cis jepaascorsye srole eras: < etajo suede feyayevstste la icles teeters 215 Non-essential constructive features. ........ 0-2... eee cece etree 226 SUPErCOnStLUCtbve NM CabUNES myiersis 2) ju) a15 ohn ci-palavs ete semaitra ss abieePas =) 228 AAMON UIE OUS SLE aAESh ae cyercps co sien feyesert vcr sieueycossere is speveyeasieeheys cess erers 231 Geometricity imposed upon adopted elements of design ................ 232

Extension of textile ornament to other forms of art..................... RB

AIDS TO THE STUDY OF THE MAYA CODICES, BY CYRUS THOMAS. IinRROG KONO Son gpoceudach Gh opas tea Cdneo BOaRenas aba daa ceae ssa s ora moae te 259 CHAP ws he numerals an the Dresden! Godex: -« a5. sccm ose ee eae eee oe 261 Iie (Cieyatelhnsitorih $4 ao Ue et ono ohio Seace co cheemo aria ares OAcerin Groce 339 TOU “Ub a(ctaraknba tes 4 ctag Aateroad cae a toe Suet Pcs hes ates anos eee 345 Sigmiicahiom ofthe chanacensme cit telecielsiloeiele sere ee elelere ere B47 Shr nollst ole Beir} 2) Keres aadnonaoeegd pone eanhsade acnenanoo 348 Shea sols @rr Clehtess ¢ Vaca connote OoouSboDd se CoSUDUALONSDCObOGobGS 358 Discussion as to phonetic features of the characters... ........ 365 OSAGE TRADITIONS, BY REV. J. OWEN DORSEY.

TT PROCLULC LOM Mere retiree a staan ace ect evtticsuseche eben cy n eaul beter mccostocia niet pain ees 377

PradionsrOt CHeVelQerse es er crielesieit-saje<\elste malas ater : Meresesieke 381 Unt" u¢aye. Tsiou wactaye itade (Tradition of th 381

MRCS aGoonasrocuncmubsogDaASsBAs acoso pop oO Uae bone anAOd GOGO 388

Uni u¢aye. Qii¢apasa" itade (Tradition of the Bald Eagle subgens).... 390

TRA RHO 4c. om deen eG ork. te ocean dee po gdeotnds ORD On aaa Bode 394.

(Cancinahine namin, o obo coukwonccds aong Deus uoHene moose sueReos dUaoKSnaoNe 396 THE CENTRAL ESKIMO, BY DR. FRANZ BOAS.

[pMFLO HNO MONG ams cuossg oo Aades ow Oa eyo OOnac On 0 dee cites Dorion ame srin om pac encccre 409 /NW tI MOAT OT CMOKEGLs ove coco eos ned eos out dee dodenpacodaddosDogoo oocgoD 410 Cir NoERAPLY 25 abocooesdingascouneoeare peaneoup cuoDeeRUSnGoDoRonbEoqone 413

Geography, of northeastern America 35 ws. ele weiss ieee ee inci 413

VI CONTENTS.

Mistmbntioniof the yribes sev, teae seca ren eis ear eer eee Rene General tobservatious’ icc co criss nena eee oe aan e Lar LES Haab aly Oech es Ee ear eet Roe eT Om Orca eae Gh MOTO ER AS AAS ro ets ee

LNG GQ AMIMIAUANSMIG ere cies ceyevssessteon wicisstin eehesstemn erertierels ate ree eels A WateyIN rea) F801 es pen ee oro eer a ose HeAnn AS AIEEE GaC CATION Un wcaoeds The! Og oniUlUtirc ca ceciccs < eletetsoe. ele tine seie s+ Oa elole ake ese ee era ThetPadlimyutiand the Atkare waite een eerste ested baer eee ete Ab its.Carevo) 10111 eeAiog a BORER MBH O enon oo.co Gartanos cUtan hose Gueet cc MhegMelulirmMiwtss eee coer eee iy RARE mee Rers alco = AbaYo cal ccc eR oan c moon eB Sobonte fogs -oObCn sono s aca c oe The |Sagdlirmiut ..:. 4c 2 sess sivas as he ciate Mee sles aeeleeroae here iIWesternishorelofs EludSOn Bayi terre terete elerelstelapersotette teeter eee etal WNUK Same AMS oORtem GONE KODACACoNS DOO AgdoOUy Os ADS ANOGHICaT ity evel UO PU AWEGIIN he no bpoDoeoduCDe Hoon Act PROD ODOGO. ORK oU SOOr The Sagdlirmiut of Southampton Island’.................. ........ JUIEHS THT Pee er ee ApR GOO OCAAnGds oAGatoacseononooaccaDS Boothia, Pelrxand) Back River’: 222 «<= cc overscan seem aie ee ere MhewNetehillimm ta byeyeteeseerdeye syste sites ace eel tae eee ee een re UUM U aA emGooEM oD doomeOpUdGo de taOdoocb tot S6nsce sdemr abana ThevUikusiksalinm Tut 0% stavate- steels, oces ere seireneterole ie eee oe etter ret Smith Sound sa. .20 «cass s4 cers os oeee deca censor + See aac eee ets The natives of Ellesmere Wand %. f..5<:5/< oe sae 3) aceleeis ieee isos The yNorthy Greenland ers mace cie see settee letter terrier Influence of geographical conditions upon the distribution of the settlements. . Trade and intercourse between the tribes...............-...5--+-+ee +e evens Lustiof the Central’ Bskamovtribes® ocr.) 25 tine «ro ceieic eieere ites ree vere rete [eivvaynbaya img iaGlNtee oo peop cgomsemadegnon GodhocoNeheberosoososnnocnonadese Seale walrus and awihalelhumninn oye ceritde = sect ae ee ere eit erate Deersmusk ox, and [bear NUM tin Ops -a-lar-tele oistile orereceierateletetare etree Seyeeletar IshpwNyEn Gece Mlle eNEE Coos Sono OdGocOdonogunDonodtooHs ongOsaDOnSeSuE ITSM snags pace pbva coon a neues NHEDD OOD FoUSAUaIdSDOFOGSeOZONS a Sous Man UPACEUITES. 2.5 x.c6e tox erereaststercveie ciate anctSsstataag «cote tedat over afer ene rs ieee eee eer Making leather/and prepanineiSkinsy ee. aes cjeren ere cletay-delsv ere tstaielereiets tetera Sundryaimplements eet rececieritiste icra etic eee aerate ee ete Lransportation bys bOabsrand Sled OOS caver rcratoy tater raisteyavatodatate(etetetere fete iate netstat AH yo) Pee oe eta aso anon cee Umea obec sno deSocadelon unos Ge The'sledretand dogs wemerie- iene rere ee SDT o6 Geb oreo Habitations and sdress 23. Saket otaen daw scion cule oecae oe Peneplee eideecid See oereats The WOUSC ry fas sais tose lomicrae) Nelctarg oe oneal cick ete Ce eee eer Clothing, dressing of the hair, and tattoome...5-- 2.5. -+3244-. seeds Social: and! relioious if: so no tec e eit Ge ccd cee ate ent aie SEE ER eee Domestic occupations and amusements ....5.5..5..-- 0s. 5-2 eee AS) nt) ee ees Een atc sooo seen ctos fron coda aoopo se cetioc Social! customs:inisummMersao. co sos ete le ee oslo ree eraser Social order and VAwS:. sysisc aie sayo cistspstecsyete crovsiessietons cncteheiatel halos ico eee Religious ideas and the angakunirn (priesthood) ..................+.---- Sober ye ave len yaEhY CRG adosocadedn con cans blocs Ke coo CooE SUMO eCRectS The itornait andthe vam gaat oe as ese iste savers olen cietere alefoh-taiaheieieredareeeieterets The flieht tothe moon. -7-eycet veers eects healer eel a oe eee eer Kadlu the thundeveric sc. 0cic205 ice to siolesistevere Orsmisterlomereniot aes tatters Feasts, reliciousiand secular. .).c-e= clo noieicie cena einer eee ee leteererite Customs and regulations concerning birth, sickness, and death. .........

CONTENTS.

PalenrAn Cau acd Ons erwerery eit de sisicttcien rei erstseis ore telras one ie ekeounitesaslosinrs

MG bana yen Pree areataiee erst tootsie tate oeemelaes« eisie Mais siSeveesties calog Se yne distances s Mietemienaionmo tthe scay lamas se ajersyceaayelse spehsiese erecterstter 4 je areieie es ISGAlLOp RING EN. oct Oo Go gue Nach Re atak OF. CS Santcnd Goma toon c Eee tee The Uissuit..... RODEO. GQOsddoe todo e608 65h CnC HDAC UAL Ome aRooeAenn SESW AAMT I eee ater een aye eaueere ole, ae Semiahe ne era Mua thos aele sfaialevachlare, syoraiereisier love ee a.0c8

SIV RVAS OO Ve terrae eTRCee ayer core ee aatcie Pepe ovove cect clavate ete eos eieua ee “lene cele Bhestu citi weve OMI OM irre crater cteic there ecelersic ches Come Mises eee ueiave &, sioneiere Oanrdyaqayudpmermcrres reer cca crete ch ween sree aiemnie choo mterae Tee cOLyaOm the hree!bYOChers) jes: cersisiere eitersscsvetewintereasiei sarees, 6,010

HER Orie aay ges ers le salsa siayan Sis osvel eras rskersoln sore «TSA /aieusrcrovspaloravee Igimarasugdjuqdjuaq the cannibal................... Paitin Sa OOD pte ERNE RROEDIGS erate eres csiane Yefe: Sieaps Siore s dS hoe. avs saw Sareiorela shee wR GE Sane a noes: The woman and the spirit of the singing house ...................04. ‘MherconsteallatonU Gleqa Fwy ryrsserseers eyeic esis ere eto sieas seelsn ce ee seat The origin of the Adletand of the Qadlw ait .......... 2. ceete esses NH GOT ea tRLO OC niet rpteon er cateers ciate sie ias aeactais Gis resin neta ie creche mus pag diya wal Serres secteyecre se etsy oreracces cto creleave ics nyareis oedaminorstere: axe MHERPEATISLONY aie eresra oet= sessraieiaun eaters Ce Zine, cianait eeyeisiavsia ns Slaubv aes veya, slelas ele

Comparison between Baftin Land traditions and those of other tribes...

Seienceran ditherarts seers eee tte savers erste rales sisie sie ieee ah weit apscea) alsus

GeorranhysanGsnravA Ca mor ty tere. 5 nfo = afsteve elejacore craic ciawierset 5 shsveielersieisiereieceia wrsies Poetry gana yniUsic trecpsre nici tes oiscts ets «Saree 00s tis eVs oretaleneueCiyeraie,czele elean(e ime wie ee Merny -makinsvam oneaihemorni terrae ati eye eile cine reedeieie- alerts presenti GASt SON Pore tretteels oaiac aie chteicic levees emul sre) ch arsucloners ieee PACE TE pISSiNe an (GHEVKALeTISESONE) sete mryeteers ys chs aisictol=-l cleleta tore ctenelsiorer PSM OMIM SOMO. taateieterereterst aisyspstste vege « easels sishesapefcrs cin eosle.cie cielave cle epsees DieMbe we ttm in os UT eM aac sasis sr seveie ake teere eo sf eleroi ies) sislada|eferwleie nies TUDE, Soverer oer ste) donned hoe pa eun ap aoeiean oonamas Bhoso oboe us GocuD ocoue IV. Song of the Inuit traveling to Nettilling.......................-- Wo (OvEMCe [IN Mote, pds soccah sda sono cboopspeanUeenoNsn GogecmpOdsOnO WIL. IEE RS RON occa c oda Hod ed oodUn UNS OCS roMGh coon odoDueNoobOboe WAITS (SON ee 5 ON Oba SGn a Tmo OF DOSE aoc Domne nmirO marearo Oe ana NAUNIS Stott een boas Astle o pcos Gi GhOnice Somer occen eam td OL ceate LX SOneOpatbhe; MOLaluteeisaeredecr <tc SAS areca GouteverGherengayea rentals ore DX, AMaesivoys Enel me) yoann Soo cecooosseaanoocoe.+ocoacboS cord sebooE Rl, AMA ER EMSS Sk cogeoucun oneeoao GoTo Dob dps oe Goclban Oouscoan SOU, Sloat Gre A jeiclbiewey, oo sos oncomeenedencescaacah Condos ubeacooenoouD DAME Toh YeES solves 6 Faeor coasonsednnsseononnS Heroes comet 2M, Wey ani, SEM ceougensac ceocdcourasnnonson mMopob gnu DUDsooooDE MOVs Iba ye min lop) Gboo cases oraadaeste Seo do me cou Coo Knee mmauee Cas DWT SRY ibe ip Versi oe ek ol: ivan cio codemmon Somvanct adaconoc Sreneece 65 7,

(GORGE Ir rape pints tecet settee aoe oiotene aha ; Srinhh eoanaetin hove GUC Cece COR CROOEE

IMG exsa eee oleae reer ties Oy Mee ners i er] MICRO TIO CI proc

as DRAG TOMS:

PuateE . Map of Chiriqui.............0.. ses eee eee eee ee eee ence ee Tl. Map showing in detail the geographical divisions of territory occu- pied by the Eskimo tribes of northeast America ...........-.. 1. Ogo and Akudnirn. 2. Frobisher Bay. 3. Eclipse Sound and Admiralty Inlet. 4. Repulse Sound and Lyon Inlet. 5. Boothia Isthmus and King William Land. III. Map of the territory occupied by the Eskimo tribes of North Amer- ica, showing the boundaries. ........---.--2s:es eee eee eee ees IV. Cumberland Peninsula, drawn by Aranin, a Saumingmio.......... Wh, 1d ennra beh ality ong acudaceccso suunn055 dopo aNeoduadenedomaasco WAL, Ia lahavoysbenyaunio9 yoncoqonosdosagodcoped ay cododcone soo >0DD000K0 WAU, ID aiaao) ChehymbaVayo 6 nano ns so oobamoo anes o do ONO OSD aa DaoEohOodueDE WAIL, 1D abanorCr Abts) nou Gano: GnoGoOoOnUDeOne Abe OORT Usa Go eR OCEanS IDG, TnG STONER oo ose coon cadou seuEEooOs6 sD UE ooDGaoSoDdeEeoOuReO ee Moderne Eskimoumplemienthspetictere iets bejeieiel ots te) ale) ot- ele =fe lattes yer T ime, il, Sleethtoyn (ore Oval Cats 5 a edo dopo S000 00000 G00 Dp aeoO ddan oOuRceono 2. Section of a quadrangular grave ...... ...-.. ee esse eee eee eee 3) (Ghen® Gaulel wllknss, noosa gdeecd sop sno dosbes casos sons soso euds ZS (Chosen syourbntel (esi in nod ep obbo Sab Ooupddso neds eneno sabe DOoODboUdudEooe 5. Southwest face of the pictured stone.........................+--- 6. A goddess of the ancient Chiriquians..............+.. .+++.++.++:. 7. A god of the ancient Chiriquians................-..+.-..-s.s.esees 8. Fragmentary human figure in gray basalticmock: sauce. ve- ce cisiectos

. Mealing stone with large tablet ornamented with animal heads .... ). Puma shaped metate .............-....- 5 Stroll elie oetel WoW eet. os.4n40d650000 bodeDodsugou dauaancHandegobouopnE . Stool with columnar base . Stool with perforated base . Large partially polished celt..................- . Celt of hexagonal section 3. Small wide bladed celt . Celt with heavy shaft

. Celt or ax with constriction near the top . Flaked and partially polished celt . Well polished celt > INEMROy OU! Calls no ooocsoe anos ope buasonD BUGH pH IGoUeAaDenbOnOS » NEI OME CEliinc 56 ade08 nooo andes odauEogoseos Gober puoRUaCOE . Cylindrical celt with narrow point . Leaf shaped objects suggesting spearpoints

*In pocket at end of volume. Ix

Xx

Fiad. 25. 26.

ry 27

. Grotesque human figure in gold 28. 29. 30.

. Small figure of a frog in base metal plated with gold

. Triple bell or rattle found on the Rio Grande

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Arrowpoints Human figure formed of copper-gold alloy

Rudely shaped human figure in gold..............0.0.-2-c0eeeerees Grotesque human figure in nearly pure copper Grotesque human figure in nearly pure gold Rudely executed image of a bird in gold

} dimage: of ‘abird amigold. 2% oc. <iq eins veccss oretcieleuate aiote tale se ietetne rere erare . Puma shaped figure in gold . Puma shaped figure in base metal . Quadruped with grotesque face in base metal

Ricure of ja dish ino old iy: cei ct eden oreo are eC Ee iae Large figure of a frog in base metal plated with gold

hieurerof an allicatoninn cold meee sae ieee aero eno Animal figure in base metal plated with gold.... Bronze bells plated or washed with gold Bronze bell with human features

44, Ancient Mexican bell... .

45. Fundamental forms of vases —convex outlines................. F

46. Fundamental forms of vases—angular outlines.................. ae 7. Vases of complex outlines— exceptional forms ...................

ASS Viases ob Compound! LOnUaS ra). o-y-7 frets eo eee eet ee crete ete

AOS Squarewippedtivesselee. te. \teee antes taccree is nl eer armrests

50. Variations in the forms of necks and rims

on on moe

Mu or

ul

co

cr (oe)

ol so

. Arrangement of handles............ . Types of annular bases or feet

. Grotesque figure forming the handle of a small vase

or)

1

ME Grobtesque tio Une yy tete ster yeasts sari . Grotesque figure .....

. Series of bowls and cups of unpainted ware

. Vase of graceful form . Vase of fine form ornamented with grotesque heads

Horms: Of legs. siz. ie sate v's Fre) suekeictoe oh Si chensue recnve ee afeusie eueicleawiensictsrone eke Grotesque figure forming the handle of a small vase

Grotesque figure forming the handle of a small vase Monstrous figure with serpent shaped extremities. ... Monstrous figure with serpent shaped extremities Grotesque figure

Figure of a monkey IANO LVN MCh monet nohAckopoGbUcobot non Obado Hoe dos eonOA Bigureoiapmonke vanerrern eee eerie eae

. Animal forms exhibiting long proboscis....................-.. . Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures ............ . Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures

Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures ........... Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures........... Vaselofieracefallttonmin ee nee cid cic iisiat eeeietters tel elas

Vase of fine form ornamented with grotesque heads ............... Vase with ornament of applied nodes and fillets................... Vase with mantle covered with incised figures ..................-. Vase with frieze of grotesque heads... 2.0... .24.-2. 20sec ceeese sees’ Vases with flaring rims and varied ornament

65 65 65 66

68

Fia.

79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 2. 93. 94. 95. 96. Oe 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. ah 112. 113. 114. 115; 116. alee 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Vases with complex outlines and varied ornament................. Large vase with two mouths and neatly decorated necks........... LGR VASO adn Nel enll eaanacemenescoomonon acape sooaAboeaeeS Noy var Os looaatarnaollstel Wes 5 nou sosad ko poopen bese Doon CaOCaEbaC Handled vase Handled vase Handled vase Small cup with single handle, ornamented with grotesque figure. . .

Small cup with single handle, ornamented with grotesque figure, ...

WEES OP Ceceainaloitoyaitasagoatosaogacboreoenoora dpe nosopouacobsepe Vessel illustrating forms of legs Viesselaltustrahine Onm sy OLelGr apy pcsismrcrscieistelue(cletae tele ialersiarciens clceisiere Vessel with large legs decorated with stellar punctures ............

. Vases of varied form with plain and animal shaped legs ...........

Gane ORVASELO Les bEU KAT OTS NAC tvs lapainavelelatelalote oferere) tere arave elalote elatelsrelelerejois Cup with leesimitating: animal forms... 6. ieee cence eee Cup with legs imitating a grotesque animal form.................. Cup with legs imitating the armadillo.......................-..... Cup with legs imitating the armadillo........°.............2....4. Ciuphwathutropashapedelec site rerertercratelsrletnctenrlateney-teniate tele lotelanstalalayre tarsi Cup with legs imitating an animal anl its young.................. Cups supported by grotesque heads .................05. eens eeeeees

‘Large cup supported by two grotesque figures ................2...

Cup with two animal heads attached to the sides .................. Cup with two animal heads attached to the sides .................. Weise nimuiynoates ha Eiaihaneil iota 5 ooanoousd og abun tecsUdbdondesaddK Waseumitatinovanianimall (form ma asicyaes aie) eteisiciel elete siete ieise« sisieistel ale oie Mase nmiltabimesamrani mall fi Ormsrreteyeeictalsle a etree eis/ereters si ceia niece eieieis) «ere Bishishapedmyesseliiey.t reyes crsiciecicp sista arotsjovoi vieiels viel slecsisvcisisists aleichsteais aise Mophyew, Of farishishiapedMessell sic ericlteress) ecctoke w)erociaie seis vicdere/ivietne ove Cup with grotesque head attached to the rim...............-...... Black cup with imeised reptilianitiguresi:.. o. 020. seas cere ces ees Black cup with incised reptilian figures... 2.2.2... .0.ccsssscceeese Black vase with conventional incised pattern...................... Small cup with conventional incised pattern....................005 Smal Firipodyempawath mpi siaGe welll Seyaayeretel sreteyaieieye revere ei ecretcbeisieleteieve © Vase with flaring rim and legs imitating animal heads............. Vase modeled to represent the head of an animal................ Patternsu pon the backsoty the wasn. i.csie) fe leeier! sceiel= cele oveiteiisie Mripodsbowlor mediscarihiedawane@lrn ccmei-rinctemielce s-reeaeircetreres Tripod bow! of red scarified! ware. . 222. a2.co..c0c: ce ence eee « Obloneybasin’ wath scarihied designe) vajce cence | 2 sels eee eel ee Large scarified bowl with handles imitating animal heads......

Jar with flat bottom and vertical bands of incised ornament ... Vase with stand and vertical incised bands ..................--+ Vase with handles, legs; and vertical ribs. .................0c0e008- Tripod with owllike heads at insertion of legs.................... Tripod with legs rudely suggesting animal forms.................. Heavy red vase with four mouths...............c..ss.eese0es ; Vase with horizontally placed handles and rude designs in red..... Unpolished vase with heavy handles and coated with soot ......... Round bodied vase with unique handles and incised ornament ..... Vase with grotesque figures attached to the handles.... .......... Vase with upright handles and winged lip...................0ee00+

we:

Co Co Ge tO

Cree He eH co

t

aonwcw co

~~ +

Sere ee ee

oe eo OD ©

©

) FE 2 2 FP PP A

XIT

Fig. 133. 134. 139. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. . Tripod vase with shallow basin and eccentric handles............. . Tripod vase with shallow basin and eccentric handles............. . Tripod vase of graceful shape and neat finish .................... . Heavy tripod vase with widely spreading feet ............... z . Neatly modeled vase embellished with life forms and devices in 16d 5 . High tripod vase with incised designs and rude figures in red .....

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Lop: view: of vase: with winged lips qo: gece. oa severe aeeaiee: Vase with grotesque animal shaped handles ....................-. Vase with handles representing strange animals ........ SBOE ODE Vase with handles representing grotesque figures.... .......

Vase with handles representing animal heads..................... Vase with arched handles embellished with life forms in high relief. Vase with arched handles embellished with life forms in high relief. Tripod vase with shallow basin and eccentric handles .............

Handsome tripod vase with scroll ornament....................--

8.) Vaseuwithilizard Shaped lers-mancs<c8: pee eee ene ee eee =) Vaseiwaith)serolliornamentas- sacar. Seer are ae eee eee . Large vase with flaring rim and wide spreading legs... .=.......-- . Fragment of a tripod vase embellished with figure of an alligator. . 52. Vase supported by grotesque human figures...................... - Round bodied vase embellished with figures of monsters.......... . Cup with incurved rim and life form ornamentation..............

Cup with widely expanded rim and constricted neck...............

j. Small tripod cup with animal features in high relief........... ... 57. Handsome vase supported by three grotesque figures. ............. . Vase decorated with figures of frogs and devices in red ........... . Vase of unique shape and life form ornamentation ............... . Two-handled vase with life form and linear decoration. ........... . Small tripod vase with animal figures in white ................... 2. Shapely vase with designs in white paint...............-......... 3. Small red bottle with horizontal bands of ornament............... . Small red bottle with encircling geometric devices................ 5. Bottle with zone occupied by geometric devices ................... 5. Bottle with broad zone containing geometric figures.............. - Bottle with decoration of meandered lines........................ ’. Bottle with arched panels and geometric devices.................. 9. Bottle with arched panels and elaborate devices ................4 170.

Vase: withrosette=like: panels... 22. cisco syle sot vaso arrears

170a:Ornamentifromypreceding was. oes eee isie eee eee e

ae

173.

174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179.

Vase with rosette- like se peuels eecape Wale tone eStore (ears eee ean Sue St.d0

Theoretical origin of the arched panelS)ei ove dee actk cee aciscios Theoretical origin of the arched panels............-.--+++-+-+e++-+ Theoretical origin of the arched panels................:---------- Vase decorated with conventional figures of alligators............. Portion of decorated zone illustrating treatment of life forms...... Portion of decorated zone illustrating treatment of life forms...... Vase decorated with highly conventional life forms.............-.

19a. Design from preceding, vase ...2-4-. se see seal ee Se bine 5.0%

180. 181. 182. 188. 184.

Vase decorated with highly conventional life forms............... Vase decorated with highly conventional life forms............... Decorated panel with devices resembling vegetal growths......... Vase offunusual! shapes a0.(/occ-aa ve ces toe ae cee ea oes Vase of unusualishape: esa cose eee eee eee Reece eels

Fig. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 198. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209.

210. 211.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

WESCHOE TS DENIC Eek .cas 4.4 ciodeig see. 20n0.0 Fach oer ae OD DCO Donan Double vessel with high arched handle.....................eece0. Double vessel with arched handle... .......0. 60.0. ccc ecccccccece

Vase modeled to represent a peccary ..............0cec cece ee enees Umderisunfacciol peccalryy Vasey ar ct-1-\os 21 tersesne (ey -vecterseeaieto oes Small vessel with human figures in high relief.................... Tripod cup with figures of the alligator. .......0.... -.........0.. Large shallow tripod vase with geometric decoration ............. Large bottle shaped vase with high tripod and alligator design... .. Large bottle with narrow zone containing figures of the alligator. . Vase with decorated zone containing four arched panels.......... Vase with four round nodes upon which are painted animal devices. . Vases of varied form and decoration. .................2-2ee0000: Alligator vase with conventional markings....................... Alligator vase with figures of the alligator painted on the sides... . Wase withiserpent ormamentation...-:..0.-c.cmessseenenen sess: Vase representing a puma w.th alligator figures painted on sides . . Shallow vase with reptilian features in relief and in color......... Waseiwithitunnellshaped!mouthiss 1. 1s seems series orcs nee Mopeview= Olmavase ine es LOLS se tarere thelr ate eve ec Bee eae ee sisi versie ndrview. of vaseun Rips 204 ee mcisacrvance neni mee eee Steines Large vase with decorations in red and black ............:........ Devices of the decorated zone of vase in Fig. 207, viewed from above Handsome vase with four handles and decorations in black, red, ANG UTED emer hearer Meee atest bieiterny = ohio ence Matas aaa ee Painted design of vase in Fig. 209, viewed from above ............ Vase of unusual shape, with decoration in black, red, and purple...

212. Ornament occupying the interior surface of the basin of vase in LAIR Pail Les aigiacte ne yicole ae hacia ot COE on Dome ttn Grd cite hnrd aoc eI 213. Large vase of fine shape and simple decorations.................. 214. Vase with extraordinary decorative designs ...................... 215. Painted design of vase in Fig. 214, viewed from above .... ....... PIG Vaseon uniquejtormirand decoratonescaceasee esse ees oeleoel oe Piiebaimbedidesioniot wasedmebio wel Ges emcees see dcsiee seicceeen ce 218: spindle whorl withiannular nodes... ..-.c.s+ «0+. 2+eeee <= ccs cae. 219. Spindle whorl decorated with animal figures..................... 220. Spindle whorl with perforations and incised ornament ........... ae lamINCEC CCAS sayetee, Fey sete cee Pre tre SIONS rd al Unione lee a etme ine Reyren, AB RSS UID RC Sele nine eSrah o HOS. Aa MODE Cok onic L ne OIC a IERIE eee 223. Needlecase with painted geometric ornament ..................- 224. Needlecase with incised geometric ornament. ................... 225. Needlecase with incised geometric ornament .... ............... DeO el OUALUGULCE te optate si sreteia seers retiree IE OA oye eds Save Sa gre ea te eo eele Pais SEWED ae wa ibc So DRA SIO OCR GOOD ioe McG Gee IIO DIS ce een eT PIR IS EARL CIUS 5:56 ayo oan On. Cons aa eacnd bac a dorein Aieaae nice am ORO on ies PEG Me SUALILOULC Meet Pertereety tape statctnre cystine cris teieiein crema tia a ache eve yraetoete Miesshrsiare Pp motoolot plain herna(COubalr slew.crtla sete crete e Weeeiss alors oa reeieif are 231. Stool of plain clay, with grotesque figures........................ POS LOOM Ole) laanMGern a) COLLA ae mieereicleterel fake ote cians as eect c'aee ee cies Paseo Me LUAUULO water Bayern Seeds eedeyatst rere ieiseniey are fois ae ete eva ibe ak oie sisted eS Pave Siocintoivohinacini elected s pos wadeancn copied Cuno Goce cree noe aerate 2305 Ratilewith protesque figures! yo ..c 2. ccc eee s esc ee eserves ee OO DEUMO ta PTays UM PAN LAG CLA Yem Hele iicinnk «(onic levanlale Siete iste e eel nea ee

ctu or or ot ot ot co et eS kd

(o"e)

XIV

FIG.

237, 258. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245, 3. Section, top, and bottom views of whistle ................ Drumtshapediwihistle wy 2-2 seats eteratsteyavs ites vere yetsteeensle Vase Shaped! wihisble siren sci jeter oats el ee se etter eee eres » Crabishaped (whistles. 2 itis. asericieiiicte ecieisire anteiaceiree PeAllizator/shapedswihistleto-y-y.secsite pe eaters rent ele . Cat shaped whistle . Whistle with four ocelot-like heads..................:-.- ; Bird/Shaped whistle a7. <.0 ccntotcrec Seemann se cele ereee . Bird shaped whistle

20 ty to Ww tw

wo

©

eS 0 or cr GO

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Drum with painted ornament: .:......2:........--+---s- Painted design of drum in Fig. 237 Double whistle

Tubular instrument with two finger holes ............... Section: of whistles “22.515 entitle Sockets sees moe teeta Small animal shaped! whistles .y.c.5seas a esyacs eee Smailltanimalishapedtwihistlevs v-smieyak sate ceeie cme ance serait Mop Shaped twihistle weasel emer ele etre erect se nein

262. Two-headed form of the alligator..:...................-

. Figure of the alligator much simplified ................. . The alligator much modified by ceramic influences... .... . Conventional figure derived from the alligator........... ». Conventional figure derived from the alligator........... . Conventional figure derived from the alligator ................... . Conventional figure derived from the alligator........... . Conventional figure derived from the alligator........... . Conventional figure derived from the alligator. ...............---- . Conventional figure derived from the alligator.................--- . Conventional figure derived from the alligator........... . Conventional figure derived from the alligator........... . Conventional figures derived from the alligator.......... . Conventional figure derived from the alligator........ .. . Conventional figure derived from the alligator........ .. . Conventional figures derived from the alligator. ...... .. . Conventional figures derived from the alligator....... .. . Conventional figures derived from the alligator...... ... . Conventional figures derived from the alligator...... ... . Conventional figures derived from the alligator.........

. Conventional figures derived from the alligator. ......... . Conventional figures derived from the alligator.......... . Vase with decorated zone containing remarkable devices Or ISETICS OL (EVICES aac vetsey- tel eter srete totter oereteretaieereetar lott }. Mat or tray with esthetic attributes of form...........-. . Tray having decided esthetic attributes of form......... 3. Pyxiformewatertvessels a -iciise asters eee etter terry ere 289. 290.

Basket with esthetic characters of form...........-..-.- Basketiof (eccentric'forml sca es ccs e ices = em ielera tele sttetstet

= birdishaped! whistles jacceacte teenie sitet tal aie reter . Whistle in grotesque life form . Conventional figure of the alligator..................... . Conventional figure of the alligator....................-. . Conventional figure of the alligator..................... . Conventional figure of the alligator..................... . Conventional figure of the alligator.....................

ILLUSTRATIONS. XV

Page. Fia. 291. Character of surface in the simplest form of weaving ............ 204 SoeNSuriace PLOGUCEd: byeimipa Chim pit. tra siete teielsielel=/s/aieloleie\eieiolela eel = «les 204 293. Surface produced by use of wide fillets..............2.....0..5.0.- 204 Bil. ise acln Waullesen oleae WDNR Keeve ag boon ade Gro onooao ne Po nuren. sooo ae - 205 295. Bottle showing obliquely ribbed surface........................55 205 Bis, Abe ions ie bEM IDSs non coun oases Fon00 done po aoueoOsRoodomac 205 297. Combination giving herring bone effect .......................-.- 206 998) (Combination ceiving: trianoularheures.: 6.200. eeeecns sees are ese one 206 2OOs MECKUVAATN WOT DASKObsp.\c). 6 aisie cleteicie = sisteiesciers sieis) s/cisislsie Sieve alee steels aie 206 B00 Me BaskenOmocnlnolenvotkmmanms hip ncmem ee eriacelisae sebertiierele «rele 207 301. Surface effect produced in open twined combination. ............. 207 302. Surface effect produced in open twined combination............. 207 303. Surface effect produced by impacting in twined combination... ... 208 304. Surface effect produced by impacting the web strands in twined COMMON ALON renee hays mice tole feners, veneers atsaeia] Ver tapes syste nieraie ec 208 305. Surface effect produced by crossing the web series in open twined ROI Rats loo bS Ga OaDoODane het canmaer doloanlibe Ss oopeocob oppc oD oud 208 306. Tray with open mesh, twined combination ...............--....65 208 307. Conical basket, twined combination... .................+-.+0.+-.- 209 308. Example of primitive reticulated weaving ....................... 210 BO9s Sin le ormncofere uC aulOn selenite erty aterieeieretetsielelarisieoncierereiete ere cies pall 310. Reticulated pattern in cotton cloth... .. 0... .5..022cs.e- esses ewes 211 Sep erUviany COL OLOLeDY. ysr ie crrsrctele cero reel e reve ete aaat orn can as cree sacte ee icles 212 al2. Basket wath) pendent ormamients).: 3.2 yene. sosec sees ys ee anaes ee 218 3132 Basket withipendentiormaments 22.2902. -c.-2-.00ce-ssnuece. sss 213 SAS Masseled shen vaaMs MAM UL Ves2cc7. exer a ayeishets ciel See citiay= cue eeses Greeters ie 214 315. Pattern produced by interlacing strands of different colors. ....... 216 316. Pattern produced by interlacing strands of different colors 216 317. Pattern produced by interlacing strands of different colors. ....... 216 318. Pattern produced by interlacing strands of different colors........ 217 SLORMBASe Oe COMCALDASKC ips apereycysrayeei aie elvis Voc tea sysy sarees oi Ve lelandacis ctawslstareisss 218 320. Coiled basket with geometric ornament........................0- 218 321. Coiled basket with geometric ornament ....................00000. 219 322. Coiled basket with geometric ornament ..................00..0205 220 323. Coiled basket with geometric ornament ..................0.00ee0-- 220 324. Coiled basket with geometric ornament .......................-+-- 22 825. Coiled basket with geometric ormament..............0000.seee0ee Q2e 326. Coiled tray with geometric ornament .........................0-- 22 327. Coiled tray with geometric ornament ..................-....+.--- 225 Sooo LRA witly SCOMeLEICGOLMAIMN CM year emia) a) aeiehersieeie eine sae Gee are 220 Seo inayat hee COM ObLIC OLMAM CIR esis) jeeeitiaie cleats ein eerie ciate ae 226 330. Ornament produced by wrapping the strands..................... 22 331. Ornament produced by fixing strands to the surface of the fabric... 22 daz. Basket with feather ornamentation ..............02.ccss0ceseeeee 227 333. Basket with feather ornamentation ..........5.....0. 000. cceeeees 227 334. Piece of cloth showing use of supplementary warp and woof ..... 228 339. Piece of cloth showing use of supplementary warp and woof ..... 228 Soo mera elOLEP TASS GMDLOMM eI ya mery ccciisciet-ieyelne is cies aiaeienie save 230 Sole skxample:oLsteatber CMpPLOIMCLY: =). sei) -niy-is- = ce oles ealeistsa cease me 231 338. Figures from the Penn wampum belt..................-..+00e020 233 339. Figures from a California Indian basket....................-..02- 234 4.0 i Caltorni ala dian bes KOUs seit ce meyer stche ricievatels\a avcratey evens Wire ayeiereis wees 234 Bal mbioures from ameerivian DASKet se scce¢.. 2 te ass acine sss clecs ses -cie 235

342. Figure from a piece of Peruvian gobelins......................-- 236

XVI

FIG. ¢

360.

361. 362. 363. 364. 365. 366. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371.

372.

373. 374. B75.

376.

sey ‘i

378. 379. 380. 381. B82. 383. 384. 385. 386. 387. 388. 389. 390. 391. 392.

. Figures from a Peruvian vase . Figure from a circular basket 945. Figure of a bird from a Zuni shield i. Figure of a bird woven in a tray . Figure of a bird woven ina basket . Figures embroidered on a cotton net by the ancient Peruvians . Figures of birds embroidered by the ancient Peruvians........... . Conventional design painted upon cotton cloth . Herring bone and checker patterns produced in weaving

. Earthen vase with textile ornament . Example of textile ornament painted upon pottery . Textile pattern transferred to pottery through costume 3, Ceremonial adz with carved ornament of textile character .... B07. 3d8. 359.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Herring bone and checker patterns engraved in clay..............

MiguresiuponyatapastaMipryaceee cele aaa alee reer sees Design in stucco exhibiting textile characters .................... Line of day and numeral symbols from Plates 36¢ and 87c, Dresden

(Boas) an GeNabrc Samo Sea anda CCaOaChDAom opopbo dap oged ras cid peein Line of day and numeral characters from Plates 33-39, Dresden

,Ci0\s (->. come ean a aa eit SOC toi nomr ockic hao noc td aa oe sia Unusual symbol for Akbal from Plate 8 of the Dresden Codex .... Copyiot late50> Dresdenil@odexs- seen stetrcei iene ieee eee Copy of Plate:oill; Dresden) Codex:je5-s-heraone eee eee Copysof vPlate’d2; Dresden) Codex... 4-0 aeete eee eee eee Copy of Blateibs; Dresden’ Codex e.sacon eee caeasieeee easier Copy of Plate 54, Dresden Codex Copy of Plate 55, Dresden Codex Copy of Plate 56, Dresden Codex Copy of Plate 57, Dresden Codex Copyzof Plate%585 Dresden) Codex: sme. e eee Specimens of ornamental loops from page 72, Dresden Codex..... Numeral character from the lower division of Plate XV, Manu-

SCLIpt TLOANO.. ain cediaoc sees ote Oe wee Te Aes em Te eee Turtle from the Cortesian Codex, Plated7...............-..++-.-: Jar trom the Cortesian Codex, Plater. me.) <2 ceisler ele Worm and plant from Manuscript Troano, Plate XXIX........... Figure of a woman from the Dresden Codex.....................

. Copy of middle and lower divisions of Plate XTX, Manuscript Tro-

ETA nn ren enciae te AAA e SO PALE: Homan aeuniGo-dy ono ead dades Copy of lower division of Plate 65, Dresden Codex ............... The moo or ara from Plate 16, Dresden Codex........... The god Ekchuah, after the Troano and Cortesian Codices

The long nosed god (Kukulean) or god with the snake-like tongue. Copy of head from the Borgian Codex (Quetzalcoatl ?). .

The supposed god of death from the Dresden Codex.............. The supposed god of death from the Troano Codex............... The god with the banded face from the Troano Codex............

Thercodiwithitherold manisitaces sn nena cetera The god with face crossed by lines..............-. Wooden idol in vessel with basket cover Symbolic chart of the Osage Elarpoon'-fromwAllas la ty taciieia tities s taeeirciaetrer ta tseicrancr ects Modern or sealing harpoon

Old style naulang or harpoon head......

Fig. 393. 394.

395. 396. 397. 398. 399. 400. 401. 402, 403. 404. 405. 406. 407. 408. 409. 410. 411. 412. 413. 414. 415. 416, 417. 418. 419. 420. 421. 422. 423. 424. 425. 426, "4217. 428. 429. 430. 431. 432. 433. 434. 435. 436. 437. 438. 439. 440. 441. 442, 443. 44. 445,

6 ETH

ILLUSTRATIONS. XVII

Page

Modernimanlaneyion harpoon head occ. cise ielseine cieicie cists ons cere 473 Qilertuang or leather strap and clasps for holding coiled up harpoon

INE Sada com te oto Rees. mc One eel Oe ORC ne aici cette 474 Siatko or harpoon head of the Iglulirmiut ....................... 475 iatkodoundsat Peters OUNG! ri, <jenelsswiels/it eielsiocisi cisivisie eo ore nets 475 Bskimo in’ the’att of stimkine aisealls. 5... 5. ses ceccesocct ewes cae 476 ser bARCAIT SL OLS DU CH Orcvatersicyodorerol sta sreeda iste ate aserctere iol c/evarelew leisy s(eysreteicveres 477 Eskimo awaiting return of seal to blowhole...................... 478 Tuputang or ivory plugs for closing wounds...................... 479 IWioOdentGase fOr PLUGS) x.-7.lcricvo!aiers) stent sisleins sleraisieicloiiessileiseeiecieearei ces 480 PAT OLIGTY LOLI Oba PIU Otetercaseleoieinte oeyeoeie coke wiclerscren= cine ish oersavela/eie te civ 480 Qanging, for fastening thong to jaw of seal...................... 480, GAT OAT OA TUL OLIN OL, aie BOA wporajesehayehelnrlsseve) hele ekevelsiefonete ieleloye/sieier fekele «ia%e 480 (APE TNO OHE) NINO Neo ooe oo 496 oopondbaDSnonooeoDabeHanuds 481 Qanging serving for both toggle and handle...................... 481 @idjarong or whirl forharpoon line: ./.. <<. ene 0 ein se ctl s cies 481 SIN Vk MN OE WAU Ao vcoeoospasdouod soncopSeBaagoceAboNoGECeS 481 Old pattern of hook for drawing out captured seal................ 483 Healelaokxohs bear Si Cla wy 2 =: <i-.c1 «rere nietcrsrs sisi steels e/olcicie wisicle esis eiarsiele¢ ele 483 IModernitonml of, Seal WhOOkK Er. tsccveei eect nacisieielo oils celles ae ele ctaist= 483 IDs shear eyo) COL VE MIRE Soon docngonoomMondon pCa AonS son oONdAOo 484 hramelonekayalks or huntin ce oats .pe-ioetecre cteleretelert= sole eieleicle cle eyeree 486 Ka yalcaml in cCOvOrin oy Ole SKIN laicyers risse)ae araloielehe olelater<feloieze/avererer eveieie ert 487 ModeliotharRepulse- Bays lay alli operac.nye icicle eisverseteje cieicieis es staieierai eis 487 Sirmijauneyor scraper for Kayak. «cc secre a= 0 cl 2 = s)ereiele cies are cyerereiara 488 Large kayak harpoon for seal and walrus ............ ........... 488 Mikasunsor'suppory tor the hands 2c. 2.6.0. wecerirenin es aaa 488 Qatimn or ivOnyaheadoleharpoonar es\-jrisies «caieicionce ce cectiee «+ 489 Manner of attaching the two principal parts of the harpoon ...... 489 Rokangior harpoon head. inisheathy...ewrencisee ee cicrerselersie soe oes. 489 Tokang or harpoon head taken froma whale in Cumberland Sound.. 490 Ancient tokaney Or haxrpoOmsbead a: nce ssc aieee eaters etclersleinje eve 491 Teliqbing, which is fastened to harpoon line.....................- 492 GQ) arbilikt OPES POAT tere cperane seis arsysiey ever scerel rey ke ceite oo) assenes Shaveuere foie erevaisve aheie cies 492 ALON AN PA OMISCASKIMEMOA ta \evsisiactelersreitiecieye wis) -t -leterel serie te ieiaieiers e 492 Different styles of poviutang or pipe for inflating the float........ 493 Ae dliagnorspear for: small Seale tjecc oaie:e1cieinrele ele cieeieielsssisici oeerciers 494 PN QIAO PONS 5 -reis eilsrore erates Salata 1S So) aicre ovals atm acelarsisvsiaveiers sieve S Aeros 494 SPOAENECAASE pyctaars sacintcrsisicsiaspesictctkstartiaehand) Glscare isis Peete siatare eetoe 495 THe CSP CATA CAG MeccyeP tac cortysicicate veils! waisivis dis ierecaisiou aes een eames 495 IAM OULVI PAN Pu OMM ANCE sates tora tetlctare: ek sitesi oh wlewere parted etersee aloe ciele 496 INLET OAD INES PCa meer cr icine oi\e1-) fe creiarscayete) ets slate Graeiele. stare ealseeiee 496 NuUqBanPyonithnowin sybOaTd seta: « cles tareece isles cre eeiereereetalete ie oisle 496 Sealinpyatihered reiot: the ICO se s.. ms ayeictse oo sos hewn sale cc. oe Selene ee 498 Model of sakurpang or whaling harpoon...............--..+e00+ 500, Niubain Sse ov ibs hl Oct be maeesyee rarer cfoccieterieroisicietslaiore cis sieve i ecssnve deere tre crotsioe 500 DVoodenybovmstromielolultkerrs 1 sie ears era antes score rece ale Osreeee as 502 Wooden bow from Cumberland Sound.........................-- 502 Bows Ofereindeenantlersi ra. o/c aeteiewlscieclamin: socisisels stile. sfolese eiers 3) 503 Bow of antlers with central part cut off straight ................. 503 FATIEO WS WEB DOM CMNCAUS = -tereyejclercieictel e/a erie apelcietelafeteisa)s\vlelcin svar e1sye:iele 504. AUTOS iat sMe val CAGS aariey-c/faisielyaieaielevaleletereisisteretelrna) ayeicleiatelsie/=\« 504. PATO RGA Cleapensetsysrs ars iehes flats islaltts Talat Sie oisis aha aieiaiolslej a dyste se bisere Bree eibiaee 505 Showing attachment of arrowhead vertically and parallel to shank. 505

iil

ILLUSTRATIONS.

h Warious forms ofan owhead’. = screenees nero cette memcic nian tacts . Socket of spear handle from Alaska . Slate arrowhead

HintarrowheaGs tron Old eravess jess see ae cece cmeieieiash aniaete

S MAnlOUS Styles Ole QU1VEL ssi. :.ciicremiteieiy versie om sever oes ere crete Mereriers e Quivertham dese. isszcisyes acre ieetarrenieievaunrotve ie eaves neti tetas Bete eee . Whalebone nooses for catching waterfowl .....................-- wakivane lor salmon spediyaca serlerciutse stole 4]5 areola se rae estes . Ivory fish used as bait in spearing salmon......-................. Qugartaun’ for strin cine Ssalmoneeice-sieceae oe eae eee eee S Salmon HOO Mey) crese.ccpdaucrercsers aroha elem ielote Gi statsvate ole Crete tome eee eis Aasy Nhe so) 1 sole) Caen eae Sara ANOS oo nano at ae ccooaencoA Cons } Balt used in fishing with hooksiy. ei-cvaeieie ines os rsa oeiiercleiotome . Butcher’s knife with bone handle ) Panaonknite foridisseching Samer eecn ee ieiecieraaeien see ee eerie » Hormyof Wo NOW AW USC’ .--45 fa egress sane eferere ate oe areietepar ee elect one Geeta

2. Old ulo handle from Cape Broughton, Davis Strait................ 3. Fragment of an ulo blade made of slate.......................--- ~ Wlothandlefrommecent erase. ciel ois eee eerie eieteeroete weModernstesingun OrisGra pele treba Cet eee eee iaeeei eerie » Oldistyletesirqumior scraper:,.<..- os oscers saiceee eater weet aee

. Seligoung or scraper used for softening skins..................... 7. Oldistonesscrapers found imonavess- acres ae ene eee eee ate jqStretcher for lines’, < .:.jc5 <.si5% ae-)0e avis ees cry ele o Cletst seerae eres ss Evry MCOGL 2. 5.25:6.5 5) ace ececaie aus ctose ropovstevece: e106) storm eteroraus febere matalateponste ateratege

. Ivory needlecase from Cumberland Sound......................-. A .Common.pattermrol needilecaseieyc-= el ci-teiae selec 82 Likiqior thimble oor. otc sernteen wales wae secon isle a aretejares he ereetetae

7 lnstrumentitorstralzhteningybones-aa.c eee eee cee erie

D., Drill for workingyinhivory, and) boneless yrs ale eet aaa eeee » Driftwood) usedin kindlinge-fire sy.-c cae elie dleeeinelce elie ee eee | Bskimo: graver’s tool.) ocajee oo nec meiewie we cise ene mac elclesistyemrerec

+ Brameworkiof BskimoOyboatbic sec cccsctescleciiave cle ctevareeeeeeisiere encarercis

hl Gite oie) ra 0101s) Mearrioeer te Sache nan not ons GonuGonhernscnda waccocMThco5 6

PUmuiag or iskin oath. seas mmnects esters cele yon nets errr nenreTe eee WU MIagiorSskinLbOabe: zien poseicvas steelers Aa egeedse eae ete eetateeseictestere . Qamuting or sledge ............ steps (boar atabeeal sec avate lates yale eee ere lene bitel le leyetis] Norsimig Paula pons aUOontonne bo onMat OSS ODmo Sen IuoesID od Sods S0- . Form of clasp for fastening traces to sledge ...................... . Artistic form of clasp for fastening traces to sledge............... = Uqsirmitor fastening: traGes GOs plots fyert-te) salaries oats elo erneiieretate terete .. Anoor dog harmess s/s, <j. 5 s.<jo:ass1< setae oretslalaaveus sie eisisic.siers etd este etsy feierel

L Various stylesio® snowuknitenne- panache terre erent: ecer . Ground plan of snow house of Davis Strait tribes...............-- = Snow, house of Davis) strait, Sechlons jee eels tele itels etal pESectionland inteniorOr snows LOUSCNe me ceroerieeisiskeiie inet tains

LOM Hs Heo EOEN osirovevey Iideinnle Sor sn oa.gmonoosae sou enon ohooadace one

, Plan. of double:snowshousel car miatcveteters oi cteieveucie late sets ieisteratetotseievareevenate

SP Planiof Te iliksnOuse eyeliner eee ietesie ie cieiete tetera steerer pe PlaniotvEudsonuB ayy WOUSe erect re terete eters eter eieletelavetstel at teleletetote raters . Plan and sections of qarmang or stone house. ..........-+.+++.+++ . Plan of large qarmang or stone house.............-++-+ee-s sa000r

ILLUSTRATIONS. XIX

Page Fra. 500. Plan of stone house in Anarnitung, Cumberland Sound........... 549 501. Plan of groups of stone houses in Pangnirtung ................... 530 502. Plan of qarmang or house made of whale ribs.................... 550 UBL SinomslAO Ie zat skye libalalss CSancassndonde so deanoapoDosooeneadNsoe 551 504. Plan and sections of tupiq or tent of Cumber.and Sound .......... 551 505. Plan and section of tupiq or tent of Pond Bay .................... 553 506. Plan and section of double winter tent, Cumberland Sound ....... 553 HOlien Quan py OTIHOO Ub OLWAMEM Geyer) sai stciol ele elctelei=) store <]arelsiclesenerel-/elsisialeves 554 Ns}. Wivkommenctis TEV 6 jo gcadcaeoosasioas obnodcy onbaoddSaonmooAacarDouT 559 HOO ivory beads Orwiomt ents) Ja CKObSe = nicierets ote crelelsts\x e(ejere <:c/eiekere(eie)s 0/5 s1e/e 595 Gi), (nbs; MGT naan s scoo0 cHabog cuabadcaouDHoU Ra DOCgooGoodaDUDOOU 556 DIG, [ba GOMMTE. oon oo oo dogo ndGoHadnoeonoDenconodoeccbodGDUdooO 507 Ble Chil distclotiain pics orsrisre cree wieleicioiae wicrsieys eusieis Vein sie cieisie) ©) nis <isisielere 597 Os SeLVOKvACOMIDS) ayer sc srsia.cicterchevve sxcinvars ci cret-4s arcieveserei siete j-us/ere'sheisiefore/aveleisilaye © 559 ih, TONGS 5 eco bos no ese pea bero boos u es poaobecnencosonusmonernorean 560 515. Manner of tattooing face and wearing hair......... ~E6cna0000CCnC 561 d16. Manner of tattooing legs and hands..........................00s 561 Dt LLOUES eye erecta erate eeieteleieier siete ore erelel staves oielcieieleratersiove everrevelelere 563 fils: Iba @F WANA Gye INA, Gods pobeo don Golon OdousDs caooyOOOCDoaNOOO 563 619: Skulllused/in the gameajewaune:. . ~~... cece cece ce nc cece nee 565 520. Ivory carving representing head of fox, used inthe game ajegaung. 565 521. Ivory carvings representing polar bear, used in the game ajegaung. 566 522. Figures used in playing tingmiujang, a game similar todice....... 567 Heaem CaAMeyOLemn lo Uta Oey otter einer cisteieleiietaianeleteieiecee aelciote = ele 568 Des hesakepanmiOrstOulebbe seperate vers-teleieteleieiaicl= sieveicreinevetelaNoleevelereioi> 569 DLO meAALONPOQUOMCAUIS CLA LO mre epics esetsicce oiereieystcretaitsisteusiele,cietsions isle ccevocicisye 569 Was IRAN Sonsddpseobanuoneane do usc eeeopdaodooNnn doSeacadeoemeoodaas 570 baie Wollsinidress ofthe Oqomiwt ee. -..cis-crlel-= cies cise ens ~ ele eeieicieicie sie 571 Hee Dolsanidresston the wAUmMITMOAU Ge elo) ys f-fo)<te eieso/ete in ereieini iiss eye slo 571 629 Modemnsnow: porples|of£ wwoOd ee 26). lejyetselcisveniwiec ccc bccmeleeie 576 000) Oldiform*of snow poreles!of IVOLy < oso... ses, ocise seein dceeaee « 576 531. Diagram showing interior of qaggi or singing house among eastern LEU OB ora ferereres eles od (sie eve choke eueia\elevote racial <soje Giles stares ¥rajstc nvesavere days Oarseale 600 532. Plan of Hudson Bay qaggi or singing house..................... 601 GBSh IEC It pot sealer oodncancendcces Gh porte Sono Cn ptoeon sonCne 602 534. Plans of remains of supposed qaggi or singing houses ............ 603 bop m@anlertetanciOnmaskem tl Our) stee-c\ocielcteatee clio sieis ceeeiee cies fee 606 536. Model of lamp from a grave in Cumberland Sound............... 613 537. Qaudjaqdjuq is maltreated by his enemies...................-.--. 631 538. The man in the moon comes down to help Qaudjaqdjuq .......... 631 539. The man in the moon whipping Qaudjaqdjuq.................... 632 540. Qaudjaqdjuq has become Qaudjuqdjuaq ...........2.. 26. eee eee 632 041. Qaudjugqdjuaq killing his enemies...............0..0-2s cee cence 633 p42 Lumiujang ior lampyof the! Torn 5. o6 eee. ose = ese wereninim since 634 548. Cumberland Sound and Frobisher Bay, drawn by Itu,a Nugumio. 644

. Cumberland Sound and Frobisher Bay, drawn by Sunapignang, an OG Onn Ome erate testes ater erelsteerere cs stersie ce sireapearerne sala saxrasreovie oe 645 . Cumberland Sound, drawn by Itu, a Nugumio ................... 646

. Peninsula of Qivitung, drawn by Angutuqdjuaq, a Padlimio .,.,. 647

PPE RZOr TRANS MET TAT:

SmirHsonran Institution, Bureau or ETHNoLoeGy, Washington, D. C., October 23, 1885.

Sir: I have the honor to submit my Sixth Annual Report as Director of the Bureau of Ethnology.

The first part consists of an explanation of the plan and operations of the Bureau; the second part consists of a series of papers on anthropologie subjects, mainly prepared by my assistants to illustrate the methods and results of the work of the Bureau.

I desire to express my thanks for your earnest support and your wise counsel relating to the work under my charge.

I am, with respect, your obedient servant, Ce

Prof. Spencer F. Barrp, Secretary Smithsonian Institution.

SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

BURA On. HLELNOLOGY.

By J. W. Powe i, Direcror.

INTRODUCTION.

The prosecution of research among the North American In- dians, as directed by act of Congress, was continued during the fiscal year 1884~85.

No change has been made in the general plan upon which the work has been prosecuted as set forth in former reports. Certain lines of investigation have been decided upon, which are confided to persons trained in their pursuit, and the results of these labors are presented from time to time in the publica- tions of the Bureau provided for by law. A brief statement of the work upon which each of the special students was actively engaged during the fiscal year is furnished below; this, how- ever, does not embrace all the studies undertaken or services rendered by them, since particular lines of research have been suspended in this, as in former years, in order to prosecute tem- porarily work regarded as of paramount importance. From this cause delays have been occasioned in the completion of several treatises and monographs, already partly in type, which otherwise would have been published.

Invitation is renewed for the assistance of explorers, writers, and students who are not and may not desire to be officially connected with the Bureau. Their contributions, whether in

XXIIT

XXIV ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

the shape of suggestions or of extended communications, will be gratefully acknowledged, and, if published either in the series of reports or in monographs or bulletins, as the liberality of Congress may in future allow, will always receive proper credit.

The items now reported upon are presented in three princi- pal divisions. The first relates to the publication made; the second, to the work prosecuted in the field; and the third, to the office work, which largely consists of the preparation for publication of the results of field work, with the corrections and additions obtained from the literature of the subjects and by correspondence.

PUBLICATION.

The only publication actually issued during the year was entitled Proof-Sheets of a Bibliography of the Languages of the North American Indians, by James Constantine Pilling. The volume, a quarto of 1,175 pages, consists of an author catalogue of books, manuscripts, magazine and newspaper articles, publications of learned societies, and other documents relating in any way to the Indian languages of North America. Only one hundred copies were printed, which were distributed to collaborators.

This work was commenced by Mr. Pilling in 1879 and has been prosecuted with diligence and skill, notwithstanding the engrossing nature of his other duties. It began as an author card catalogue, designed merely for office use. In time it became apparent that such a systematic catalogue of the liter- ature of Indian languages, if printed and distributed, would be of important service to all the numerous workers on the general subject, besides those directly connected with the Bureau, to whom alone it was accessible in manuscript form. By this course the accumulated results of several years’ labor would be immediately available for the use of students gen- erally, and the distribution of proof-sheets would in turn in- crease interest in the work, elicit comment and criticism, and secure additional contributions, through all of which the final volume contemplated would become more satisfactory and

ew

OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XXV

complete, both in form and substance. The thorough con- scientiousness and punctilious care shown in the present cata- logue, and especially the comprehensive bibliographic spirit in which the work has been conceived, prove the peculiar fit- ness of the author for the undertaking. He has set before him and has kept steadily in view the following aims :

First, to discover every document in existence relating to the subject, either printed or in manuscript.

Secondly, to record a description of every document found, so accurate and full that each book or article mentioned is clearly identified and all its contents relating to Indian lan- guages set forth, with citation of the chapters and pages within the work where the linguistic material may be found.

Thirdly, to name, when possible, one or more libraries where each work catalogued may be found.

Fourthly, to arrange and combine the whole so that the stu- dent using it may in the shortest time learn whether any work contains the special matter which he desires to consult, and, if so, precisely where he may find it. In the case of rare books or papers special attention has been paid to obtain full informa- tion, and in the case of some of the rarest books fac-similes of the title pages are given. The value of a work so broadly con- ceived and so carefully executed is very great. The literature of this subject has become so voluminous, so disconnected, so scattered in time and place, that progress in the classification of Indian languages and the determination of their affinities has been greatly retarded, awaiting the orderly arrangement of accumulated information. This requisite, with the impor- tant addition of the correction of current errors, is met by the catalogue. It has been found indispensable to the Bureau and has already been gratefully acknowledged as invaluable by all students of American tribes to whom copies have been dis- tributed.

Since the printing and distribution of the proof-sheets, and markedly as a result thereof, the card catalogue has continued to grow ; and, although not complete and, from the nature of the subject, not expected to become absolutely exhaustive, the recent additions to it indicate how thoroughly the work was

XXVI ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

originally done. It may be possible, therefore, before long to substitute for the Proof-Sheets the Bibliography itself in standard form.

FIELD WORK.

Under this heading are comprised —

First, the systematic operations of the division of mound exploration carried on east of the Rocky Mountains.

Secondly, researches in and collections from the ancient ruins of the Southwest and comparative study of the pres- ent inhabitants of that region and the objects found among them.

Thirdly, linguistic work or expeditions among the several Indian tribes at their homes, with the main purpose of acquir- ing knowledge of their spoken languages.

Fourthly, general studies, or those embracing various branches of inquiry, conducted among the existing Indiv tribes.

MOUND EXPLORATIONS. WORK OF PROF. CYRUS THOMAS.

The work of exploring the mounds and other ancient mon- uments of that portion of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, commenced in 1882, was carried on during the fiscal year, under the charge of Prof. Cyrus Thomas

The regular assistants during the first half of the year were Messrs. P. W. Norris, James D. Middleton, and John P. Ro- gan For the latter half they were Messrs. Middleton, Rogan, and John W. Emmert, the last named having been engaged to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Mr. Norris.

Mr. Norris was engaged during the fall of 1884 in explor- ing the extensive group of works in the vicinity of Charles- ton, Kanawha Valley, W. Va. He continued at work there until December, when he was compelled by cold weather and illness to desist. To the great regret of all his associates in the work, his illness terminated in death on the 14th of Jan- uary, 1885. By his death the division has lost a faithful and enthusiastic worker.

OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XXVII

During the summer and fall of 1884 and until the approach of extremely cold weather, Mr. Middleton was engaged in ex- ploring the works of Knox County, Ohio. Throughout the winter and following spring his field of operations was east- ern Arkansas. In the latter field he was assisted by Mr. L. H. Thing, who was employed for three months as temporary as- sistant.

During the summer and until the beginning of winter, Mr. Rogan was engaged (in conjunction with Rev. J. P. Maclean, who was employed as a temporary assistant) in exploring the ancient monuments of Butler County and the adjacent regions of southern Ohio. On the approach of the cold season he went south, his field of operations for the remainder of the year being northern Georgia and the southern counties of East Tennessee.

Mr. Emmert, who had been employed on January 1, 1885, to make some special explorations in East Tennessee, was made permanent assistant immediately after the death of Mr. Nor- ris. His work in that section proving successful he continued it until the close of the fiscal year.

Mr. Gerard Fowke was engaged during November in ex- amining the ancient quarries of Flint Ridge, Ohio, and in making a collection to illustrate the various stages in the ab- original manufacture of flint implements. His collection is, perhaps, the most complete in this particular line of any so far made in this country. In the winter he was employed about two months in special investigations of some ancient works in Pontotoc and Union Counties, Miss, a locality sup posed to have been visited by De Soto during his unfortunate expedition. In some of the mounds of this seetion, which was formerly the home of the Chikasa, he found some articles of European manufacture, among them a small silver plate bear- ing the royal arms of Castile and Leon in an old heraldic form.

Although the number of specimens obtained does not exceed that of the collection of the preceding year, the general result shows a decided advance in the accuracy of the work done. The measurements and plats have been made with more care and exactness, the descriptions are more complete, and the de-

XXVIII ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

tails more fully set forth. As an illustration one case is pre- sented. A large mound was opened which was found to con- tain over ninety skeletons, irregularly placed and at different depths. At the outset a plat of the mound was made; each skel- eton was located on it as discovered, and notes were taken of the depth, position, articles found with it, ete. Thus the exact position of each skeleton in the mound is recorded, as well as that of any article accompanying it The collections made are more varied in character than those of any previous year, in- cluding several new types of pottery, some unusually fine stone implements, and from several mounds articles showing contact with Kuropeans. The pottery obtained by Messrs. Middleton and Thing in Arkansas is of more than ordinary interest, con- taining a number of specimens of the rarer forms, also several colored specimens.

The same care has been taken as heretofore in labeling and numbering the specimens, so that each can be traced by the record to the exact place where it was found. The illustra- tions showing the construction, character, and form of the various works explored exceed in number, accuracy, and im- portance those of any previous year.

EXPLORATIONS IN THE SOUTHWEST. WORK OF MR. JAMES STEVENSON.

Mr. James Stevenson was placed in charge of a party, with instructions to proceed to Arizona and New Mexico to make researches and collections among the Pueblo Indians and the ancient ruins in that region.

Mr. Stevenson’s party was divided into three sections. The section in charge of Mr. F. T. Bickford visited the remarkable series of ruins in Chaco canon, in northwestern New Mexico; Canon de Chelly and its branch canons; the cliff dwellings in Walnut canon, in Arizona, and a group of interesting cave dwellings, different in structure from any heretofore found, near Flagstaff, in the same Territory. All these were carefully ex- amined. Full and extensive notes, as well as sketches and photographie illustrations, were made of these ruins.

OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XX IX

Another section, in charge of Mr. C. A. Garlick, was stationed at the pueblo of Acoma, in New Mexico. The work at this vil- lage resulted in a collection of about thirty-five hundred spec- imens, consisting of pottery and a variety of utensils of other material, such as stone, bone, wood, and woven fabrics, illus- trating the arts of the people of Acoma. The collections from this pueblo, though not embracing a great variety of objects, will illustrate nearly all the phases of the arts and industrial pursuits of these Indians.

Another section of Mr. Stevenson’s party, under his own supervision and with the important assistance of Mrs. Stev- enson, was employed in making collections and studies at Zuni. The collection from there is much larger than any here- tofore obtained and includes many objects relating to the out- door ceremonies of the Zuni. Specimens of these were secured from their sacred springs, caves, and shrines. All details re- lating to their ceremonials were attentively studied, and a series of water color sketches was made of altars used and of masks worn on these important occasions. A large number of fetiches was also obtained, representing many of the animals held in religious esteem by the Zuni. A series of photographs was made of the sacred springs, wells, monuments, picture writings, and shrines of the Zuni located at different points over an area of about seventy-five miles from Zuni, and a col- lection was secured of representative specimens of their fetiches, plume sticks, and other objects connected with their mythology and religious practices. The collection made during the year was unusually large and important. It comprises about eighty- five hundred specimens from the Indian tribes of the Southwest embraced in the research; these consist of woven fabrics and pottery, bone, and stone implements, both ancient and modern, and represent nearly all phases of the life, art, and industries of these tribes. These collections have been deposited in the U.S. National Museum for arrangement, classification, and de- scription.

WORK OF MR VICTOR MINDELEFF.

A party in charge of Mr. Victor Mindeleff left Washington on August 5 to survey the ruined pueblos of the Chaco, in New

XXX ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

Mexico. Five of the ruins were accurately measured and platted to scale, anda full series of sketches, plans, and photo- graphs was secured. Mr. Mindeleff returned from the field on the 1st of October. He then made a trip to the great Etowah mound, near Cartersville, Ga., under the direction of Prof. Cyrus Thomas, in order to secure an accurate survey and scale drawing, as a basis for the construction of a model.

At the close of this work Mr. Mindeleff returned to Wash- ington, on October 7, and was engaged in office work until the middle of the following June, when he took the field in ad- vance of his party for further studies among the ruins and pueblos of the Cibola and Tusayan groups. He was also in- structed to secure similar material at other available points for comparison.

LINGUISTIC FIELD WORK.

WORK OF MRS. ERMINNIE A. SMITH.

From the Ist of July to the 15th of August, 1884, Mrs. Smith, assisted by Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, of Tuscarora descent, was engaged among the Onondaga living near Syracuse, N. Y., in translating and annotating two Onondaga manuscripts; after- ward, until the latter part of October, with the same assistance, she was at work on the Grand River reservation in Canada, where she filled out the vocabulary in the Introduction to the Study of Indian Languages from the dialect of the Cayuga. She also obtained from the Mohawk a translation, with annota- tions, of a manuscript in their dialect.

The three manuscripts mentioned are now in the possession of the Bureau of Ethnology. Their origin and history are not distinctly known, as they are all probably copies of originals which seem to have been lost or destroyed. It was intended in these manuscripts to reproduce, by the alphabet and the script used by English writers, the sound of the dialects em- ployed.

These records have their chief interest in the preservation of many archaic words, or those of ceremony, law, and custom, which in these dialects, as is the general rule, remain un- changed, although the colloquial language may be modified.

————

OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XXXI

The subject matter of all these records is genuinely and exclu- sively Iroquoian.

The Mohawk manuscript was copied about the year 1830 by Chief John “Smoke” Johnson from an earlier original or perhaps copy. The orthography of this copy is quite regular and is that of the early English missionaries, being similar in many respects to the well known Pickering alphabet.

One of the Onondaga manuscripts was found in the posses- sion of Mr. Daniel La Fort and the other in that of Mrs. John A. Jones, both of the Onondaga reserve, New York. These two copies differ from each other in orthography and substance, the Jones manuscript being probably a full detail of a part of the other.

The orthography of the La Fort manuscript is very irregu- lar and difficult to read, but that of the Jones manuscript is regular and legible. The Mohawk manuscript contains a de- tailed account of the rites and ceremonies, speeches and songs, of the condoling and inducting council of the Iroquoian League in the form in which that council was conducted by the elder brothers or members of the Onondaga, Mohawk, and Seneca divisions, which have been generally called tribes, but are more correctly confederacies, their villages being the tribal unit. The La Fort Onondaga manuscript comprises a similar ritual of the same council as carried out by the younger brothers, viz, the Cayuga, Oneida, and Tuscarora members or confederacies of the league. The Jones Onondaga manuscript is the charge of the principal shaman to the newly elected or inducted chief or chiefs.

During the remainder of the year material was collected and work continued on the Tuscarora-English part of the Tusca- rora dictionary.

WORK OF MR. H. W. HENSHAW.

Mr. H. W. Henshaw visited southern California for the pur- pose of pursuing linguistic studies in the group of languages spoken by the Santa Barbara Indians. Although these In- dians became known at a very early day, being mentioned with particularity in the relation of Cabrillo’s voyage along

XXXII ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

the California coast in 1542, but little has been ascertained in respect to their language and its relations to the speech of neighboring tribes.

Few vocabularies were collected by the early Spanish mis- sionaries and those gathered were very imperfect, so that no conclusions can be based upon them with confidence.

As a result of the policy pursued by the various missionaries among these docile tribes, aboriginal habits were soon ex- changed for others imposed by the priests. Tribal organiza- tions were broken up and the Indians were removed from their homes and located about the missions. In addition the Span- ish language was early introduced and so far as possible made to replace the aboriginal tongue. As a consequence Spanish became familiar to a large number of the proselytes, and all the surviving Santa Barbara Indians speak Spanish fluently, or rather the Mexican dialect of Spanish. Indeed, the im- pression prevails generally in California that none of the In- dians can speak their own tongue. As a matter of fact, how- ever, in their own families and when away from the white men they discard Spanish entirely.

The attempt to preserve the language was begun none too soon, as of the large population attributed to this part of the California coast Mr. Henshaw was able to discover only about fifty survivors, and these were widely scattered over several counties. A number of the dialects of the linguistic family are now extinct, and only a month before Mr. Henshaw’s arrival at San Buenaventura an old woman died who, it is believed, was the last person to speak the dialect belonging to the Island of Santa Cruz. In Santa Barbara and Ventura counties six dialects of the family were found, which are be- lieved to be all that are now extant.

In the case of the dialect of Santa Rosa island, but one Indian remained to speak it. ‘Two more dialects are spoken by two or three individuals only. The existing dialects, named accord- ing to the missions around which they were spoken, are as follows: San Buenaventura, Santa Barbara, Santa Rosa Island, Purissima, Santa Inez, and San Luis Obispo. With the ex- ception of the last named the several dialects are very closely

OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XXXIII

related, and, although each possesses a greater or less number of words not contained in the others, their vocabularies show many words which are common to all.

The dialect formerly spoken at San Luis Obispo differs much from any of the others, and a critical comparison is necessary to reveal a sufficient number of words possessing identical roots to render their common parentage obvious.

Extensive vocabularies of the dialects of San Antonio and San Miguel were obtained, there being about a dozen Indians who speak these languages around the old San Antonio mis- sion. These languages have been supposed to be of the Santa Barbara family (as it has hitherto been termed, now called Chumashan family), but the material obtained by Mr. Hen- shaw disproves this, and, for the present at least, they are con- sidered to form a distinct family.

Mr. Henshaw visited Los Angeles and San Diego counties for the purpose of determining the exact northern and southern limits of the Shoshonian family, which extends quite to the coast in California.

At San Diego and San Luis Rey he obtained vocabularies representing four dialects of the Yuman family.

WORK OF MR. A. 8S. GATSCHET,

In August, 1884, Mr. Gatschet proceeded to visit the Tonk- awe and Lipan tribes in Texas

He reached Fort Griffin on the 29th of August. The

-'Tonkawé tribe was encamped about a mile and a half south of Fort Griffin, Shackleford county, and consisted of 78 individ- uals, while the Lipan camp, one mile north-northwest, consisted of 19 persons only. All these Indians were on the point of re- moving to the Oakland reserve, Indian Territory.

The Tonkaweé constitute an aggregate of several tribal remnants formerly living independently of one another in southern Texas and on the Rio Grande. Mr. Gatschet devoted five weeks to the study of their language and one week to that of the Lipan, which is a dialect of Apache (Athapascan).

6 ETH—III

XXXIV ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

The Tonkawé is a sonorous and energetic form of speech. The radix of many of the adjectives becomes reduplicated to forma kind of plural, and the same thing is observed in some of the verbs, where iteration or frequency has to be indicated. Case suffixes are observed in the substantive, which can easily be traced to postpositions as their original forms. Very few of the natives were sufficiently conversant with English or Spanish to serve as interpreters, so that it was difficult to secure trust- worthy results. A white man who had lived over six years among them was of material help, and several mythologic and other texts were obtained with tolerable correctness through his aid.

On October 9 Mr. Gatschet left Fort Griffin and reached Fort Sill, in the Indian Territory, on the 15th. Many Kaiowe and Comanche Indians encamped during the warmer months of the year around this fort, which is situated at the southeast base of the Wichita mountains. He engaged the best help he could find for studying the Kaiowe language, for which there is no Government interpreter. ‘Uhe Comanche is the predomi- nating language on the whole Kaiowé, Comanche, and Apache reservation, although the Comanche exceed the Kaiowé but little in number. The Comanche is more easily acquired, at least to the extent required in conversation, and all the traders and shopkeepers on the reservation have a smattering of it.

Better interpreters for Kaiowé were obtained at Anadarko, the seat of the agency, where Mr. Gatschet remained from October 31 to December 12. A few Kaiowe were found who had passed some months or years among Americans or at the Indian schools at Carlisle, Chilocco, and elsewhere, and could express themselves intelligibly in English. A few white Mex- icans were found among the Comanche, who were captured by them in infancy, acquired the Comanche language, and have ever since lived among these Indians. Of the Kaiowe, Mr. Gatschet acquired over two thousand terms, phrases, and sen- tences, several historic texts of value, and of the Comanche, eight hundred or a thousand words. The circumstances neces- sitated careful and numerous revisions of everything obtained, by which much of the time was absorbed.

il a i es el eee a ee i i ee

OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XXXV

The Na-ishi Apache, about four hundred in number and formerly roaming with the Kaiowe, furnished also a large amount of terms, exceeding fifteen hundred.

There are a few verbal similarities between the Kaiowé and the Shoshoni languages, but apparently not enough to indicate anything more than long association of these peoples. The Kaiowe has a dual in the intransitive verb and in some nouns. There are more than a dozen different modes of forming the plural of nouns. The subject pronoun is incorporated with the verb as a prefix, and every tense has a different subject pronoun, as in Otomi and other languages of southern Mexico.

Vocabularies were also obtained of Delaware, Ottawa, Yu- chi, Caddo, Wichita, and of the hitherto unstudied Caddo dia- lects of Anadarko and Yatassi.

In spite of persevering search it was not possible to find any of the Bidai or the Tonica in Texas, although it is probable that some of them survived in that State as late as 1850.

Mr. Gatschet them passed a whole month among the Ata- kapa at Lake Charles, the county seat of Calcasieu parish, Louisiana. Of the two dialects traceable, only the western one seems to exist now, being still spoken by a few women living atthe town. The language is sonorous, but strongly nasal.

Returning to the Indian Territory, after a fruitless search for the Tonica and Adai, he stopped at Eufaula, Creek Nation, to meet a Navhtchi Indian named Lasley, about sixty years old, who had represented his tribe in the councils of the Creek Nation. This man explained his Na’htchi terms and phrases by Creek equivalents, and these had to be translated into English to obtain full light concerning the Na’htchi terms. One legend- ary text was also obtained. The language is rather conso- nantal and has a multiplicity of verbal forms.

Among the Yuchi tribe on Middle Arkansas river, south- western bank, and over 40 miles from Muscogee Station, Indian Territory, he remained but a week, too short a time to obtain full information respecting this interesting language. ‘There are five or six hundred Yuchi still living on this tract. Two texts and a few popular songs, with one thousand terms of the language, were obtained,

XXXVI ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

The last stop was made among the Modoe at Quapaw Agency, at the agency buildings. About ninety are left of those brought there for having taken part in the Modoe war of 1872~73. Five mythic tales were gathered from the natives within the short time of three weeks, one of them being of considerable length and of importance. It is called “The birth of Aishish.” ~ The birth of this astral deity resembles in most particulars that of Bacchus from the thigh of Jupiter after his mother, Semele, had been burned to death. The terms, phrases, and sentences gathered, besides the myth mentioned, amount to over fifteen hundred items, which will prove useful for com- pleting the work on the Klamath Indians of Oregon now in preparation.

Of the Shawnee language several hundred words were gathered from the Indians of that tribe settled around the agency.

Mr. Gatschet returned to Washington in April, 1885.

WORK OF REV. J. OWEN DORSEY...

Rey. J. Owen Dorsey visited the Siletz Agency, Oregon, in August, 1884, to gain linguistic and other information respect- ing the tribes in that region. When he returned, in November, he brought back as the result of his work the following vocabularies: —Athapascan family: Applegate Creek, Galice Creek, Chasta Costa, Miko-no-tunne, Chetco, Smith River, Cal., and Upper Coquille—Yakonan family: Yaquina, Alsea, Siuslaw, and Lower Umpqua.—Kusan family: Mulluk or Lower Coquille—Takilman family: Takilma or Upper Rogue River.— Shahaptian family: Klikitat—Sastean family: Shasti—total, nineteen vocabularies, ranging from fifty to three thousand entries, exclusive of phrases and grammatical notes.

He also obtained materials for an account of the social or- ganization into villages of some of these Indians, the basis for which appears to have been the clan or gens. Rough maps, showing the localities of the villages, were made. Mr. Dorsey also obtained from several tribes the corresponding Indian names of about sixty vegetal products, specimens of which were brought to Washington for identification.

OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XXXVII WORK OF MR. JEREMIAH CURTIN.

Mr. Curtin spent the first two weeks of July at the Quapaw agency, Indian Territory, in making a collection of Modoc myths, which he had begun in the preceding winter, being part of a general collection of Indian myths begun in 1883. The number of Modoc myths obtained was nearly one hundred.

After finishing work at the Quapaw Agency, he returned to Washington, and shortly afterward was directed to proceed to northern California and obtain vocabularies of the Nosa and Kombo languages, and thence to Oregon to obtain vocabularies of the Wasco, Tyigh, and Tenina languages.

Work was begun on the Nosa language (Yanan family) at Redding, Cal., on October 11. The difficulties were very great, especially at first, owing to the fact that the Nosa are few in number, live far from one another, and have a very imperfect knowledge of English.

The Nosa were a prominent and rather numerous people until 1864, when all of them who could be found were mas- sacred by white settlers, who organized two companies for the purpose of exterminating the tribe. Owing to a chance by which a few escaped and ta the exertions of Mr. Benjamin Oliver, who secreted several in his cellar, about fifteen full blood Nosa survived.

Work on Nosa was continued in and around Redding until the end of November, when Round Mountain was visited to complete the Nosa vocabulary and obtain that of the Atsugei (Palaikan family), a very interesting language. Work at Round Mountain was finished on January 8 and Redding was revisited on January 9, preparatory to departing for Oregon.

Owing to the excessive severity of the winter and the snow blockades, which lasted six weeks, communication with Warm spring was closed, and it was impossible to enter the reserva- tion till January 27, when Sinnashee, a school and center of the Warm Spring Indian population, was reached.

At this place the Tyigh vocabulary (Shahaptian family) was collected. The Wasco (Chinookan family) was obtained at the agency headquarters near the Deschutes river. ‘enina,

XXXVIII ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

being identical with the Tyigh language, was omitted. From April 18, at which date work at the Warm Spring agency was finished, until June 30, the time was devoted to collecting myths in the Klamath reservation and at Yreka.

During the whole period of work all the myths that could be found among the people whose languages were being in- vestigated were reduced to writing. In this manner a large body of Nosa, Atsugei, Tyigh, and Wasco myths was col- lected. In the cases of Klamath and Shasti, myths were the objects directly in view

The vocabularies were obtained with satisfactory complete- ness and the verbal systems worked out in detail.

The Nosa is remarkable for a regularity of structure which yields to analysis and has a certain monotonous harmony of sound.

The Atsugei has a sonorous roll, a strong letter 7, and a certain number of words in common with the Shasti, itself one of the r languages.

GENERAL FIELD WORK. WORK OF DR, WASHINGTON MATTHEWS.

Dr. Washington Matthews, assistant surgeon U.S. Army, continued his investigations among the Navajo Indians in New Mexico and Arizona. He had been stationed in the Navajo country as post surgeon of Fort Wingate, N. Mex., from 1880 to 1884, during which time he devoted himself to studying the language, customs, and ceremonies of this tribe as much as his official duties would permit. Some of the great shamanistic ceremonies of the Navajo, occupying nine days for their per- formance, he had often seen in part; but he had never had an opportunity of witnessing one throughout its entire duration, as he had not sufficient time at his disposal.

Before leaving New Mexico, however, he secured the friend- ship and confidence of some of the leading medicine men and obtained their promise to admit him to their most secret rites during their entire performance whenever he should be able to avail himself of the privilege. He was also promised com-

OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XXXIX

plete instruction in the mythology and symbolism of these rites.

In the autumn of 1884 he was given an opportunity, under the auspices of the Bureau of Ethnology, to return to the Na- vajo country and devote himself for a considerable time en- tirely to anthropologic studies among the people.

He first visited the Navajo who dwell in the neighborhood of the San Mateo mountains, the Tsotsildiné, or people of the Great Peak, a local division or subtribe living much farther to the east and having longer and more intimate associations with Mexicans and Americans than the main body of the people. While at this place he ascended the peak of San Mateo, or Mount Taylor, a mountain held sacred by the Navajo, to ob- serve the various places on the mountain mentioned in the Navajo myths

Leaving San Mateo he proceeded to Fort Wingate, and learning that one of the most important of the Navajo rites was about to be celebrated at a place called Niqotlizi (Hard Earth), north of Fort Wingate on the Navajo reservation, he re- paired thither without delay. The ceremony which he went to witness was that of dsilyidje-qacal, or mountain chant. It isalso called Hnasjingo-qagal, or chant in the dark circle of branches, from the great corral of evergreens in which the public rites of the last night are performed. It is known to the white men who live among these Indians as the hoshkawn dance, from one of the public dances of the last night, in which the Indian jugglers pretend to grow and develop the hackan, or Yucca bac- cata. ‘This last night’s performance is varied and interesting and all persons, including whites and Indians of other tribes, are permitted to witness it; but previously, for several days, mystic rites are celebrated in the medicine lodge, to the most of which only the initiated are admitted. Dr. Matthews re- mained ten days inthe Indian camp at Niqotlizi, during which time the shamans admitted him into their medicine lodge and allowed him to observe their rites and practices. :

His most interesting discovery on this occasion was that of their system of mythic dry paintings, by which they represent

XL ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

various legends or traditions with dry pigments on the sanded floor of the medicine lodge. A full account of the ceremonies and of the myth on which they are based was prepared by Dr. Matthews and appeared in the Fifth Annual Report of this Bureau.

When the ceremony at Niqotlizi was over he proceeded to a locality in Arizona called by the whites The Haystacks, from the peculiar appearance of the rock formations there. At The Haystacks another great ceremony, probably: the see- ond in importance of the Navajo rites, was to take place. Here he again encamped with the Indians and remained until the work of the shamans was done.

The ceremonial observances witnessed on this occasion are, collectively, called by the Navajo Klédji-qacal, or chant of the night. They are called by the whites the Yiybichy danee, from the name of the principal masked character, Yébitcai or Gebitcai, the granduncle of the gods. Like the hoshkawn dance, it has several days of secret rites with elaborate sym- bolic sand pictures and one night of publie dances, less varied and interesting than those of the hoshkawn. Dr. Matthews was permitted to witness the whole performance and to take as many notes and sketches as were necessary.

From The Haystacks Dr. Matthews went to the Indian agency at Fort Defiance, Arizona, where he secured the serv- ices of one of the oldest and most learned (in their own pecul- iar lore) of the Navajo priests, and from him he obtained full explanations of all these rites and of the symbolism of the pictures and masked characters, with a complete recital of the long and elaborate myths on which the ceremonies depend, and the texts and translations of the very numerous songs which form the ritual of the ceremonies.

WORK OF DR. H. C. YARROW.

Dr. H. C. Yarrow, acting assistant surgeon U. S. Army, with the assistance of military details and supplies, in addi- tion to the instruction and facilities provided by this Bureau, started, August 8, 1884, on an expedition into the Territory of

OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XLI

Utah, with reference mainly to the exploration of burial mounds and the study of mortuary customs

Near Choke Cherry Spring a burial cave was discovered, containing the skeletons of three persons, which were secured. Other skeletons, with contents of graves, were obtained near Willow creek; also, an interesting specimen of tree burial.

At Deep creek an explanation of the curious form of water burial was gained froma chief of the Gosiats, to the effect that the bodies of the turbulent and disorderly men of the tribe were thus disposed of to prevent the spirits of these objection- able persons from joining the rest of the tribe after death. Their bodies were sunk in springs and marshy places and kept down by sticks and stones, so that their spirits could never get out

In the neighborhood of Fillmore a mound was excavated which atforded an admirable example of the beforementioned conyersion of a dwelling into a sepulcher. The probability is that the deceased died in his house, which was made of adobe bricks, and that it was at once abandoned and the body left therein, the roof being first removed. The corpse was placed on the floor and covered with a paste of moist clay, on which were placed the mortuary gifts of weapons, utensils, and food. Cottonwood branches were then piled above and set on fire, thus baking the clay crust and charring the several objects. The whole structure had been covered, so that on first examina- tion the hard surface of burnt clay, 18 inches below the loose earth, appeared to be the floor of a former dwelling.

In the whole of the expedition, which continued into the last days of September, much difficulty was experienced from the suspicion and consequent hostility of the Indians of the localities visited.

WORK OF DR. W. J. HOFFMAN.

Dr. W. J. Hoffman proceeded early in August to Victoria, B..C., where numerous sketches of Haida totem posts and carvings were obtained, in connection with the myths which they illustrated. At this locality attention was paid to the

XLII ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

burial customs and osteologic remains of the nearly extinct tribe of Songish Indians.

At Port Townsend sketches were obtained of Thlinkit ivory and wood carvings, clearly indicating the adoption by that tribe of Haida art designs. Here, too, many Indians of British-American tribes were met on their way south to work in the Puyallup hop fields, notable among which was a large number of Haida, whose persons were examined for the purpose of copying the numerous and varied tattoo designs with which they were profusely decorated. Interpretations of many of these characters were obtained from the persons bearing them, as well as from the chief artist of the tribe, together with con- cise descriptions of the methods and customs in connection with tattooing and the materials used. Drawings were made of a collection of Eskimo pictographs and ivory carvings at the museum of the Alaska Commercial Company and the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Cal.

At Santa Barbara, Cal., Dr. Hoffman discovered some painted pictographs and examined a number which have not yet been published. In several private collections at this place were found interesting relics of the Indians formerly inhabiting Santa Cruz island, the most important of which was a steatite cup containing earthy coloring matter and pricking instruments of bone, which had evidently been used in tattooing. Painted pictographs were also visited in the Azuza canon, twenty-five miles northeast of Los Angeles.

At Tule Indian Agency, in the deep valleys on the west- ern slope of the Sierra Nevada, sketches of pictographs were made in continuation of work accomplished there two years before. Vocabularies were also obtained from the Waitehumni Indians here located, as well as from the few remaining Santa Barbara Indians at Cathedral Oaks, Santa Barbara county, Cal. By far the greatest amount of pictographic material was collected in Owen's valley, California, where series of petro- glyphs are scattered over an arid, sandy desert, the extremes of which are more than twenty miles apart.

OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XLII

OFFICE WORK.

The work upon a synonymy of the Indian tribes of North America, which has been mentioned to some extent in former reports, has been continued with increased energy.

Every tribe of Indians of any size and importance has been treated of by historians under a variety of names. The sources of these different appellations are manifold. In very many instances the names of tribes or other bodies of Indians com- municated by themselves have been imperfectly understood and erroneously recorded; misspelled names and typograph- ical errors have been perpetuated.

Traders, priests, and colonists have called the same tribes by different names and the historian has often added to the con- fusion by handing down these synonyms as the names of other and different tribes. Nota few tribes well known under es- tablished names have received new names upon a change of residence, especially when they have removed to a great dis- tance or have coalesced or allied with other tribes. Added to these and to other sources of confusion are the loose and dis- similar applications of the terms clan, band, tribe, confederacy, and league, the same term having been used with various mean- ings by different authors.

As a consequence the student of Indian languages and cus- toms finds himself in a tangle, as regards tribal names, which it is beyond the power of the individual worker, unaided, to unravel. The scope of the work in question includes the at- tempt to trace the several names back to their sources and to ascertain their original and proper application, to define their meaning when possible, and to relegate each tribe under its proper title to the linguistic family to which it belongs In the completion of this work the whole force of the Bureau as sists.

The need of a volume giving the results mentioned has long been felt, and it is believed that it will prove to be one of the most important contributions to the accurate study of Indian history ever made. The classification of the languages of the North American Indians is closely connected with the synon-

XLIV ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

ymy of tribal names, each work assisting the other. During recent years the number of students who have directed their attention more or less exclusively to the study of Indian lan- guages has been constantly augmented, and as a result of their labors the number of vocabularies has been correspondingly in- creased; hence the demand for a more comprehensive and satis- factory classification than now exists.

Prior to Gallatin’s time little or nothing had been done in the direction of a systematic classification of Indian languages. In 1836 Gallatin issued his treatise in which he classified all the languages which he was able to study by a direct com- parison of vocabularies. His classification was an immense advance over anything previously done and has proved a boon for scholars, having served, indeed, practically as the basis for most of the work in the same line performed since his time. No fixed rules of nomenclature, however, have ever been adopted by linguistic writers, and authors have named and re- named linguistic groups without regard to the names imposed upon the same or similar groups by earlier writers. As a re- sult great confusion has followed not only respecting the status of the various linguistic families, but also respecting the iden- tity of the languages which have served as a basis for the sev- eral groups proposed. ‘The remedy for this state of affairs is the adoption, with strict adherence thereto, of a code of no- menclatural rules similar in scope to those prevailing among zoologists.

There would appear to be no good reason why the rule of priority of name, for instance, should not be followed in lin- guistic as well as in zodlogic classification, or why the same beneficial result of fixity of nomenclature should not be ex- pected to result from the adoption of this rule in the one case as in the other. Students who may attempt to unravel the many perplexing nomenclatural problems arising from unnecessary change of names will certainly agree that such a rule is no less desirable in linguistics than in zoélogy.

Accordingly, the rule of priority of name, within certain lim- itations, together with some other rules, has been adopted by the Bureau. These limitations and rules, together with a dis-

OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XLV

cussion of the subject, which would still be premature, may be presented by the Director in his next annual report.

Mr. H. W. Hensuaw, when not in the field, was specially engaged in the organization and details of the office work upon tribal synonymy and linguistic classification above described. A careful examination of all the literature pertaining to these correlated subjects was necessary and also the preparation of tentative tables of synonymy. He has prepared such tables and made in connection with them a brief historical résumé of the literature. Much longer time and the work of the whole official force will, however, be needed for the completion for publication of the results of this vast and complicated under- taking.

Mrs. Erminnie A. Suite was occupied, while not engaged in the field as reported above, in the revision for publication of her Tuscarora dictionary, the material for which had been col- lected during several years.

Col. Garrick MAuuery continued the collection and classi- fication of material on the two correlated subjects of sign lan- guage and pictographs. His two preliminary papers on those subjects have appeared in former annual reports. It is in- tended, while increasing the data obtained from the Indian tribes of North America, bearing upon these subjects, to sup- plement and illustrate the mass of information collected from those tribes by comparison with everything of a similar char- acter to be found in other parts of the world and to publish the results of the collection and study in the form of monographs.

Dr. W. J. Hoffman, when not in the field, continued to assist in the work mentioned.

Mr. James C. Pinuine’s preparation of the Bibliography of North American Languages continued during the year. In October and November he visited several libraries in Boston and Providence, for the purpose of clearing up a number of doubtful points. During the year pages 839-1135 were re- ceived from the printer, which completed the volume. In the spring a limited number of copies were struck off by the Pub- lic Printer, and these have been sent to various libraries, pub- lic institutions, and to individuals interested in the subject, for

XLVI ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

the purpose of obtaining additions and corrections, with the in- tention, if these should prove to be numerous, of resetting the matter.

Mr. Frank H. Cusnine was stationed at Washington at the commencement of the fiscal year and was engaged in the classification of his field material in preparation for its pub- lication. During the fall he completed a short paper on Zuni culture growth as evidenced by studies of Pueblo ce- ramics, which was published in the Fourth Annual Report of the Bureau. In this paper he maintains, with a large amount of linguistic evidence, that the Zuni culture is mainly autoch- thonous, and that its growth, especially the growth of archi- tectural, agricultural, ceramic, and other arts and industries pertaining to it, has been largely accomplished within the desert areas of America which still form the habitat of the Pueblo Indians, and probably, also, within a period more lim- ited than has usually been supposed essential to such develop- ment.

He prepared also a paper on the “Ancient province of Ci- bola and the seven lost cities,” in which he not only identifies the seven cities of Cibola above referred to with seven ruins near the present Zuni village, but also furnishes interesting examples of the permanence of Indian tradition and of its value, when properly used, as a factor in ethnographic and historic research.

Among the later and perhaps more important results of his studies during the year are investigations of the myths and folk tales abundantly recorded by him during previous years among the Zuni.

By the extended comparison which he is able to make be- tween these folk tales and myths, now first brought together as a whole, and by the application to their study of the lin- guistic method employed by him in the preparation of the two papers already mentioned, he is able to trace the growth of mere ideas or of primitive conceptions of natural or biotic phe- nomena and of physical or animal function into the persone and incidents which go to make up myths, as well as to trace the influence of these growths on the worship of the Zuni.

OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XLVII

Early in 1885 Mr. Cushing furnished the Director with a schedule of his manuscript, notes, and sketches, and from an examination of this it was deemed advisable that he should continue putting his linguistic material into permanent shape, in order that it might be used as a check on ensuing studies of the sociology and mythology of the Zuni, as well as for its suggestive value towards the explanation of obscure passages in those departments of study. This work had progressed but little, however, when a severe illness necessitated its tem- porary abandonment.

Prof. Cyrus Tuomas, in addition to his administrative duties in charge of the division of mound exploration, was engaged in preparing for publication the results of the operations of that division. The constant arrangement, comparison, and study of the material objects and facts ascertained required his close application. He also commenced the paper presented by him in this volume.

Mr. Vicror MinveEverr, in the first part of the fiscal year, completed models of the seven villages of the ancient Province of Tusayan, together with a relief model illustrating the topo- graphical character of the province. The model of Walpi, of this series, was carried out in such a manner as to show ona large scale the character of the rocky mesa on which the town is built. Several types of cliff ruins were also modeled for this series, among them the White House ruin of Canon de Chelly and the mummy cave of Canon de la Muerte. After August 1 this work was carried on under the supervision of Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff, who also prepared a model of the great Etowah mound from the data of Mr. V. Mindeleft’s survey; he also furnished several other examples of mounds, with see- tions, under the direction of Prof. Cyrus Thomas. This work was carried on without interruption until December 7, when Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff was ordered to New Orleans, to take charge of the combined exhibits of the U. 8. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Ethnology, and was instructed to look after the proper installation of the same in the Govern- ment building. He returned to Washington about February 1. During the ensuing four months the small force in the

XLVIII ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

modeling room was engaged in making models of the ancient pueblos of the Chaco, from the plans secured during the pre- ceding summer, as referred to in the report of field work. This work continued until early June, when Mr. C. Mindeleff was again ordered to New Orleans to take charge of the pack- ing and shipment of the exhibits of the Geological Survey and Bureau of Ethnology for their return to Washington and for the installation of a portion of the material at the Louisville Exposition. During the interval from February 1 to June 15 Mr. Victor Mindeleff was engaged in the preparation of a report on the architecture of the ancient provinces of Cibola and Tusayan, together with the plans and diagrams necessary for its illustration. This study was based on the large amount of data that had been secured during former field seasons for modeling purposes.

Rey. J. Ownn Dorsey, when not in the field, made nearly 10,000 entries for the (@egiha-English dictionary, and pre- pared Ponka and Omaha native texts, with free and interlinear translations, in addition to those found in part 1 of vol. 6, Contributions to North American Ethnology. After Decem- ber 1, 1884. he collated the following vocabularies obtained by him in Oregon, viz: Takelma, Shasti, Applegate Creek, Chasta Costa, Galice Creek, Mulluk, Siuslaw, Lower Umpqua, Yaquina, Klikitat, and one on Smith River, California. He also prepared a list of the villages obtained from the tribes at the Siletz Agency, Oregon.

Mr. Aubert 8. GatscHET was engaged at the beginning of the fiscal year in revising and perfecting his grammar of the Klamath language of southern Oregon. ‘The phonology was completed and stereotyped, extending from page 200 to 245. He was engaged in correcting proofs of the subsequent section on morphology when he proceeded to the Southwest, as else- where reported, to investigate several languages spoken there, the affinities of which had not before been ascertained.

Mr. W. H. Houtmes, as in previous years, has supervised the illustrations of the Bureau publications. He also continued his archzeologic studies, chiefly in the department of ceramics, the character of which is shown by his papers in this volume.

OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XLIX

He was in charge of the preparation of exhibits for the exposi- tions at New Orleans, Louisville, and Cincinnati; but, owing to the pressure of other duties, much of this work was intrusted to Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff, who was assisted materially by Mr. Victor Mindeleff. The most important feature of the exhibits consisted of models of plaster and papier maché of the pueblo towns and cliff houses of New Mexico and Arizona.

Aside from the models, exhibits of ethnologic and archeo- logic materials were made. A large and important collection of objects of pueblo art was obtained by Mr. James Stevenson, but much of it failed to reach Washington in time for exhibi- tion purposes, and a series of similar objects, already classified - and labeled, was selected fromthe National Museum and for- warded to New Orleans. A valuable collection of the ancient fictile products of Tusayan belonging to Mr. Thomas Keam was also utilized in perfecting the exhibits of Pueblo art.

Archzeologic materials from other sections of the country were placed on exhibition, notably a superb collection of pre- historic relics from the province of Chiriqui, Panama, which was purchased for tie purpose.

The collections of ethnologic and archzologic material made during the year are of unusual importance and magnitude. This is chiefly due to the facilities afforded by the New Orleans Exposition fund, a liberal portion of which was devoted to the collection and purchase of objects of permanent value to the Government and to science. The collections made by Mr. Stevenson in Zuni and Acoma comprise upward of four thou- sand pieces, chiefly objects of clay, but including other classes of products. he collection of prehistoric relics obtained by Mr. J. A. MeNiel from the tombs of Chiriqui is one of the most important and complete series of ancient American products to be found in any country, and must prove of great value to stu- dents.

Mr. Victor Mindeleff secured a small series of relics from the ancient ruins of northern New Mexico and Arizona, and Dr. H. C. Yarrow added some objects of archzeologic and ethnologic interest from central Utah. Mrs. Erminnie A.

Smith procured a number of articles of shell, illustrating the 6 ETH-—1V

L ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

modern manufacture of wampum in New Jersey; a small col- lection of fragmentary pottery from the eastern shore of Mary- land was presented by Mr. Joseph D. McGuire, of Ellicott City; and Mr. Holmes secured a series of articles, including arrowheads, shell implements, and pottery, from the island of Nantucket. Mound explorations, conducted by Dr. Cyrus Thomas, yielded a valuable series of objects of stone and clay. An unusually interesting series of the earthen vessels of the ancient pueblo races was secured by Mr. E. W. Nelson in east- ern central Arizona. The greater part of the abovementioned material has already been catalogued and turned over to the U.S. National Museum.

Dr. H. C. Yarrow, acting assistant surgeon, U.S. Army, besides his field explorations described, continued to collect information relative to the mortuary customs of North Ameri- can Indians. Of the material gathered, a considerable portion has been forwarded by various persons throughout the coun- try in answer to the circular sent out early in the last year, but much has also been derived from the published works on anthropologic subjects, including scientific journals and re- ports. Numerous authorities have been consulted and much time has been devoted to the consideration of the many theories advanced to account for certain peculiar rites and customs.

Mr. Cares C. Royce continued during the year the prepa- ration of a historical atlas of Indian cessions. The boundaries of the various cessions of land by the different Indian tribes were traced out and located upon the maps of the States and Territories left uncompleted at the date of the last annual re- port. All that remains to be done in completing the atlas for publication is to transcribe, with considerable elaboration, the historical and descriptive notes pertaining to the various ces- sions, and to make, from the rough working sheets, legible copies of the maps showing the boundaries of the cessions within the States of California, Oregon, Nevada, and Texas and the ‘Territories of Washington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, and Dakota. Most of these States and Territories will each require two maps, showing respec-

OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. LI

tively the primary and secondary cessions. The work will be finished as rapidly as possible.

ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.

The present volume contains papers the subject matter of which may be classified under the grand divisions of Tech- nology, Philosophy, Sociology, and Ethnography.

They are all prepared by experts of recognized authority in their several lines of research and are illustrated to the de- gree required by the text for full understanding, the number of figures presented being 548, besides ten full page plates. Special mention of each of these papers follows in their order as printed.

ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI, COLOMBIA, BY WILLIAM H. HOLMES.

The archeology of Chiriqui should be studied, not only for comparison with that of the territory comprised in the present political divisions of North America, but because geograph- ically the province should be considered as a part of the North American continent. Until recently this isthmian region was little known, the explorations for railroads and canals having furnished the first valuable accounts of its modern inhabitants and the relies left by former occupants.

The National Museum now contains a large and precious collection of archzeologic material from the province, chiefly obtained by Mr. J. A. MeNiel during years of enthusiastic la- bor. The information derived and the lessons to be learned from this collection, together with all particulars relating thereto gathered from other sources, are now presented in this paper by Mr. W. H. Holmes. His work in the classification of the immense number of objects and in the elucidation of their func- tions, material, construction, forms, and decorations has been careful and comprehensive. His manifest success has been owing to his artistic insight and skill as well as to his archieo- logic training. His ability in both fields can be appreciated by an examination of the 287 illustrations in his paper, con-

LII ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

sidered not only as to their number, but as to their instructive arrangement in his text.

The objects of ancient art found in Chiriqui are, as else- where in North America, derived almost entirely from graves. The cemeteries, apart from their contents and the mode of sep- ulture, constitute in themselves topics of interest which are discussed and illustrated in the paper. Another curious feature is that the objects buried generally appear to have been manu- factured for mortuary purposes and not for use by the living. A general review of the contents of the graves shows that the ancient inhabitants were skillful in the manipulation of stone, gold, copper, and clay, and tombs of undoubtedly great an- tiquity yield evidence of long continued culture.

It also appears that, while the art of the old peoples of the isthmus can in some respects be connected with that of adja- cent regions in North America, in others it is remarkable for individuality. Ornaments of stone were seldom used by them and those of gold and copper were common. ‘The articles of gold which the graves have yielded in large quantities to ex- plorers during the last quarter of a century, and for which only they have until recently been searched, have generally been considered to be mere ornaments, but they probably had a fetichistic origin.

It is remarkable that no weapon, tool, or utensil of metal has been noticed The objects were generally formed by cast- ing in molds, which was done with considerable skill, and gild- ing, or at least plating, was practiced. ‘The art of alloying also appears to have been understood.

The use of metals does not appear early in the order of technology, and an advanced degree of culture is generally attained before the casting of any metal is attempted. With- out allowing too much weight to any argument based upon the surprising skill of these people in plating and alloying, the evidence of technical skill in general, together with the con- ceptions embodied in their art, proves conclusively that it was the product of a long period of experiment and progress.

The pottery of Chiriqui is to be noted for the perfection of its technique, its high specialization of form, and its conven-

OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. LItt

tional use of a wide range of decorative motives. Its forms present many striking analogies to the wheel made ware of the Mediterranean, regarded as classic.

The mythologic stage of the builders of these graves is shown by the fact that in their ceramic art there is no attempt to render the human face or figure with accuracy. The per- sonages of their religious philosophy were zoOmorphic and some of their forms may be discerned by a skillful analyst in or on all the ornaments and vessels. On each of the latter all decorative devices and delineations have some reference to the mythic creature associated with the vessel and its functions.

Mr. Holmes has made an important discovery in the evolu- tion of decoration in Chiriqui from which are deduced instructive generalizations of wide application. All the decorations orig- inate (doubtless under the influence of the stage reached in mythologic philosophy) in life forms of animals, none being vegetal. Coming from mythologic concepts they are signifi- cant and ideographic, and coming from nature they are prima- rily imitative and non-geometric. Nevertheless the agencies of modification inherent in the practice of art through its me- chanical conditions are such that the animal forms early em- ployed have changed into conventional decorative devices, among which are the meander, scroll, fret, chevron, and guil- loche.

That this was the course of evolution of the classic forms of ornaments is not asserted; indeed, it is not necessary to form such a hypothesis, as by the interacting principles, well classi- fied by Mr. Holmes, the course by which the same result was accomplished may have been wholly diverse. It is, however, shown that this was in all probability the particular and inde- pendent course in one region of America, being in that respect in distinct contrast to other art regions, such as that of the Pueblos, where the rise of geometric figures through techno- logic channels is equally obvious. It follows that in seeking to divide peoples by the cviteria of their decorative arts the examination must embrace what is far more fundamental than a mere comparison of their finished products: these may be

LIV ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

and are markedly similar without any evidence of transmis- sion, and when in fact by deeper study the ascertained sepa- rate courses of development preclude such transmission.

A STUDY OF THE TEXTILE ART IN ITS RELATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORM AND ORNAMENT, BY W.H. HOLMES.

For several years Mr. Holmes has been engaged in the study of the ancient and existing art of the North American Indians, and has published in the annual reports of this Bureau a num- ber of elaborate essays upon the art of specified peoples and regions.

In the present paper he submits the comprehensive results of his studies in one great branch, the textile art, and treats chiefly of its esthetic relations as distinct from those of con- struction and function, so far as they can be separately dis- cussed.

He has been fortunate in the character of the material studied. In America there is yet found a great body of primi- tive, indigenous, and independent art, almost uncontaminated by the complex phenomena, processes, and conditions which elsewhere obscure its origin and development. To a knowl- edge of American art acquired by long study Mr Holmes adds a mental equipment exceptionally qualifying him for its philosophie discussion. His conclusions therefore, presented with ample evidence and explained by illustrations, are to be received as those ofa recognized authority, although they may disturb some sentimental and metaphysical fancies concerning abstract beauty in form, color, and design.

It is not contended that the earliest concepts of beauty orig- inated with textile art. On the contrary, it is probable that the first esthetic attempts were in the line of personal decora- tion, such as paints on the skin and pendants and feathers dis- posed about the person. But as the textile art appears early and widely in culture it is believed that the association of esthetic concepts with it very generally preceded their asso- ciation with other arts. Having thus the start in the field, its nature was full of suggestions of embellishment, while it was fixed in its method of expression. The technique therefore

OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY, LV

shaped and directed the esthetic concept and became the par- ent of much geometric ornament.

Mr. Holmes gives an instructive analysis of the forces and influences inherent in the textile art, the first lessons of which are order, uniformity, and symmetry; he shows how the neces- sities of technique determine ideas of the beautiful in linear geometric forms and how taste in selecting certain ornaments as the most beautiful is simply choosing that product which in the evolution of art gave it character and power.

The influence of textile ornament upon other forms of art, such as architecture and sculpture, is discussed, as also the manner in which extrinsic decorative elements are remodeled in accordance with the rules of textile combination. The paper, however, does not undertake to cover the whole field of the development of form and ornament, being confined to the relation of the textile art thereto, and similar studies in all other grand divisions of art must be made before the relative importance of all their forces and tendencies can be estimated. But the laws of evolution in all art closely correspond, and the present paper is eminently instructive to all students of the esthetic.

AIDS TO THE STUDY OF THE MAYA CODICES, BY CYRUS THOMAS.

That Prof. Cyrus Thomas has long been engaged in the ex- amination of the few Maya records in existence is known from his former works, “A study of the Manuscript Troano” and “Notes on certain Maya and Mexican manuscripts,” both pub- lished by the Bureau of Ethnology.

The object of the present paper is to give information of some original discoveries and to present some explanations not brought forward by Professor Thomas in his former papers.

The records of Maya and Mexico yet challenge students with unsolved problems similar to those which in the writings of Egypt and Assyria have perplexed so many generations. The translation of the paleographie literature of this continent may be expected to throw light on the past of America, in some degree reproducing the brilliant result which has attended the translation of the hieroglyphs of the eastern hemisphere. Long

LVI ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR

and laborious comparisons, together with the trial of succes- sive hypotheses, will be necessary to the decipherment of our aboriginal manuscripts, and but few competent persons are actively engaged in the work. It becomes, therefore, the duty of any one whose discoveries tend to clear up even minor points of the great problem to furnish them to his fellow laborers, and thereby limit the remaining field of investigation. In this paper Professor Thomas supplements his former work.

OSAGE TRADITIONS, BY REV. J. OWEN DORSEY.

This paper contains an account of a secret society of seven degrees, still existing among the Osage, in which the traditions of the people have been preserved. 'The author, by his skill and personal influence, has obtained and now furnishes two of these traditions in the original language, with an interlinear and a free translation of each and with explanatory remarks.

The traditions are both cosmologic and sociologic, and are admirable examples of Indian philosophy. The existence of secret associations, periodically celebrating religious mysteries, and of shamanistic orders, which, by ceremonies, pictographs, and chants, have preserved in more or less purity the tradi- tions of their ancestors, has been vaguely known for some years, but until lately no accurate or indeed intelligent ac- count of them has been secured.

The exertions of several of the officers of this Bureau have been successful in obtaining full details and clear explanations both of the traditions and the ceremonials of several of the Indian tribes, notably those of the Zuni and the Navajo, pub- lished in former annual reports. The present paper by Mr. Dorsey takes an important place in this new collection of ma- terials for the study of Indian philosophy, from which valuable results have been already acquired.

THE CENTRAL ESKIMO, BY DR. FRANZ BOAS.

For the express purpose of personal exploration and exami- nation, the author of this important paper spent a considerable time in the region of which he treats. His course of travel

OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. LVII

was to Cumberland sound and Davis strait. The grand di- vision of the Eskimauan linguistic family, inhabiting nearly the whole range of the Arctic-American coast, which has been classed as Central Eskimo, occupies the northeastern part of the continent and the eastern islands of the Arctic-American archipelago. It inhabits, at Smith sound, the most northern countries in which man has been known to dwell. Its southern and western boundaries are about Fort Churchill, the middle part of Back river, and the coast west of Adelaide peninsula.

Dr. Boas gives an admirable account of the topography of the region and of the distribution, tribal divisions, and num- bers of the inhabitants. His work is replete with valuable statements in minute detail and with acute suggestions regard- ing their habits and customs. Their peculiar and ingenious weapons, implements, and utensils are fully described and illustrated. His account of their religious practices and be- liefs, supplemented by translations of their myths and legends, is equally entertaining and instructive.

In connection with his observations made through original research, Dr. Boas presents the result of a close study and analysis of the work of former explorers in this field, by which his contribution to the study of this interesting hyperborean people will command additional attention.

LVIII_ ANNUAL REPORT OF DIRECTOR OF BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

Table showing amounts appropriated and expended for North American ethnology for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1885.

eens, Seaton | aaa ZN G2 Ce eee He eten nee SEO AAR IHU ao ae RCC OO COLAC ay Daren TOscocmenccceeaces $30, 433. 55 Ba iriveling (expenses) ose === een e nea enamel a ae ee ner 3, 716. 14 Cy Lransportation of: property, =o ns-nieeeoe cease lee arises eee eee eee 354. 12 1B ON GUE MNS EG ee oe oe ee peep eocicpoocesecesesenc © - 198, 42 E. Field supplies and expenses .----- 535. 45 TOR OT) GUC be oe ope 5 aS enor SSS SB eo sre SSc HORI OD Smee Se SOS 197. 71 (6 LR TTS Shoes 59 Saeicg cas oS oepoOD OSS CO Seas amos odeaostsso sono soerse 49. 25 ER Mod ein cm ater Qe eta melee ao me ela = viele te 40.11 Tr) Photopraphicmaterial ss .c cm. cne= sions eens aaa ae eee eee 306. 71 Ke Books and mapsie--.--~.eere ae 355. 85 L. Stationery and drawing material 15.70 M. Tilustrations for reports ---- 2 <n nn wees aasienen=n= sotehetersstecos 668. 64 IN. ‘Airticles for distribution to Indians. 2----2--.---2s22=--=-s--s==6=2—" == 23. 69 OO fi certurnitnre lacie caren oe se mae ee ae eee ee ee eter 59. 67 P. Office supplies and repairs .-..-.....- See 36. 61 (OX, MERE Otte on ne Secoso cosas pao Goose cn beDcanct ccmosdonconsad osoncctnse 395. 00 R-Correspondence! s---22-----ses-eees es BREA eC R ECE RO OS IBS CEC BREE COSD a 15. 43 ihe tet uct hr tsa socm coche Sao aeSDaacco so macdSr cos adennscoteces Msessobosoancoe 71. 00 T. Collection of material for classification of the Indians in the United SLES some beoccdnspboo seahoonccacncotenoocecconssscouegsee cee nocd soe 1, 326, 61 Balance on hand to meet outstanding liabilities..-........-.....-.----- 1, 200. 34 40, 000. 00 $40, 000. 00

ee —_ ae 3s aD ‘ oo as le ® a . : _ a oe 7 a. a . a“ 6

ACCOMEAN YING PAPERS:

6 ETH——1

ANCIENT ART

PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI, COLOMBIA.

WILLIAM H. HOLMES.

CONTENTS.

ETUC UCT OMe Senet rote cre aie neler src ecens ricer shales inte alctclin Space lsystaile eienccehiyetouals(e sisverie

Geography..... Literature ..... Peoples........ The cemeteries.

Placing of relics Objects of art...... Stones... :c 5-9

PPIGUUITEMETOGCKS etry rrr crete OE ares aaslolc lovers ease elofere in faie WG Sc aE.F Syers lev

Columns... Images ....

Meal re SCOTIES eps papcas fares gets eta sssee sts ate ro) cre \era)=| chain: clayalay=lafol ebayer stariciesrevershoys, sie

Stools! 2.2... Celts &e ... Spearheads .

PANTO WP OUNOS a peeectstey tee setts cactcctet perc cis rate ter sin ctarares<icrs ator sya) ete losale ote al ots

Ornaments.

Goldvandicopper saerrsate secre coetelelale testers sioione infec oveseie.ors 16: bmw keleselel«

Bronze .... Clay: Pottery. . Preliminary How found

WRCR sto. <i:

Um painted aware ser avcrier since ivepeiclncnls erste ciaocajojctets aye ofa ae art ain isjnioje ee RETR ALCO ULaa PROUD cen rieter ete iyar icteric asia Ck nis ecient ee tesie esa Selene

Black incise' Painted ware

GESTOUD REE eon i erence occa a criee aise ence bias

Scanificd er ou pie ataxic cine stelaie siete ore. sisi eie ss aisteiate wisi eosin cers Fad ed gor OUp eraser yaar ercfov are efoto « Se DS cri owe Sola ke clea ol svete @ rs, 010) ofels PLIPOUSeT OUD meer teete aie ieartdererereracselaae treat uit en eieraan ecastave kee IMALOONE EROWD ete eer erie acrerel a ciale a aiaieraiate tain ayeiw ici c/isfactal nelson ens sas REGM TNC Y eT OUD mre ster mt teeta te eeterstarateeec Sete ire roscists Sataicre i naie wa catdiel el ola sie) RVI Tte MIN GLO OUD meee eric ener rae tock islciorcicrs tye itencrote mers7rigiare stele EOSTRCOLON RO LOUD feet peter tee ete fey erecta) sh orersicterstalsisicvesei crea Pe ersicoe7aye siete x

Alligator gr Polychrome Unclassified

HOWIDS 5 car 60.6 hoc Aon Oetos Co MACE CORON tm noe ace ene eae

PEOU PR apeert eee eet wey cet micd fe) ay sno taunted. systatbenia tars Sara ¥.ctet

S or co S or cr oo ce

or or or cr

orc 1 +

6 CONTENTS.

Objects of art — Continued. , Clay: eMiscellaneoustOby CGUsi evar) atlases talale/eyaiake tet tate lieve terete tetetr erate Tete teeta Spindleswhonls i. 5 4 sdejanciafset een chelate: oe tetslo seeks sere eee iINeedlecases ae ieee eke le erste rete chore ete ae iets TB SUNINLOS oe fever telcte sical) = ailsrcreiepar ePaper ober othe fo Pave petstatet ie fale Panes tested eee

StOOIS) 5 sche sieeteue nis sisistee ses a te lestaetle Stictys Cae ein ee EEE eee CEE 7

Musical! instruments 3.4. 2-002 os eP OR eee eer eee eee tee 132d A en ar ees ta redo Genera cdocsaud a coca.ccds

Iuife forms :invase painting: .-....)..-1..122))4 eee ete eeece oben ene nee IEQN soonansodanoaood Vere ren ereerr nite ir enters

Peete eee

Page.

149 149 150 151 154 156 156 157 160 171 186

Puate I, Map of Chiriqui

FIG.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

. Section Of Oval Grave... ..... 1. eee eee eee ee tet e eee e een eens

L 2. Section of a quadrangular grave........-..-- Gdugcoos doo duae poets 3. (Grave with pillars... 22.2. eee ss cee e t eicisie vrinniele ewes scr en sie nas AS Compound Cistejea. « ose = ale ie eee ees vinnie etal eles an lei 5. Southwest face of the pictured stone ......... 6... sees eee ee eee eee 6. A goddess of the ancient Chiriquians.......-...-+. 0+ +eeee reese eee 7. A god of the ancient Chiriquiams ...........-...--+..s seen esses 8. Fragmentary human figure in gray basaltic rock............++---- 9. Mealing stone with large tablet ornamented with animal heads .... 10. Puma shaped metate .........5. cece cece eee eee tee eee eee sect ee 11: Stool shaped object... 0.52... 61. eee eee ee te ee rennet teense 12. Stool with colummar base...............-.- 1 esses eect cece eee ees 13. Stool with perforated base.............-. 20 sees eee eee eee eens 14. Large partially polished celt ........ sdelodonsencecanoaued cons boc 15. Celt of hexagonal section.........-...0--. eer e eee eee tee eet es 16. Small wide bladed celt..... 2.2.2... 00. e eee ee ee eee ee eee eee ree 7; Celt with heavy shaft... . 2... 20. cee eee eee eee e renee 18. Celt or ax with constriction near the top. ......--..++++see ee eens 19. Flaked and partially polished celt.............--..+-+eeee+ tees 36 Ay, WyyGil jeyeybeloversl Welling Goeoeeas 400 Soopod eda cucdendeEsO0Dsou CoG nbaOO UGE 21. Narrow pointed Celt ..... 2.02... cece eee eee eee rece ee eee ce eeeee 22. Narrow pointed celt ...........0...- ee eee eee tee e et ence eer ces ee 23. Cylindrical celt with narrow point .......... 022. .e eee eee eee eee 24. Leaf shaped objects suggesting spearpoints..........+++-++++eeee es bp HMOK A NOUNS EeGconseogorecHtoospenuoosne pono UMaoS CUDGCCORONEAGnOOD . Human figure, formed of copper-gold alloy.......-..-+++++++.5+55> . Grotesque human figure in gold...............2.5. esse eee teers ees . Rudely shaped human figure in gold ............-..-.- esses eee eee . Grotesque human figure in nearly pure copper.......--.+++.++5255+ 30. Grotesque human figure in nearly pure gold............-.-+-+-- . Rudely executed image of a bird in gold............... +2020 eee rene h lism¥ere\orn eH lone liun rx) An aoneeob on bos Oey oe abe opooy ed odoUDoUGuEOG . Puma shaped figure in gold.......... 2... eee ce eee eee ee ete ee . Puma shaped figure in base metal... .. 2.2... cess cece eee eee eee 5. Quadruped with grotesque face in base metal........-...-+--++++++ b Linear? Hh isis niin fol le oo wean apedoe ob GES ooeoodnUudeacsonEaOdmoUC . Large figure of a frog, in base metal plated with gold.............- . Small figure of a frog, in base metal plated with gold........-..... 39. Figure of an alligator in gold ..............---. 2 eee eee e eee eee ees 40. Animal figure, in base metal plated with gold. ..............+..5+5 41. Bronze bells plated or washed with gold ............-.-.++s+0000005 42. Bronze bell with human features. ..........-. esse eee settee eee auc 43. Triple bell or rattle found on the Rio Grande,........-.++++-++6+++

ry ‘

Ww WO W WW Co Ost oo

oo oo oo oo & OD CO CO DBrIATtRwWwH rE

Fie. 44. 45, 46. 47.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

iNercrny Wes ate SN Sooueogene sudbonosEe0 soo 0 Sen DSc DOC OMAP Fundamental forms of vases —convex outlines........... aR OHO ToS Fundamental forms of vases—angular outlines ..... Hem ateat oe oO0 Vases of complex outlines — exceptional forms.............. séon0 0 Vases of compound forms ...........:......-..- ESD Notseetaetsterete : Square lipped wesselicrra cure reretete kettles sites eee le eee tear eee G00 Variations in the forms of necks and rims......... ........ Po200 9% PEArrancement OimnanGlesimeereeeehictiereieererte Sales Sf avayennare neat eae Netens . Types of annular bases or feet........ BduadecmpcocOngcoepcabagseDT 3 I Yoym anton) all (:\94- SORA OCmEMe nicurcdastocanUuabSdoa0adaonsnd6 ; Grotesque figure forming the handle of a small vase ............... Grotesque figure forming the handle of a small vase.............. . Grotesque figure forming the handle of a small vase.......

Monstrous figure with serpent shaped extremities. Monstrous figure with serpent shaped extremities. Grotesque figure .....

Grotesque figure . . . Grotesque figure. ...... Figure of a monkey . Figure of a monkey Figure of a monkey

Vase iaeenine Se use of are HEURES Se way eee Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures................. Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures................- Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures.......... LHOStSD Series of bowls and cups of unpainted ware. ....... ARO. oS agao0 Vase.ot gracefullformis 2a .ssaecis.dtrecioce co ticket anne Vase of graceful form........... Pero ron Goo ciee sieuayett s¥e eeu Vase of fine form, ornamented with grotesque heads ............. 5 Vase of fine form, ornamented with grotesque heads .............. Vase with ornament of applied nodes and fillets ..................- Vase with mantle covered with incised figures............-..-..--- Vase with frieze of grotesque heads ......---....2-22+cs+e--+e-e iD Vases with flaring rims and varied ornament.....................- Vases with complex outlines and varied ornament...............- c Large vase with two mouths and neatly decorated necks. .... Saloon Large vase with high handles............... ap poco ooo SES AOOb Topiwiewsolhighthandledivasesa-cear ee eee ere eee eet ere Handled vase........... In otooe IHOO DHOOSS ebb uatendc Sogpoovece Handled! vase). /.0.5 areterstonarors ele taasnese ee eros tte emer SadgoueRebod Handled vase........ signe Scere Risley eet ke Retciste Ie Loe Small cup with single handle, Summed with grotesque figure . Small cup with single handle, ornamented with grotesque figure .

Waseiofieccentnictormre eee erheer terre eee apoHaooDeadiaaEos Vesselallustratins. formsioflegsie n-ne nee ne ne eens nee Vessel illustrating forms of legs. eri ee ecient eles: Vessel with large legs, decorated with stellar punctures............ Vases of varied form with plain and animal shaped legs

large vase.onistriking shape=s-eeen heron te eee tenes

Cup with legs imitating animal forms..... ........- -

Cup with legs imitating a grotesque anim: l HOHE Sonu ooc

Cup with legs imitating the armadillo. .....

SS tT Ot

Re! SiS che eS oa as

-2 2

Fia. 97. 98. 99.

100. 101. 102. 1038. 104, 105. 106, 107. 108. 109. 110. ain ls 112. IBY 114. 115. 116. Ts 118. 119. 120, 121. 122, 123. 124, 125. 126. 127. 128. 129, 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 148. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149,

ILLUSTRATIONS

Cup with legs imitating the armadillo . eet te teer cn neers @uprenthitnopyshapedmleos tre nasty y= ele labetea\0 o/afelate anor Jorcrelsle = = 21= Cup with legs imitating an animal and its young ................. Cups/supported| by, grotesque heads sy. ec. clic clei ee rele te ee nes Large cup supported by two grotesque figures .................... Cup with two animal heads attached to the sides ................. Cup with two animal heads attached to the sides................. Vase shaped to imitate an animal form..................2...02005 Vase shaped to imitate an animal form.....................--0.6% Vase shaped to imitate an animal form........................... Fish shaped vessel... .-. dd E GARD GON OM Be emone nonboust So odomodor Mopaviewa Ot aehisbyshaped svesselemrelstctstelctltercisiaietiieisiocr= aterer- siete Cup with grotesque head attached to the rim..................... Black cup with incised reptilian figures... 2.2.0... ee seeceseoee Blackscup withaneised reptilian Me uresi. 22... fe ee cle sc crceoe snl s Black vase with conventional incised pattern..................... Small cup with conventional incised pattern ..................... Smalliimpodseup wabliapriebt walls 2p cele) cle msec eterere =e tcieieie ele oreo Vase with flaring rim and legs imitating animal heads............ Vase modeled to represent the head of an animal................. Patterniuponoheiback ofethevase sass -e sis -ietee ec aiecieieac i Tripod bowl of red scarified ware............. Bystotile da stovsrshsh te caraio tel Gripodbowlof med) scamitied!ware: ener circ coer seac eer eleleleieres= Oblong basin with’ scarified design... s..5- 2-2 ec0se- ce nsce cess nce

Large scarified bow] with handles imitating animal heads.......

Jar with flat bottom and vertical bands of incised ornament. ...... Vase with stand and vertical incised bands......................- Vase with handles, legs, and vertical ribs........................ Tripod with owl-like heads at insertion of legs... ... See serch She) svats Tripod with legs rudely suggesting animal forms................. Heavy red vaseswith four mouths: 2.2.02 -2eccewece cee senate eens Vase with horizontally placed handles and rude designs in red..... Unpolished vase with heavy handles and coated with soot......... Round bodied vase with unique handles and incised ornament... . Vase with grotesque figures attached to the handles.............. Vase with upright handles and winged lip................... .... Mopaview of vase with winged Vip... 3c. aecase.c<.ceeecie ceils saes Vase with grotesque animal shaped handles...................... Vase with handles representing strange animals..................

Vase with handles representing grotesque figures..............

Vase with handles representing animal heads.................... Vase with arched handles embellished with life forms in high relief...

Vase with arched handles embellished with life forms in high retief

Tripod vase with shallow basin and eccentric handles............. Tripod vase with shallow basin and eccentric handles............. Tripod vase with shallow basin and eccentric handles............. Tripod vase of graceful shape and neat finish ..................... Heavy tripod vase with widely spreading feet .................... Neatly modeled vase embellished with life forms and devices in red... High tripod vase with incised designs and rude figures in red.....

Handsome tripod vase with scroll ornament......... Vase with lizard shaped legs. .

Vase with scroll ornament...... Nee Supa neces eee tics:

7)

Page.

oO

7 -2 +2 +3 +3

iv) oo

80

10

Fie. 150. 151. 152. 158. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 170u. lgAils 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179.

179d.

180. 181. 182. 183. 184, 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Large vase with flaring rim and widespreading legs............... Fragment of a tripod vase embellished with figure of an alligator. Vase supported by grotesque human figures....................45 Roun 1 bodied vase embellished with figures of monsters.......... Cup with incurved rim and life form ornamentation............-. Cup with widely expanded rim and constricted neck.............- Small tripod cup with animal features in high relief..............

Vase of unique shape and life form ornamentation .............. Two-handled vase with life form and linear decoration. ........... Small tripod vase with animal figures in white................... Shapely vase with designs in white paint......................-.. Small red bottle with horizontal bands of ornament.............- Small red bottle with encircling geometric devices................ Bottle with zone occupied by geometric devices...............-.-. Bottle with broad zone containing geometric figures.............- Bottle with decoration of meandered lines......................-- Bottle with arched panels and geometric devices...............-. Bottle with arched panels and elaborate devices...........-...--- Vase with rosette-likespanels., sac > jas <)ste perp tstcle teller Ornament from preceding: Vaseler er ele stele teke lait eee Vase with) rosette-liketpanels: seperti ceteris eerie eee Vase' with rosette-like,pamels). (5) jecis.c eres ei olele tepelerei tel ehevs cfelolet=talav-at=ts

Theoretical origin of the arched panels.........................-- Vase decorated with conventional figures of alligators ............ Portion of decorated zone illustrating treatment of life forms... ...

Vase decorated with highly conventional life forms.............-. Desion fromiprecedingsvaselac4. 92 elt ee eerste ers Vase decorated with highly conventional life forms............... Vase decorated with highly conventional life forms..............- Decorated panel with devices resembling vegetal growths......... Vase of untisual ‘shape’ ¥ .v..sjonstue ae cies eee eeteaete betel easel eta esaetste Vaseof unusual shape’... ccc cect octcmreiteerreriar Se Gretetos Vase'of timuswal shapes. «14. ssn actader tae ene ere eee aera yen ere Double vessel with high arched handle...................---.---- Double vessel with arched handle. 275... mo sit ister Vase embellished with life forms in color and in relief ..........-. Vase modeled to represent a peccary...........0.s.0s0eesscese- ees Wnder:surfaceiof peceary vases eee eee ee eee eerie Small vessel with human figures in high relief................---- Tripod cup with figures of the alligator... 22.0.2 2.:.2.55--5----+--- Large shallow tripod vase with geometric decoration ..........-.- Large bottle shaped vase with high tripod and alligator design... . Large bottle with narrow zone containing figures of the alligator. . Vase with decorated zone containing four arched panels ........-.. Vase with four round nodes upon which are painted animal devices. Vases of varied form and decoration. ... 22.2.2... essere ee

Alligator vase with figures of the alligator painted on the sides. . . .

Page. 103 104 105 106 107 107 108 108 110 110 110 111 112 115 115 116 116 117 117 118 118 118 119 119 120 120 120 120 121 121 121 122 122 128 124 124 124 124 125 125 126 127 127 127 128 129 130 182 153 133 134 135 135

2038. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209.

210. 211. 212.

213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219.

220

221. 999 222. 223.

224.

225

221. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235, 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246.

ILL

. 201. Vase with serpent ornamentation 92. 202.

USTRATIONS.

Vase representing a puma with alligator figures painted on sides. . Shallow vase with reptilian features in relief and in color.........

Vase with funnel shaped mouth

Top view. of vase in Wig, 204 2... s0.. 2... ae.

End view of vase in Fig. 204

Large vase with decorations in red and black... .. Devices of the decorated zone of vase in Fig. 207, viewed from above. Handsome vase with four handles and decorations in black, red, and (ERAN «sno cod sop ooab yPdade SNES OOOE 2hasd snob so sab once cadonoOn Painted design of vase in Fig. 209, viewed from above............ Vase of unusual shape with decoration in black, red, and purple. .

Ornament occupying the interior surface of the basin of vase in

[Rifai Cililsin ape Gum antdene swoQoeun sone couDEbes Oop onoE Ueno acaOgHEEPE

Large vase of fine shape and simple decorations

Vase with extraordinary decorative designs ...........-.....2..-- Painted design of vase in Fig. 214, viewed from above ............

Vase of unique form and decoration

Parntedidesipmiobyase in Hip ral G re. «nce cieicire tatais sles Se ieeieitesate sas

Spindle whorl with annular nodes

Spindle whorl decorated with animal figures................-...-.

. Needlecase with incised geometric ornament .... 226.

. Spindle whorl with perforations and incised ornament ........-.-- INeedlecase triste cme cisco. ioie reine

Staititrethe mcrae ite aa crrcttete varstatcsrakercrche tel uetepare tc totcleke crererorrtrens yates. SLAC bueno eee eee de ais ty ats rere Men eee no mememiontreachs, she

Statuette. 2. ........

SLAMTEGINI CGH aoe Seon eeoSpoae Te Eset anon ton naS Sas coscneocuoCpom. Stool of plain terra cotta Stool of plain clay, with grotesque figures ....................-- Stool of plain terra cotta TRIE Sins obeg ase bOeu ae eco AEP POS onE SanOsecm cron poston gaa roo mse Sieinoine ny oe sop pao pogebecdons boos de nbs. 76 UnEpoaoris COSed oe

Rattle, with grotesque figures............. Drum of gray unpainted clay Drum with painted ornament Painted design of drum in Fig. 237............-.

iDYoyplolle GUE oon gece p obogdaode CdcoOdene coco bootiog.osiamcbeaD Section of double whistle Tubular instrument with two finger holes..............--.. e205: Sreintorayele: aly. Gong nabodeEEd go ema teOO abe oldnGcn boAdo an odono

Small animal shaped whistle

Small animal shaped whistle.................... Ieyp HabpNeEl WA, socpandcoopgodORdeDn oo daococuUE ses opnongEMEDe

Section, top, and bottom views of whistle . Drum shaped whistle . Vase shaped whistle . Crab shaped whistle . Alligator shaped whistle . Cat shaped whistle ..........

Whistle with four ocelot-like heads .............

. Bird shaped whistle

wialein sieiele Cent erees

w &

Bee Re Ree or Ot or cr He to

= HOt ot ot

st -2 2 Ot Ol

eee n OU or »

Fia,

ILLUSTRATIONS.

254. Bird shaped whistle ...........-. FOCUMOORODRGODUS GOodNS Och bosoace 955. Bird shaped whistle .........-.-. 100002 cenee scene seer reese eewe 956. Whistle in grotesque life form ..................-..-..eseeeernnne 957. Conventional figure of the alligator...................--+.---..-- 258. Conventional figure of the alligator ..............--+.- ssseseeeee 959, Conventional figure of the alligator ...................+..s-:.00- 260. Conventional figure of the alligator .................-.......-.... 261. Conventional figure of the alligator..............-.........

262. Conventional figure of the alligator................. ...+++.-eee- 263. Conventional figure of the alligator........... ..-...-....----... 264. Conventional figure of the alligator............................-- 265. Conventional figure derived from the alligator.......... mays

266. Conventional figure derived from the alligator .............-. 267. Conventional figure derived from the alligator................... 268. Conventional figure derived from the alligator ................... 269. Conventional figure derived from the alligator .................-- 270. Conventional figure derived from the alligator ................... 271. Conventional figure derived from the alligator. .................. 272. Conventional figure derived from the alligator ................... 278. Conventional figure derived from the alligator ................... 274. Conventional figures derived fr om the alligator .................. 275. Conventional figure derived from the alligator .................-. 276. Conventional figure derived from the alligator ..................- 277. Conventional figures derived from the alligator................... 278. Conventional figures derived from the alligator.................-. 279. Conventional figures derived from the alligator.................-. 280. Conventional figures derived from the alligator................... 281. Conventional figures derived from the alligator..................- 282. Conventional figures derived from the alligator.................. 283. Conventional figures derived from the alligator................... 284. Vase with decorated zone containing remarkable devices .........

d woeries' Of Gevicess.<, masnece senate:

A)

Sar ian coe ; 1

ea VINVNVd

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ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI.

By Wiuur1AM H. HouMEs.

INTRODUCTION. GEOGRAPHY.

Until comparatively recent times the province of Chiriqui has remained almost unknown to the world at large. The isthmus was traversed a number of times by the conquerors, who published accounts of their discoveries, but it was reserved for the period of railroad and canal exploration to furnish trustworthy accounts of its character and inhabitants. The situation of Chiriqui is unique. Forming, politically, a part of South America, it belongs in reality to the North American continent. It occupies a part of the great southern flexure of the isthmus at a point where the shore lines begin finally to turn toward the north.

The map accompanying this paper (Plate I) conveys a clear idea of the position and the leading topographic features of the province. The boundaries separating it from Veragua on the east and Costa Rica on the west run nearly north and south. The Atlantic coast line has a northwest and southeast trend and is indented by the bay or lagoon of Chiriqui. The Bay of David extends into the land on the south and the Gulf of Dolce forms a part of the western boundary. A range of mountains, consisting principally of voleanic products, ex- tends midway along the province, forming the continental water- shed.’ The drainage comprises two systems of short rivers that run, one to the north and the other to the south, into the opposing oceans. Belts of lowland border the shore lines. That on the south side is from twenty to thirty miles wide and rises gradually into a plateau two or three thousand feet in elevation, which is broken by hills and cut by canons. This belt affords a natural thoroughfare for peoples migrating from continent to continent, and doubtless formed at all periods an attractive district for occupation. It is in the middle por- tion of this strip of lowland, especially in the drainage area of the Bay of David, that the most plentiful evidences of ancient occupation are found. Scattering remains have been discovered all along, however, connecting the art of Costa Rica with that of Veragua, Panama, and

! For physical features, see report of Lieutenant Norton (Report Chiriqui Commis- sion, Ex, Doc. 41, 1860). 15

14 ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI.

the South American continent. The islands of the coast furnish some fragmentary monuments and relics, and there is no doubt that avast quantity of material yet remains within the province to reward the diligent search of future explorers.

LITERATURE.

The antiquarian literature of the province is extremely meager, being confined to brief sketches made by transient visitors or based for the most part upon the testimony of gold hunters and government explorers, who took but little note of the unpretentious relics of past ages. As there are few striking monuments, the attention of archie- ologists was not called to the history of primeval man in this region, and until recently the isthmus was supposed to have remained prac- tically unoccupied by that group of cultured nations whose works in Peru and in Mexico excite the wonder of the world. But, little by little, it has been discovered that at some period of the past the province was thickly populated, and by races possessed of no mean culture. "|

The most important contributions to the literature of this region, so far as they have come to my knowledge, are the following: A paper by Mr. Merritt, published by the American Ethnological Society;' a paper by Bollaert, published by the same society, and also a volume issued in London? a valuable pamphlet, with photographic illustra- tions, by M. De Zeltner, French consul to Panama in 1860;° a short paper by Mr. A. L. Pinart, published in the Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris, 1885, p. 433), in which he gives valuable infor- mation in regard to the peoples, ancient and modern; and casual notes by a number of other writers, some of which will be referred to in the following pages. A pretty full list of authorities is given by Mr. H. H. Bancroft in his Native Races, Vol. V, p. 16.

One of the most important additions to our knowledge of the prov- ince and its archeeologic treasures is furnished in the manuscript notes of Mr. J. A. MeNiel, who made the greater part of the collection now deposited in the National Museum. This explorer has person- ally supervised the examination of many thousands of graves and has forwarded the bulk of his collections to the United States. His explorations have occupied a number of years, during which time he has undergone much privation and displayed great enthusiasm in pursuing the rather thorny pathways of scientific research. In the preparation of this paper his notes have been used as freely as their rather disconnected character warranted, and since Mr. MecNiel’s re- turn to the United States. in July, 1886, I have been favored with a

'J. King Merritt: ‘*‘ Report on the huacals or ancient graveyards of Chiriqui.” Bulletin of the American Ethnological Society, 1860.

*Bollaert: Antiquarian Researches in New Granada. London, 1860.

‘A. De Zeltner: Notes sur les sépultures indiennes du département de Chiriqui.

HOLMES. | LITERATURE AND PEOPLE. 15

series of interviews with him, and by this means much important in- formation has been obtained.

PEOPLE.

At the present time this district is inhabited chiefly by Indians and natives of mixed blood, who follow grazing and agriculture to a lim- ited extent, but subsist largely upon the natural products of the country. These peoples are generally thought to have no knowledge or trustworthy tradition of the ancient inhabitants and are said to care nothing for the curious cemeteries among which they dwell, ex- cept as a source of revenue. Mr. A. L. Pinart states, however, that certain tribes on both sides of the continental divide have traditions pointing toward the ancient grave builders as their ancestors. There is probably no valid reason for assigning the remains of this region to a very high antiquity. The highest stage of culture here may have been either earlier or later than the period of highest civiliza- tion in Mexico and South America or contemporaneous with it. There is really no reason for supposing that the tribes tho built these graves were not in possession of the country, or parts of it, at the time of the conquest. As to the affinities of the ancient middle isthmian tribes with the peoples north and south of them we can learn nothing posi- tive from the evidences of their art. So far as the art of pottery has come within my observation, it appears to indicate a somewhat closer relationship with the ancient Costa Rican peoples than with those of continental South America; yet, in their burial customs, in the lack of enduring houses and temples, and in their use of gold, they were like the ancient peoples of middle and southern New Granada.'

The relics preserved in our museums would seem to indicate one principal period of occupation or culture only; but there has been no intelligent study of the contents of the soil in sections exposed in modern excavations, the exclusive aim of collectors having generally been to secure either gold or showy cabinet specimens. The relics of very primitive periods, if such are represented, have naturally passed unnoticed. Mr. McNiel mentions the occurrence of pottery in the soil in which the graves were dug, but, regarding it as identical with that contained in the graves, he neglected to preserve specimens.

In one instance, while on a visit to Los Remedios, a pueblo near the eastern frontier of Chiriqui, he observed a cultivated field about which a ditch some 8 or 9 feet in depth had been dug. In walk- ing through this he found a continuous exposure of broken pottery and stone implements. Some large urns had been cut across or broken to conform to the slope of the ditch, and were exposed in section.

'R. B. White: Jour, Anthrop. Inst. Great Britain and Ireland, p. 241. February. 1884.

16 ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUL,.

Although not apparently representing a very wide range of culture or distinctly separated periods of culture, the various groups of relics exhibit considerable diversity in conception and execution, attribut- able, no doubt, to variations in race and art inheritance.

THE CEMETERIES.

The ancient cemeteries, or huacals, as they are called throughout Spanish America, are scattered over the greater part of the Pacific slope of Chiriqui. It is said by some that they are rarely found in the immediate vicinity of the sea, but they occur in the river valleys, on the hills, the plateaus, the mountains, and in the deepest forests. They are very numerous, but generally of small extent. The largest described is said to cover an area of about twelve acres. They were probably located in the immediate vicinity of villages, traces of which, however, are not described by explorers; but there can be no doubt that diligent search will bring to light the sites of dwellings andtowns. The absence of traces of houses or monuments indicates either that the architecture of this region was then, as now, of destructible material, or, which is not likely, that so many ages have passed over them that all traces of unburied art, wood, stone, or clay, have yielded to the ‘‘ gnawing tooth of time.”

One of the most circumstantial accounts of these burial places is given by Mr. Merritt, who was also the first to make them known to science.! Mr. Merritt was director of a gold mine in Veragua, and in the summer of 1859 spent several weeks in exploring the graves of Chiriqui; he therefore speaks from personal knowledge. Inthe autumn of 1858 two native farmers of the parish of Bugaba, or Bugava, dis- covered a golden image that had been exposed by the uprooting of a plant. They proceeded secretly to explore the graves, the existence of which had been known for years. In the foilowing spring their operations became known to the people, and within a month more than a thousand persons were engaged in working these extraordinary gold mines. The fortunate discoverers succeeded in collecting about one hundred and thirty pounds weight of gold figures, most of which were more or less alloyed with copper. It is estimated that fifty thousand dollars’ worth in all was collected from this cemetery, which embraced on area of twelve acres.

Although there are rarely surface indications to mark the position of the graves, long experience has rendered it comparatively easy to discover them. The grave hunter carries a light iron rod, which he runs into the ground, and thus, if any hard substance is present, dis- covers the existence of a burial. It is mentioned by one or two writers that the graves are in many cases marked by stones, either loose or set in the ground in rectangular and circular arrangements. The

‘J. King Merritt: Paper read before the American Ethnological Society, 1860,

HOLMES. | CEMETERIES AND GRAVES. iL

graves do not often seem to have had a uniform position in relation to one another or to the points of the compass. In some cases they are clustered about a central tomb, and then assume a somewhat radiate arrangement; again, according to Mr. McNiel, they are some- times placed end to end, occupying long trenches.

THE GRAVES.

Graves of a particular form are said to occur sometimes in groups oc- cupying distinct parts of the cemetery, but the observations are not suf- ficiently definite to be of value. The graves vary considerably in form, construction, and depth, and are classified variously by explorers. In the Bugaba cemetery Mr. Merritt found two well marked varieties, the oval and the quadrangular, reference being had to the horizontal section. The oval grave pits were from 43 to 6 feet deep and from 3 to 4 feet in greatest diameter. A wall of rounded river stones 24 to 3 feet high lined the lower part of the pit, and from the top of this the entire space was closely packed with rounded stones. Within the faced up part of this cist the remains of the dead, the golden figures, pottery, and implements had been deposited. This form is illustrated in Fig. 1 by a vertical section constructed from the de- scription given by Mr. Merritt.

i | i

Lm

iy HG cy E 4 if i ‘( i Sr See

Fic. 1. Section of oval grave.

The quadrangular graves were constructed in two somewhat dis- tinct ways. One variety was identical in most respects with the oval form illustrated above. They were sometimes as much as 6 feet deep and frequently 4 by 7 feet in horizontal dimensions. In the other form a pit 4 by 63 feet in diameter was sunk to the depth of about 3 feet. Underneath this another pit some 2 feet in depth was sunk, leaving an offset or terrace 8 or 10 inches in width all around. The smaller pit was lined with flat stones placed on edge. In this cist the human remains and the relics were placed and covered over with flat stones, which rested upon the terrace and prevented the superin- cumbent mass, which consisted of closely packed river stones, from

6 ETH 2

18 ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUT.

crushing the contents. A section of this tomb is given in Fig. 2, also drawn from the description given by Mr. Merritt.

Fig. 2. Section of a quadrangular grave, showing the surface pack of river stones and the positions of the slabs and objects of art.

Mr. Merritt and others mention that in some of the graves pillars are employed to support the roof of the cist. These pillars are mentioned briefly by De Zeltner, from whose account the following illustrations are drawn. This author does not state that he made

any personal investigations, and if his accounts were obtained from:

the natives their entire trustworthiness may very properly be ques- tioned. The first two forms mentioned by him are similar to those already given. The third is described as having at the corners square pillars of stone to support the covering, which, however, is not de- scribed. The fourth has four pillars, placed in the corners of the pit. These serve to support a vault of flagstones. The walls between the pillars are faced with pebbles, as in the cases previously described.

Fic. 3. Grave with pillars, described by De Zeltner.

Fig. 3 will make this form clear at a glance. The fifth variety de- scribed by De Zeltner is quite extraordinary in construction. His account is somewhat confusing in a number of respects, and the section given in Fig. 4 cannot claim more than approximate accuracy in details and measurements. Near the surface a paving, perhaps

OO EE ee ee eee Ss

HOLMES. | GRAVES AND HUMAN REMAINS. 19 of river stones, was found covering an area of about 10 by 15 feet. This paving was apparently the surface of a pack about 2 feet thick,

Sade.

Fic. 4. Compound cist, described by De Zeltner.

and covered the mouth of the main pit, which was some 6 or 7 feet deep. Pillars of cobble stones about 10 inches in diameter occupied the corners of the pit, and probably served in a measure to support the paving. In the bottom of this excavation a second pit was dug, the mouth of which was also covered by a paving 23 by upwards of 3 feet in horizontal dimensions. This lower pit consisted of a shaft several feet in depth, by which descent was made into a chamber of inverted pyramidal shape. This chamber approximated 6 by 9 feet in horizontal dimensions and was some 4 or 5 feet deep. At the bottom of this cistern the human remains and most of the relics were deposited. The shaft was filled in with earth and the pavings de- scribed. The total depth, computed from the figures given, is about 18 feet. a most remarkable achievement for a barbarous people; yet this is equaled by the ancient tribes of the mainland of New Granada, where similar burial customs seem to have prevailed. Mr. White,! who traveled extensively in the northwestern part of the state, says:

A dry, elevated ridge, composed of easily excavated material, was selected as the cemetery. A pit of only a yard or so in diameter was sunk, sometimes vertically, sometimes at an angle, or sometimes it varied from vertical to inclined. It was sunk to depths varying from 15 to 60 feet, and at the bottom a chamber was formed in the earth. Here the dead was deposited, with his arms, tools, cooking utensils, ornaments, and chattels generally, with maize and fermented liquor made of maize. The chamber and passage were then rammed tightly full of earth, and sometimes it would appear that peculiar earth, other than that excavated on the spot, was used. One not unfrequently detects a peculiar aromatic smell in the earth, and fragments of charcoal are always found mixed with it in more or less quantity.

'B. B. White: Jour. Anthrop. Inst. Great Britain and Ireland, p. 246. February, 1884,

20 ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI.

M. De Zeltner describes other very simple graves which are filled in with earth, excepting a surface paving of pebbles.

Mr. MecNiel, who has examined more examples than any other white man, and over a wide district with David as a center, discredits the statements of De Zeltner in respect to the form illustrated in Fig. 4, and states that generally the graves do not differ greatly in shape and finish from the ordinary graves of to-day. He describes the pits as being oval and quadrangular and as having a depth ranging from a few feet to 18 feet. The paving or pack consists of earth and water worn stones, the latter pitched in without order and forming but a small percentage of the fillmg. He has never seen such stones used in facing the walls of the pit or in the construction of pillars. The flat stones which cover the cist are often 10 or 15 feet below the surface and are in some cases very heavy, weighing 300 pounds or more. A single stone is in cases large enough to cover the entire space, but more frequently two or more flat stones are laid side by side across the cavity. These are supported by river stones, a foot or more in length, set around the margin of the cist. He is of the opinion that both slabs and bowlders were in many cases carried long distances. No one of the pits examined was of the extraordinary form deseribed in detail by De Zeltner and others.

HUMAN REMAINS.

The almost total absence of human remains has frequently been remarked, and the theory is advanced that cremation must have been practiced. We have no evidence, however, of such a custom among the historic tribes of this region, and, besides, such elaborate tombs would hardly be constructed for the deposition of ashes. Yet, con- sidering the depth of the graves, their remarkable construction, and the character of the soil selected for burial purposes, it is certainly wonderful that such meager traces of human remains are found. Pinart surmises, from the analogies of modern burial customs upon the north coast, that the bones only were deposited in the graves, the flesh having been allowed to decay by a long period of exposure in the open air. This, however, would probably not materially hasten the decay of the bones.

Mr. Merritt states that human hair was obtained from graves at Bugaba, and that he has himself secured the enamel of a molar tooth from that locality. De Zeltner tells us that in three varieties of graves remains of skeletons are found, always, however, in a very fragile condition. One skull was obtained of sufficient stability to be cast in plaster, but De Zeltner is not certain that it belonged to the people who built the tombs.

Mr. MecNiel reports the occasional finding of bones, and a number of bundles of them are included in his collection. He reports that there are no crania and that nothing could be determined as to the position of the bodies when first buried.

HOLMES. | OBJECTS OF ART IN STONE. 2

Pinart observes that in some cases the bodies or remnants of bodies were distributed about the margin of the pit bottom, with the various utensils in the center, and again that the remains were laid away in niches dug in the sides of the main pit.

These scattering observations will serve to give a general idea of the modes of sepulture practiced in this region, but there must be a closer record of localities and a careful correlation of the varying phenomena of inhumation before either ethnology or archeology can be greatly benefited.

PLACING OF RELICS.

The pieces of pottery, implements, and ornaments were probably buried with the dead, pretty much as are similar objects in other parts of America. The almost total disappearance of the human remains makes a determination of exact relative positions impossible. The universal testimony, however, is that all were not placed with the body, but that some were added as the grave was filled up, being placed in the crevices of the walls or pillars or thrown in upon the accumu- lating earth and pebbles of the surface pavement. The heavy im- plements of stone are rarely very far beneath the surface.

OBJECTS OF ART.

From the foregoing account it is apparent that our knowledge of the art of ancient Chiriqui must for the present be derived almost entirely from the contents of the tombs. The inhabitants were skill- ful in the employment and the manipulation of stone, clay, gold, and copper; and the perfection of their work in these materials, taken in connection with the construction of their remarkable tombs, indi- ‘ates a culture of long standing and a capacity of no mean order.

Of their architecture, agriculture, or textile art we can learn little or nothing.

The relics represented in the collection of the National Museum consist chiefly of articles of stone, gold, copper, and clay.

STONE.!

Works executed in stone, excluding the tombs, may be arranged in the following classes: Pictured rocks, sculptured columns, images, mealing stones, stools, celts, arrowpoints, spearpoints(?), polishing stones, and ornaments.

Pictured rocks.— Our accounts of these objects are very meager. The only one definitely described is the ‘‘piedra pintal.” A few of the figures engraved upon it are given by Seemann, from whom I quote the following paragraph:

‘Tam indebted to Mr. J. S. Diller, of the United States Geological Survey, for the determination of the species of stone in this series of objects.

22 ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI.

“=

At Caldera, a few leagues [north] from the town of David, lies a granite block known to the country people as the piedra pintal, or painted stone. It is 15 feet liigh, nearly 50 feet in circumference, and flat on the top. Every part, especially the eastern side, is covered with figures. One represents a radiant sun; it is fol- lowed by a series of heads, all, with some variation, scorpions and fantastic figures. The top and the other side have signs of a circular and oval form, crossed by lines. The sculpture is ascribed to the Dorachos (or Dorasques), but to what purpose the stone was applied no historical account or tradition reveals. !

These inscriptions are irregularly placed and much scattered. They are thought to have been originally nearly an inch deep, but in places are almost effaced by weathering, thus giving a suggestion of great antiquity. I have seen tracings of these figures made recently by Mr. A. L. Pinart which show decided differences in detail, and Mr. MeNiel gives still another transcript. I present in Fig. 5 Mr. McNiel’s sketch of the southwest face of the rock, as he has given considera- bly more detail than any other visitor. Mr. MeNiel’s sketches show

——

Fic. 5. Southwest face of the pictured stone.

seventeen figures on the opposite side of the rock. Seemann gives only twelve, while Mr. Pinart’s tracings show upwards of forty upon the same face. These three copies would not be recognized as refer- ring to the same original. That of Mr. Pinart seems to show the most careful study and is probably accurate. Good photographs would be of service in eliminating the inconvenient personal equa- tion always present in the delineation of such subjects. These figures bear little resemblance to those painted upon the vases of this region.

Other figures are said to be engraved upon the bowlders and stones used in constructing the burial cists. De Zeltner states that ** one often meets with stones covered with rude allegorical designs, repre- senting men, pumas (tigre ?), and birds. It is particularly in such huacas as have pillars and a vault that these curious specimens of In- dian art are found.” ?”

Columns.—A number of authors speak casually of sculptured stone columns, none of which have been found in place. Seemann

1Seemann: Voy. Herald, Vol. I, p. 312. * A. de Zeltner: Notes sur les sépultures indiennes du département de Chiriqui.

eee eae ee a

Se es

HOLMES] - COLUMNS AND IMAGES IN STONE. 23 says that they may be seen in David, where they are used for build- ing purposes,' but this is not confirmed by others. The sculptures are said to be in relief, like those of Yucatan and Peru. Cullen says that columns are found on the Island of Muerto, Bay of David.2 Others are mentioned as having been seen in Veragua.

Images.— Objects that may properly be classed as images or idols are of rather rare occurrence. Half a dozen specimens are found in the McNiel collections. The most important of these represents a fulllength female figure twenty-three inchesin height. It isexecuted in the round, with considerable attempt at detail (Fig. 6). I may mention, as strong characteristics, the flattened crown, encircled by a narrow turban-like band, the rather angular face and prominent nose, and the formal pose of the arms and hands. Besides the head band, the only other suggestion of costume is a belt about the waist

Fie. 6. A goddess of the ancient Chiriquians. Gray basalt — }

The material is a compact, slightly vesicular, olive gray, basaltic rock. I have seen a few additional examples of this figure, and from the identity in type and detail conclude that the personage repre- sented was probably animportant one in the mythology of the Chiri-

‘Seemann: Voy. Herald, Vol. I, p. 313. 2Cullen’s Darien, p. 38.

DA ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI.

quians. In general style there is a rather close correspondence with the sculptures of the Central American States. Some of the plastic characters exhibited in this work appear also in the various objects of clay, gold, and copper described further on.

There is also a smaller, rudely carved, half length, human figure doneinthesamestyle. Besidesthese figures there are two large flattish stones, on one of which a rude image of a monkey has been picked, while the other exhibits the figure of a reptile resembling a lizard or a crocodile. The work is extremely rude and has the appearance of being unfinished. It seems that all of these objects were found upon the surface of the ground.

In Figs. 7 and 8 I present two specimens of sculpture also collected by Mr. MecNiel, and now in the possession of Mr. J. B. Stearns, of Short Hills, N. J. The example shown in Fig. 7 was obtained near the Gulf of Dolce, 82° 55’ west. Three views are presented: profile, front, and back. It is carved from what appears to be a compact; grayish

Sw

SSSs

Ag QSESNORR

Y j

Fic. 7. A god of the ancient Chiriquians. Gray voleanic rock —}.

olive tufa or basalt, and represents a male personage, distinct in style from the female figure first presented. The head is rounded above, the arms are flattened against the sides, and the feet are folded in a novel position beneath the body. The height is 9 inches.

The other specimen, Fig. 8, from near the same locality, is carved from a yellowish gray basalt which sparkles with numerous large crystals of hornblende. It is similar in style te the last, but more boldly sculptured, the features being prominent and the members of the body in higher relief. The legs are lost. Height. 54 inches.

—

HOLMES. ] MEALING STONES. 25

A remarkable figure of large size now in the National Museum was obtained from the Island of Cana or Cano by Mr. McNiel. It is

Fic. 8. Fragmentary human figure in gray basaltic rock — 4.

nearly three feet in height and very heavy. The face has been mu- tilated. In general style it corresponds more closely to the sculpture of the Central American States than to that of Chiriqui.

Mealing stones.—The metate, or hand mill, which consists of a con- cave tablet and a rubbing stone, was an important adjunct to the household appliances of nearly all the more cultured American na- tions. It is found not only in those plain substantial forms most suitable for use in grinding grain, seeds, and spices by manual means, but in many cases it has been elaborated into a work of art which required long and skilled labor for its production.

In the province of Chiriqui these mills must have been numerous; but, since they are still in demand by the inhabitants of the region, many of the ancient specimens have been destroyed by use. It seems from all accounts that they were not very generally buried with the dead, but were left upon or near the surface of the ground, and were hence accessible to the modern tribes, who found it much easier to transport them to their homes than to make new ones.

The metates of Chiriqui present a great diversity of form and pos- sibly represent distinct peoples or different grades of culture. They are carved from volcanic rocks of a few closely related varieties, the texture of which is coarse and occasionally somewhat cellular, giving an uneven or pitted surface, well suited to the grinding of maize. Three classes, for convenience of description, may be distinguished, although certain characters are common to all and one form grades

26 ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI.

more or less completely into another. We have the plain slab or rudely hewn mass of rock, in the upper surface of which a shallow depression has been excavated; we have the carefully hewn oval slab supported by short legs of varied shape; and we have a large num- ber of pieces elaborately sculptured in imitation of animal forms. The first variety is common to nearly all temperate and tropical America and does not require further attention here. The second variety exhibits considerable diversity in form. The tablet is oval, concave above, and of an even thickness. The periphery is often squared and is in many cases ornamented with carved figures, either geometric devices or rudely sculptured animal heads. The legs are generally three in number, but four is not unusual. They are mostly conical or cylindrical in shape and are rather short.

The finest example of the second class has an oval plate 37 inches in length, 29 in width, and 2 inches thick, which is nearly symmetrical and rather deeply concave above. The central portions of the basin are worn quite smooth. Near the ends, within the basin, two pairs of small animal-like figures are carved, and ranged about the lower margin of the periphery are eighty-seven neatly sculptured heads of animals. There are four short cylindrical legs. This superb piece of work is shown in Fig. 9.

bic. 9. Mealing stone with large tablet ornamented with animal heads, from Gualaca— }.

Examples of the third class are all carved to imitate the puma or ocelot. The whole creature is often elaborately worked out in the round from a single massive block of stone. The thin tablet repre- senting the body rests upon four legs. The head, which projects from one end of the tablet, is generally rather conventional in style, but is sculptured with sufficient vigor to recall the original quite vividly. The tail appears at the other end and curves downward, connecting with one of the hind feet, probably for greater security against mutilation. The head, the margin of the body, and the ex- terior surfaces of the legs are elaborately decorated with tasteful carv- ing. The figures are geometric, and refer, no doubt, to the markings of the animal’s skin. Nearly identical specimens are obtained from Costa Rica and other parts of Central America.

HOLMES. ] STOOLS. oT

A fine example of medium size is given in Fig. 10. The material is gray, minutely cellular, basaltic rock. The upper surface of the plate is polished by use. The entire length is 17 inches.

Fig. 10. Puma shaped metate of gray andesite, from Rio Joca— 1}.

The largest specimen in the McNiel collection is 2 feet long, 18 inches wide, and 12 inches high. A similar piece has been illustrated by De Zeltner.

The usual office of these metates is considered to be that of grind- ing corn, cocoa, and the like. The great elaboration observed in some examples suggests the idea that perhaps they were devoted exclusively to the preparation of material (meal or other substances) intended for sacred uses. A high degree of elaboration in art prod- ucts results in many cases from their connection with superstitious usages.

Speculating upon the use of these objects, De Zeltner mentions a mortar ‘‘whose pestle was nothing but a round stone, which still shows traces of gold here and there. It was evidently with the help of this rude instrument that the Indians reduced the gold to powder before fusing it.”

The implement or pestle used in connection with these mealing tablets in crushing and grinding is often a simple river worn pebble. as mentioned above, but is more usually a cylindrical mass of volcanic rock, worked into nearly symmetric shape.

Stools.—The stool-like appearance of some of the objects described as metates suggests the presentation in this place of a group of ob- jects that must for the present be classed as stools or seats, although their true or entire function is unknown to me. They are distin- guished from the mealing stones by their circular plate, their sharply defined, upright, marginal rim, and the absence of signs of use.

Two of these objects are from the vicinity of David. The largest

1A. De Zeltner : Notes sur les sépultures indiennes, p., 7.

28 ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI.

~

and most interesting is illustrated in Fig. 11. It is carved from a piece of vesicular basaltic tufa and is in a perfect state of preservation. The height is 6 inches and the diameter of the top 10 inches, that of

Fig. 11. Stool shaped object carved from gray, minutely cellular basalt — }.

the base being a little less. The slightly concave upper surface 1s depressed about half an inch below the upright marginal band. The periphery is a little more than an inch in width and is decorated with a simple guilloche-like ornament inrelief. The disk-like cap is con- nected by open lattice-like work with the ring which forms the base.

“R “au wu

“Away yc yO

Fra. 12. Stool with columnar base, carved from gray basaltic rock — }.

The interior is neatly hollowed out. The open work of the sides con- sists of two elaborately carved figures of monkeys, alternating with two sections of trellis work, very neatly executed. The other specimen is somewhat less elaborate in its sculptured ornament

—-

HOLMES. ] CELTS. 29 .

Outlines of two additional examples of these objects are given in

Figs. 12 and 13. The tablets are round, thick, and slightly concave

Fie. 13. Stool with perforated base, carved from gray basaltic rock—4.

above and are margined with rows of sculptured heads. The sup- porting column in the first is a plain shaft and the base is narrow and somewhat concave underneath. In the second the column is hollowed out and perforated.

As bearing upon the possible use of these specimens it should be noticed that similar stool-like objects are made of clay, the softness and fragility of which would render them unsuitable for use as meal- ing plates or mortars, and it would also appear that they are rather fragile for use as stools. I would suggest that they may have served as supports for articles such as vases or idols employed in religious rites, or possibly as altars for offerings.

Celts.—The class of implements usually denominated celts is repre- sented by several hundred specimens, nearly all of which are in a perfect state of preservation. They are thoroughly well made and beautifully finished, and leave the impression upon the mind that they must represent the very highest plane of Stone Age art.

Although varying widely in form and finish there is great homo- geneity of characters, the marked family resemblance suggesting a single people and a single period or stage of culture. They are found in the cists along with other relics and are very generally distributed, a limited number, rarely more than three, being found in a single grave. They may be classified by shape into a number of groups, each of which, however, willbe found to grade more or less completely into the others. They display all degrees of finish from the freshly flaked to the evenly picked and wholly polished surface. The edges or points of nearly all show the contour and polish that come from long though careful use. All are made of compact, dark, volcanic tufa that re- sembles very closely a fine grained slate. The following illustrations include all the more important types of form. There are but few specimens of very large size. That shown in Fig. 14 is 8} inches long, 4 inches wide, and seven-eighths of aninch thick. The blade is broad at the edge, rounded in outline, and well polished. The upper

30 ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUL.

end terminates in a rather sharp point that shows the rough flaked surface of the original blocking out. The middle portion exhibits an

een ST

Fic. 14. Large partially polished celt ot mottled volcanic tufa— }

evenly picked surface. The rock isa dark slaty looking tufa, the sur face of which displays ring or rosette-like markings, reminding one of the polished surface of a section of fossil coral. These markings probably come from the decomposition of the mineral constituents of the rock.

The implement given in Fig. 15 may be taken as a type of a large class of beautifully finished celts. It also is made of the dark tufa, very fine grained and compact, resembling slate. The beveled sur- faces of the blade are well polished. the remainder of the surface being evenly picked. The hexagonal section is characteristic of the class, but it is not so decided in this as in some other pieces in which the whole surface is freshly ground.

The contraction of the lateral outline and the sudden expansion on reaching the cutting edge noticed in this specimen are more clearly marked in other examples. The small celt shown in Fig. 16 is narrow above and quite wide toward the edge. A wide, thick specimen is

HOLMES. | CELTS. 31 given in Fig. 17. A specimen quite exceptional in Chiriqui is shown in Fig. 18. Mr. McNiel states that in many years’ exploration this is the only piece seen that exhibits the constriction of outline charac- teristic of grooved axes.

Fig. 15. Celt of hexagonal section made of dark

Fic. 16. Small wide bladed celt made compact tufa—4,

of dark tufa

Fig. 17. Celt with heavy shaft made of dark speckled tufa —- }.

Fig. 18. Celt or ax with constriction near the top Two superb implements are illustrated in Figs. 19 and 20, the one in the rough excepting at the cutting edge, where it is ground into the desired shape, and the other neatly polished over nearly the entira

39 ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI.

surface. The surfaces are somewhat whitened from decomposition, but within the rock is nearly black, and the eye could not distinguish

‘ Hf |

\ ie

}

\ j Hy \ = N Fic. 19. Flaked and partially pol Fie. 20. Well polished celt of dark ished celt of dark tufa— }. tufa—4.

it from a dark slate. The material is shown by microscopic test to bea volcanic tufa. These examples were evidently intended for more

Fic. 21. Narrow pointed celt of Fie. 22. Narrow pointed celt dark tufa— }. of dark tufa—4.

delicate work than the preceding. The shapes of the specimens illustrated in Figs. 21 and 22 indicate a still different use. The upper

ns

ee

HOLMES. | CELTS AND SPEARHEADS. 33

end of the implement is large and rough, as if intended to facilitate holding or hafting, while the shaft diminishes in size below, termi- nating in a narrow, symmetrical, highly polished edge, a shape well

Fic. 23. Cylindrical celt with narrow point, of dark tufa— }.

calculated to unite delicacy and strength. The highest mechanical skill could hardly give to stone shapes more perfectly adapted to the

Fie. 24. Leaf shaped objects suggesting spearpoints, of dark tufa—}.

manipulation of stone, metal, or other hard or compact substances. The material is a very dark, compact, fine grained tufa.

An additional example is given in Fig. 23. The shaft is cylindri- 6 ETH

o =~)

34 ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI.

cal and terminates in a conical point at one end and in a very narrow, abrupt, cutting edge at the other. The whole surface is polished. The material is the same dark tufa.

The class of objects illustrated in this and the two preceding cuts comprises but a small percentage of the chisel-like implements.

Spearheads (?).—Another class of objects made of the same fine grained, slaty looking tufa is illustrated in Fig. 24. They resemble spearpoints, yet may have been devoted to a wholly different use. They are long, leaf-like flakes, triangular in section, slightly worked down by flaking, sharpened’ by grinding at the point, and slightly notched at the top, perhaps for hafting.

Arrowpoints.—The unique character of the arrowpoints of Chi- riqui is already known to archzeologists. The most striking feature is the triangular section presented in nearly all cases and shown in the figures (Fig. 25). The workmanship is extremely rude. The

Fie. 25. Arrowpoints of jasper—+.

material is generally a flinty jasper of reddish and yellowish hues. The number found is comparatively small. The specimens given are of average size.

Ornaments.—It would seem from a study of our collections that ornaments of stone were seldom used by the inhabitants of Chiriqui. There are a few medium sized beads of agate and one pendant of dark greenish stone rudely shaped to resemble a human head. Orna- ments of gold and copper were evidently much preferred.

HOLMES.] USE OF GOLD AND COPPER. 35

METAL,

GOLD AND COPPER.

The Chiriquians, like many of their neighbors in the tropical por- tions of the American continent, were skilled in the working of met- als. Gold, silver,.copper, and tin—the last in alloys with copper form- ing bronze—are found in the graves. Gold is the most important, and is associated with all the others in alloys or as a surface coating. The inhabitants of the isthmus at the time of the discovery were rich in objects, chiefly ornaments, of this metal, and expeditions sent out under Balboa, Pizarro, and others plundered the natives without merey. When the Indian village of Darien was captured by Balboa (1510) he obtained ‘plates of gold, such as they hang on their breasts and other parts, and other things, all of them amounting to ten thou- sand pesos of fine gold.”! Froman expedition to Nicaragua the same adventurers brought back to Panama the value of ‘* 112,524 pieces of

eight in low gold, and 145 in pearls.”? Karly Spanish-American his- tory abounds in stories of this kind. Among others we read that Columbus found the natives along the Atlantic coast of Chiriqui and Veragua so rich in objects of gold that he named the district Cas- tillo del Oro. Wt is said that the illusory stories of an Hl Dorado somewhere within the continent of South America arose from the lavish use of gold ornaments by the natives whom the Spaniards en- countered, and that Costa Rica gets its name from the same circum- stance. It is also recorded that the natives of various parts of Cen- tral and South America at the date of the conquest were in the habit of opening ancient graves for the purpose of securing mortuary trinkets. The whites have followed their example with the greatest eagermess. As far back as 1642 the Spaniards passed a law claiming all the gold found in the burial places of Spanish America,’ the whole matter being treated merely as a means of revenue.

The objects of gold for which the tombs of Chiriqui are justly famous are generally believed to have been simple personal orna- ments, the jewelry of the primeval inhabitants, although it is highly probable that many of the figures, at least as originally employed, had an emblematic meaning. They were doubtless at all times regarded as possessed of potent charms, and thus capable of protecting and for- warding the interests of their owners. They have been found in great numbers within the last twenty-five years, but for the most part, even at this late date, have been esteemed for their money value only. Very many specimens found their way to this country, where they were either sold for curiosities or, after waiting long for a purchaser,

even in the very shadow of our museums, Ss, were cons signed to the melt-

‘Herrera: Hist. America, Vol. VI, p- 369.

> Herrera: Hist. America, Vol. III, p. 287.

*Mr. Hawes’s letter answering questions about Chiriqui, read by Mr. Davis before the American Ethnological Society, April 17, 1860,

36 ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI.

ing pot. Many stories bearing upon this point have been told me. A Washington jeweler is represented as having exhibited in his win- dow on Pennsylvania avenue about the year 1860 a remarkable series of these trinkets, most of which were afterwards sent to New York to be melted. About the same period a gentleman on entering a shop in San Francisco was accosted by a stranger who had his pockets well filled with these curious relics and wished to dispose of them for cash. A number of my acquaintances have neat but grotesque examples of these little images of gold attached to their watch guards, thus ap- proving the taste of our prehistoric countrymen and at the same time demonstrating the identity of ideas of personal embellishment in all times and with all peoples.

The ornaments are found only in a small percentage of the graves, those probably of persons sufficiently opulent to possess them in life; a majority of the graves contain none whatever. They are often found at the bottom of the pits, and probably in nearly the position occupied by them while still attached to the persons of the dead. It is said that occasionally they are found in niches at the sides of the graves, as if placed during the filling of the pit.

Strangely enough, the gold is very generally alloyed with copper, the composite metal ranging from pure gold to pure copper. A small percentage of silver is also present in some of the specimens exam- ined, but this is probably a natural alloy. In a few cases very simple figures appear to have been shaped from nuggets or masses of the native metals; this, however, is not susceptible of proof. The work is very skillfully done, so that we find it difficult to ascertain the precise methods of manipulation. The general effect in the more pretentious pieces resembles that of our filigree work, in which the parts are produced by hammering and united by soldering; yet there are many evidences of casting, and these must be considered with care. Asarule simple figures and some portions of composite fig- ures present very decided indications of having been cast in molds, yet no traces of these molds have come to light, and there are none of those characteristic markings which result from the use of com- posite or *‘ piece” molds. Wire was extensively used in the forma- tion of details of anatomy and embellishment, and its presence does not at first seem compatible with ordinary casting. This wire, or pseudo-wire it may be, is generally about one-twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter.

The manner in which the numerous parts or sections of complex figures are joined together is both interesting and perplexing. Evi- dences of the use of solder have been looked for in vain, and if such a medium was ever used it was identical in kind with the body of the object or so small in quantity as to escape detection. At the junction of the parts there are often decided indications of hammer- ing, or at least of the strong pressure of an implement; but in pur-

(Og

HOLMES. ] USE OF GOLD AND COPPER. a7

suing the matter further we finda singular perfection in the joining, which amounts to a coalescence of the metals of the two parts con- cerned. There is no weakness or tendency to part along the contact surfaces, neither is there anything like the parting of parallel wires in coils or where a series of wires is joined side by side and carried through various convolutions. In anumber of cases I made sections of coils and parts composed of a number of wires, in the hope of discovering evidences of the individuality of the strands, but the metal in the section is always homogeneous, breaking with a rough, granular fracture, and not more readily along apparent lines of junc- tion than across them; and further, in studying in detail the surface of parts unpolished or protected from wear by handling, we find everywhere the granular and pitted unevenness characteristic of cast surfaces. This is true of the wire forms as well as of the massive parts, and, in addition to this, such defects occur in the wires as would hardly be possible if they were of wrought gold.

All points considered, I am inclined to believe that the objects were cast, and cast in their entirety. Itis plain, however, that the original model was made up of separately constructed parts of wire or wire- like strands and of eccentric and often rather massive parts, and that all were set together by the assistance of pressure, the indications being that the material used was sufficiently plastic to be worked after the manner of clay, dough, or wax. In one case, for example, the body of a serpent, consisting of two wires neatly twisted together, is held in the hand of a grotesque figure. The hand consists of four fingers made by doubling together two short pieces of wire. The coil has been laid across the hand and pressed down into it until half buried, and the ends of the fingers are drawn up around it without any indication of hammer strokes. Indeed, the effect is just such as would have been produced if the artist had worked in wax. Again, in the modeling of the eyes we have a good illustration. The eye is a minute ball cleft across the entire diameter by a sharp implement, thus giving the effect of the parted lids. Now, if the material had been gold or copper, as in the specimens, the ball would have been separated into two parts or hemispheres, which would not exhibit any great distortion; but as we see them here the parts are flattened and much drawn out by the pressure of the cutting edge, just as if the material had been decidedly plastic.

It seems to me that the processes of manufacture must have been analogous to those employed by the more primitive metal workers of our own day. In Oriental countries delicate objects of bronze and other metals are made as follows: A model is constructed in some such material as wax or resin and over it are placed coatings of clay or other substance capable of standing great heat. These coatings, when sufficiently thickened and properly dried, form the mold, from which the original model is extracted by means of heat. The fused

38 ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI.

metal is afterwards poured in. As amatter of course, both the mold and the model are destroyed in each case, and exact duplications are not to be expected. Mr. George F. Kunz, of New York, with whom I have discussed this matter, states that he has seen live objects, such as insects, used as models in this way. Being coated with washes of clay or like substance until well protected and then heavily covered, they were placed in the furnace. The animal matter was thus reduced to ashes and extracted through small openings made for the purpose.

As bearing upon this subject it should be mentioned that occa- sionally small figures in a fine reddish resin are obtained from the graves of Chiriqui. They are identical in style of modeling with the objects of gold and copper obtained from the same source.

In discussing possible processes, Mr. William Hallock, of the divis- ion of chemistry and physics of the United States Geological Sur- vey, suggested that if the various sections of a metal ornament were embedded in the surface of a mass of fire clay in their proper rela- tions and contacts they could then be completely inclosed in the mass and subjected to heat until the metal melted and ran together.. After cooling, the complete figure could be removed by breaking up the clay matrix. I imagine that in such work much difficulty would be experienced in securing proper contact and adjustment of parts of complex figures. It will likewise be observed that evidences of plasticity in the modeling material would not exist. I must not pass a suggestion of Nadaillac' which offers a possible solution of the problem of manipulation. Referring to a statement of the early Spanish explorers that smelting was unknown to the inhabitants of Peru, he states that it would be possible for a people in a low state of culture to discover that an amalgam of gold with mercury is quite plastic, and that after a figure is modeled in this composite metal the mercury may be dissipated by heat, leaving the form in gold, which then needs only to be polished. There is, however, no evidence whatever that these people had any knowledge of mercury.

There is no indication of carving or engraving in the Chiriquian work. In finishing, some of the extremities seem to have been shaped by hammering. This was a mere flattening out of the feet or parts of the accessories, which required no particular skill and could have been accomplished with comparatively rude stone hammers. It is a remarkable fact that many, if not most, of the objects appear to be either plated or washed with pure gold, the body or foundation being of base gold or of nearly pure copper. This fact, coupled with that of the association of objects of bronze with the relics, leads us to in- quire carefully into the possibilities of European influence or agency. I observe that recent writers do not seem to have questioned the gen- uineness of the objects described by them, but that at the same time no mention is made of the plating or washing. This latter circumstance

' Nadaillac: Prehistoric America, p. 450.

HOLMES. | USE OF GOLD AND COPPER. 39

leads to the inference that pieces now in my possession exhibiting this phenomenon may have been tampered with by the whites. In this connection attention should be called to the fact that history is not silent on the matter of plating. The Indians of New Granada are said to have been not only marvelously skillful in the manipula- tion of metals, but, according to Bollaert, Acosta declares that these peoples had much gilt copper, ‘‘and the copper was gilt by the use of the juice of a plant rubbed over it, then put into the fire, when it took the gold color.”*' Just what this means we cannot readily de- termine, but we safely conclude that, whatever the process hinted at in these words, a thin surface deposit of pure gold, or the close semblance of it, was actually obtained. It is not impossible that an acid may have been applied which tended to destroy the copper of the alloy, leaving a deposit of gold upon the surface, which could afterwards be burnished down.

It has been suggested to me that possibly the film of gold may in cases be the result of simple decay on the part of the copper of the alloy, the gold remaining as a shell upon the surface of the still un- decayed portion of the composite metal; but the surface in such a case would not be burnished, whereas the show surfaces of the speci- imens recovered are in all cases neatly polished.

If we should conclude that the ancient Americans were probably able to secure in some such manner a thin film of gold, it still remains to inquire whether there may not have been some purely mechanical means of plating. In some of the Chiriquian specimens a foundation of very base metal appears to have been plated with heavy sheet gold, which as the copper decays comes off in flakes. Occasional pieces have a blistered look as a consequence. Were these people able with their rude appliances to beat gold into very thin leaves? and Had they discovered processes by which these could be applied to the surfaces of objects of metal? are questions that should probably be answered in the affirmative.

The flakes in some cases indicate a very great degree of thinness. Specimens of sheet gold ornaments found in the tombs are thicker, but are sufficiently thin to indicate that, if actually made by these people, almost any degree of thinness could be attained by them. It would probably not be difficult to apply thin sheet gold to the com- paratively smooth surfaces of these ornaments and to fix it by bur- nishing.

Mr. Kunz suggests still another method by means of which plating could have been accomplished. If a figure in wax were coated with sheet gold and then incased in a clay matrix, the wax could be melted out, leaving the shell of gold within. The cavity could then be filled with alloy, the clay could be removed, and the gold, which would ad- here to the metal, could then be properly burnished down.

' Bollaert: Ethnological and Other Researches in New Granada, &e.

AQ ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUT.

It will be seen from this hasty review that, although we may con- clude that casting and plating were certainly practiced by these peo- ples, we must remain in ignorance of the precise methods employed.

Referring to the question of the authenticity of the specimens them- selves, I may note that observations bearing upon the actual discoy- ery of particular specimens in the tombs are unfortunately lacking. Mr. McNiel acknowledges that with all his experience in the work of excavation no single piece has been taken from the ground with his - own hands, and he cannot say that he ever witnessed the exhumation by others, although he has been present when they were brought up from the pits. Generally the workmen secrete them and afterwards offer them for sale. He has, however, no shadow of a doubt that all the pieces procured by him came from the graves as reported by his collectors. The question of the authenticity of the gilding will not be satisfactorily or finally settled until some responsible collector shall have taken the gilded objects with his own hands from their undis- turbed places in tombs known to be of pre-Columbian construction.

There are many proofs, however, of the authenticity of the objects themselves. It is asserted by a number of early writers that the American natives were, on the arrival of the Spaniards, highly ac- complished in metallurgy; that they worked with blowpipes and cast in molds; that the objects produced exhibited a high order of skill; and that the native talent was directed with unusual force and uniformity toward the imitation of life forms. It is said that the conquerors were ‘‘struck with wonder” at their skill in this last respect. And a strong argument in favor of the genuineness of these objects is found in the fact that it is not at all probable that rich alloys of gold would have been used by Europeans for the base or foundation when copper or bronze, or even lead, would have served as well. We also observe that there is absolutely no trace of pecu- liarly European material or methods of manipulation, a condition hardly possible if the extensive reproductions were made by the whites. Neither are there traces of European ideas embodied in the shapes or in the decoration of the objects— a circumstance that argues strongly in favor of native origin. An equally convincing argument is found in the fact that all the alloys liable to corrosion exhibit marked evidences of decay, as if for a long period subject to the de- structive agents of the soil. In many cases the copper alloy base crumbles into black powder, leaving only the flakes of the plating. Lastly and most important, the strange creatures represented are in many cases identical with those embodied in clay and in stone, and for these latter works no one will for a moment claim a foreign derivation.

Considering all these arguments, I arrive at the conclusion that the ornaments are, in the main, genuine antiquities, and that, if any deception at all has been practiced, it is to be laid at the door of modern

HOLMES. | HUMAN FIGURE IN COPPER-GOLD ALLOY. 41

goldsmiths and speculators, who, according to Mr. MeNiel, are known in a few cases to have ‘‘ doctored” alloyed objects with washes of gold with the view of selling them as pure gold.

I present the following specimens with a reasonable degree of con- fidence that all, or nearly all, are of purely American fabrication, and [sincerely hope that at no distant day competent archeologists may have the opportunity of making personal observations of similar relics in place.

The objects consist to a great extent of representations of life forms, in many cases more fanciful than real and often extremely grotesque. They include the human figure and a great variety of birds and beasts indigenous to the country, in styles resembling work in clay and stone of the same region. My illustrations show the actual sizes of the objects.

The human figure.—Statuettes of men and women and of a variety