Ssengesg Misienese? nite nie anor see as Be te % ree ay pate ig creas atas ees cat Hee beset staat ey pees a is lel = y AK y ddd We Lig peil ey, fly | “yyy “ddd Ly, “Urges vill <li 7 “Liki ff iy Mn he OfAcial Organ of The @rchid Societies of New South Wales and Queensland AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 ; PAGE i ORCHIDS It is with the greatest of pleasure that I offer my 1938 fully illustrated Catalogue with photos, descriptions, and cultural notes to all Orchid enthusiasts. This is one of the finest publications on Orchids yet produced in Australia. (Please add 3d postage, etc.). . Special Offer of 6 Assorted Orchids Including Cypripediums, Dendrobiums, Cymbidiums and Vandas, for 25/- I have the largest assorted collection of Orchids in the Commonwealth, and your inspection is cordially invited. Five glasshouses and bushhouses are filled with Orchids and every description for outside, bush or glasshouse culture. Prices are most reasonable and Orchid Plants are available from 3/- each. Do not fail to secure a copy of my Catalogue for prices, etc., which are the cheapest (considering the quality of the plants) yet offered in Australia. During the Royal Easter Show I shall be very pleased to meet all interested in, Orchids at my Stand in the Horticultural Pavilion. My display of Orchids in flower will be well worthy of your inspection. Inspection ( ’Phone: Cordially a prurimeyne ’ 124 Invited oi 48 WAREEMBA STREET, ABBOTSFORD, N.S.W. THE ORCHID REVIEW Fine Books ON Bota ny Founded in 1893, by the late R. A. Rolfe, of Kew. The only Journal dealing exclusively with AND Orchid Lore, featuring articles on the History, Cultivation, Hybridization, and all matters of interest to the Connoisseur, Amateur, and Trader. Horticulture WITH BEAUTIFUL COLOURED PLATES Complete Catalogue Sent Post Free on Request Bernard Quaritch Limited 11 Grafton St., New Bond St., London, W.1. ENGLAND _ Cablegrams; QUARITCH, LONDON Exhibition Reports and Registration Records of new Hybrids accurately kept and published. PRICE: 1s. 6d. Monthly. Postage free. Back volumes and complete sets, bound or unbound, can be supplied from THE ORCHID REVIEW LIMITED 5 Tavistock St., Covent Garden LONDON, W.C.2 Mention the “Australian Orchid Review”—it identifies you Supplement to WH ustralia Ky Y WS NY \ \\ Lz WEY Led Hy yyy, A COMPOSITE INDEX to VOLUMES 3 and 4 1938-1939 (Compiled by P. A. Gilbert, Hon. Editor) GeOenee pi tat asti aie cect Index to Articles _.... the Sa Pages ii and ili Index to Illustrations meee 5 iil and iv Page ii A Beautiful N.S.W. Ground Orchid ... Acknowledgement to “De Orchidee” A Glass House for Be- pinnersieeene ek A Letter from Rio de Janiero Among the Orchids .. Analyses of Common Orchid Composts Angraecum . Thomp- soni Annual Orchid Show in Sydney An Odd Bit or a Bit Odd Another Kenya Or- chid A Packhorse Trip from Mt. Fox to Cook- town An Unknown An- graecum Are Heated Glass- houses Necessary for Orchids in Bris- bane A Visit to the New- castle Growers ... Birds and Orchids ... Blister Culture Building up a Collec- ton Calanthesieemtn. were Catasetum macrocar- DUM eterno Cleisostoma in Aus- tralia, The Genus . Coelogyne barbata Colour illustration, Stanhopea tigrina Composts for Or- chids Consolidated Index .. Cool House Culture and Notes for Ama- teurs Pieter irs beret Cryptostylis, the Genus Corrections — Vol. 4, INO 632 Bee tie icier seeders Costa Rica, The Land ofmOrchidsmeenners Cultivation of Cat- tleyas and _ their INES pee So eee Cultivation of Mil- TONIAS See reerse cits rae Cymbidiella rhodo- cheilum Cymbidium canalicul- atum Cypripedium Composts 3 4 Cypripediums AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW COMPOSITE Index to Articles Vol. No. P. 4 3 81 Seelels 3 2 57 EY ity <4 4 4121 4 3 80 3.2 58 3 2 42 4 2 43 4 2 58 4 4113 3 1 24 4 2 36 3 1 24 4 2 51 4 1 21 ay eh 3 3 73 33 81 a) HY 3.2 43 3 2 45 Sah OY 3, 1 926 Speen 4 4 103 4 3 69 4 1 12 Ba at aly 4 4108 3. 3 87 4 3 83 2 44 1 15 Vol. No. P. Vol. No. P. 3 2 35 oR oo oo WN Pw 67 97 39 72 Vol. No. Cypripediums, NOLES; ONnweenenree ne Cypripediums, Some Observations on .. Dendrobium Beetle, Some Notes on ... Dendrobium Culture . Dendrobium delicatum Dendrobium lingui- forme, Some Notes TODS Siegen eet Dendrobium superbiens Designing a Glass- Ouse ween cer Discussion on Cym- bidiums Editorials Fifth Annual Orchid Exhibition ........ Fitzgerald’s Australian POLCHiS sane Gleanings in Glass- house Construction Growing Orchids in the Open Hasten Slowly ....... Hot Water Pipes .... Insects Affecting Or- chids Interesting Hybrids In the Steps of the Orchid Collector .. Is Orchid Growing a TISCASE 2A ee eres John Frederick Bailey, The late Letter from Rio de J ANG Ligae meaner se Lycaste Skinneri .... SY CAStESE We Wee. ints More Orchid Notes .. My First Orchid New System of Num- berinpaeeew nr Nitrogen Bacteria and Orchid Seedlings Nomenclature, Some Notes on ......... Notes from My Bush- NOUSC Ramer tiation? Notes from a Victorian GYOWer ieee ae Notes on the Growth of Orchid Seed- ITG's ot Ceaser onal t eit Notes of an Orchid.. Hunt in Kenya ... Notice to Contributors Notes on pH. of Com- posts Obituary Bee eee eee tee eee e ee wok of PB NY PNW, DO BP met ad Shot me) WWr bet. 49 37 109 INDEX TO VOLUMES 3 AND 4 Vol. No. P. Vol. No. P. » yp co 4 124 4 94 4 117 63 (Jt) Wrnp 63 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID Orchid Exhibition, 1939, Our Fifth An- nual Hunting in BUT ane ee Orchids ‘at the Flora- lies Gantoises .... Orchids in Bali and Java Orchids REVIEW COMPOSITE INDEX TO VOLUMES 3 AND 4 Notes on the Genus 4 Pertinent Points .. .. pH. — It’s Scientific Society's Annual Show Recent Orchid Dis- COVErIGS arn eee Repotting Cattle- VAS: [cen eee eae Some Native Orchids and their Habitats Aerides odoratum, var. alba. Angraecum mirable .. A Nice Hybrid Cypri- SC, Coos cro ttes lue Wren at Nest. Brassia maculata .... Tassocattleya x Al- stm oo, ecemiaiig aaee Cl ug Vol. No. P. 4" 3 63 oh PA tah 3 4103 3 2 59 3 64 102 4 4 102 ub 8} a) ak 18} See MALS s} ab abl 4 4 105 4 2 34 2 49 4 4111 3°) 3) 84 eh ah py 4 2 53 4 3 93 3 4 100 3 4 105 By BH 8}. PAs GR 3}: BE ELF SeeomnlD 4 Index to Kllustrations PF PEP WO HNNN Vol. No. P. Vol. No, P. 3 3 3 371 2 53 4 104 3 4 110 Bb RY EE 3 4 107 Some Notes on the Dendrobium Beetle Somes Notes on Nomenclature Speaking of Heat Stray Petals TUB OLeNOt ML Bisse. Ten Years After .... . The Comradeship of Orchid Growers .. The Art of Watering The Cultivation of Orchids The Discovery of Two New Orchids The Genus Cleisos- toma in Australia. The Herbert Gorge- North Queensland The Importation of Orchids The More Cattleyas The Non-flowering of Cymbidiums The Orchid House and and Cultural Con- ditions The Psychology * of Orchids The Ways of an Or- chid Two Angraecums from Kenya Two Prolific Plants .. Vanda coerulea Vanda tricolor, suavis var. Watering Cattleyas ..— We Enter our Third Year Which Fibre? Whys and Ways of Orchid Culture ... Bulbophyllum Wein- thalii Calanthe x Harrisii .. Catasetum macrocar- jeptle soy eee Cattleya grown in a Cool House ....... Cattleya Trianae .... Cleisostoma conges- iqeles) cceiadaorctoens Cleisostoma orbiculare Coelogyne barbata ... Coelogyne Massan- EERE. seundoudsacs Coelogyne Mooreana.. Cryptanthemis Slateri Cryptostylis erecta .. Cryptostylis subulata . Cymbidium canalicu- Jatum Vol. No. P. 4 Ro PP RW 4 BB CoB wo 1 18 25 21 68 45 41 NNWHH 2 33 3 3 92 3 84 2 55 3 82 3 68 Page iii Vol. No. P. Vol. No. P. Page iv AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW COMPOSITE INDEX TO VOLUMES 3 AND 4 Vol. No. P. Cymbidium x Ethel .. 3 2 35 Cymbidium gompho- CALCD UM erence 4 3 66 Cymbidium L’Ansonii x Vesta La Reine .. 3 1 7 Cypripedium bellatu- UM eee eee ne sf aF oohi Cypripedium x Festiv- ity Rest Sinise Sh} B53 Cypripedium hirsutiss- SIMUMPee eens eh ak a hy Cypripedium hybrid .. 2 37 Cypripedium insigne . 3 3 69 Cypripedium insigne, Loe var, Sanderae .... 4 3 73 Cypripedium Lowii .. 3 1 21 Cypripedium Parishii 4 3 62 Cypripedium x Ran- GOK ewes aes eee 4D Fae. Cyrtorchis Sedenii .. 4 2 58 Dendrobium aemulum 3 2 44 Dendrobium atroviola- COUN Merrett sf Py eS Dendrobium aureum.. 3 3 179 Dendrobium bigibbum 4 3 67 Dendrobium bigibbum x veratrifollum .. 4 1 17 Dendrobium — chryso- COXUTD Seeecenpeetelere is Ch ake a} Dendrobium crepidatum 3 1 19 Denrobium delicatum 3 1 7 Dendrobium densi- ALOU eerste ieae 4 2 25 Dendrobium falcoros- (habe a pemondel os 3° 4° 92 Dendrobium Findlay- LDL pees taters rants eters ARS NTT, Dendrobium fusiforme 4 4 114 Dendrobium x Gatton SUNS Vows creas ot BL afi} Dendrobium hybrid, A NEWe ret oie ee By at ply Dendrobium Keste- VENI tecee Pete tee 4 4 124 Dendrobium lingui- POTM Etc iis wontons 4 4 122 Dendrobium lingui- forme, var. Nugentii 4 4 123 Dendrobium Maccar- thiaevayerprttoe et 2 59 Dendrobium moscha- TUM Bevel ones Bh ak (9 Dendrobium nobile .. 4 3 15 Dendrobium Phalae- TIODSIS ceerrereee erent Bio al Dendrobium Pierardii 3 2 42 Dendrobium primul- bbelbhe nee baad 4616523 Dendrobium _ specio- SUM Meee ee A eyaers By PL EN ww» Pwd Vol. No. P. Vol. No. P. 21 40 36 101 Dendrobium strati- EES © oiieeadaunckeuinn Dendrobium _ striola- CUM aetna? Dendrobium super- Dienst. on eee Dendrobium superbi- ens, var. Goldii ...... Dendrobium _ thrysi- HOLUMT bere ye craters Dendrobium undula- CUM Bp eres Epidendrum medusae Epidendrum x O’Bri- enianumey- cere Eria hyacinthoides .. Laeliocattleya x Alma Laeliocattleya x Du- Preaniasene nae Laeliocattleya x Mrs. Kitty Wallace .... Laeliocattleya x Mrs. Percy Bignold Lycaste aromatica .. Lycaste Skinneri .... Miltonia Lyoth ...... National Park, N.S.W. Odontoglossum x Bella Odontoglossum hybrid Phaius callosus ...... Phalaenopsis leuco- TOC Siaeeeresterrenty ces Phalaenopsis Rosen- StrOMil pee weet Phalaenopsis Schil- JETIAN meters Promenaea x Colmania Saccolabium gigan- LEU Bee rters trecoist tat Sarcochilus Fitzger- aldii sor Sty Sarcochilus pallidus .. Sarcochilus Wein- Lelie eee Satin-bird at Bower, Chem ma lemons: see Sobralia macrantha . Stanhopea tigrina Stanhopea Wardii ... Thelymitra venosa .. Thunia Marshalliana Vanda coerulea ..... Vanda Hookeriana .. Vanda lamellata Vanda Luzonica Vanda Sanderiana Vanda suavis ....... Vanda tricolor, var. SUBRVIS Bee Wavsnoirerete ciate Vandopsis gigantea Vol. No. P. 3 4107 4 2 53 4 4111 3) 2 57 3 2 50 Cy PF CY 3 3 #72 3 Led 3 1 4 4 4 99 3 2° 51 Bf ab = aly] BE ak ok) 4 my 4 4101 3. 3 65 4 4 106 Ay ak Ky 3° 2 48 Bie 1b 1B} 3 3 #87 Gal fy 3 4117 By ck ths 3 4 109 3 4597, 3, 1 20 4 2 57 Cyd yl Aire) 58 3 2) (45 B} ab By 4m ee OL eB) OmeleeLS Gy al pp 3 4114 4° 2 35 By ah ake} eh RY I) 4 4110 4 4 94, Vol. No. P. Vol. No. P. Tey fey PLL BP 4 105 , Maintaining a tropical atmosphere in- AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 PAGE it GAS. HELPED TO GROW THESE:— A fine hybrid cypripedium. A beautiful pale _laelio- cattleya. With a gas boiler installation, the atmosphere inside your orchid house can be scientifically maintained at a constant, unvarying temperature throughout the winter months, irrespective of the weather outside. The gas can be lit when the cold weather begins and left unattended until the end of the winter, as the warmth required to €nsure the healthy growih of the plants is scientifically maintained by an automatic control placed inside the orchid house. Por further particulars consult our experts who will be pleased to Qlve you every assistance. THE AUSTRALIAN GAS LIGHT COMPANY HAYMARKET, SYDNEY - - - - PHONE M6503 'de the orchid house @ Gite : ae ypical gas boiler installation. NSIS 1S AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 CYMBIDIUMS Smart’s Garden Service for Cymbidium Species and Modern Hybrids Our collection of Cymbidiums — both species and hybrids — is worthy of growers’ attention. All mature, healthy, and vigorous specimens, our stock contains the very latest and best varieties procurable from the leading overseas growers, as well as the proved old favourites. FOR SIZE AND QUALITY WE ARE UNEQUALLED PRICES: From 25/- to £5 We also cater for every kind of garden shrub and plant, Seedlings of Special Quality. AZALEAS and HYDRANGEAS in great variety. Prices competitive. Visitors always welcome. Stroll round our grounds and choose plants to your requirements. Situated on the left-hand side of Pacific Highway, between Gordon and Pymble. Smart’s Garden Service 819-857 PACIFIC HIGHWAY, GORDON, N.S.W. *Phone JX3052 Stock Nursery: H. E. SMART, Sobraon Road, Eastwood. Phone: Epping 1439 BLACK & FLORY SLOUGH ENGLAND Cablegrams: “Orchids Slough” e | Cypripediums in modern hybrids as available Cymbidiums—on first flowering, for shipping in April— strong plants Brassocattleyas and allied hybrid genera Odontoglossum hybrids, Miltonias, Odontiodas, etc. All by special offer at moderate prices, according to strength and quality. Mention the “Australian Orchid Review”—it identifies you AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 PAGE ONE AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW Volume 3 March, 1938 No. 1 @ Contents Acknowledgment to “De Orchidee” 0 wn ripe a eke epee Lene 14 A Letter from Rio de Janeiro ssc sue re te tates st 4 An Unknown Angraecum th a eee ree: ai 24 A Visit to the Newcastle Growers 9 en sess nee seen eee see 24 Composts for Orchids —__s_...... ee ee One ee eee 7 Consolidated Index pe ae ee ne See BE oc te LES 26 Cool House Culture and Notes for Beginners 9 ene sees BAe ates 5 Cultivation of Cattleyas and their Allies 90, ee se te ee 17 Dendrobium phalaenopsis 920 ee teen tases tee ttt ate 27 Dendrobium superbiens 99, ste rt et att bg ch, 29 Editorial—We Enter our Third eat! Peo Ts gee hh lw 74s 3 INoticemtOs On trib UtOrsaiimmmmnne NmnnnT 7) mE ©, omnIE rrr) nt jcc 20 ‘Orchidstand ethes’ Man Saumen tenn iy MNP omens Weegee 0] 15 Orchidsginebalipands | 2 Va gamete ames oy fo Ron ek a 11 Some Notes on Nomenclature . ene ee sees i= en Pa 25 Speaking |-otje Lica cise ne amen evan ro eee Lo Cee. axes 21 The Herbert Gorge—North Queensland one suse = nes oe 9 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS PATE racCt itt same 1 Gene se anton Bi iy ae ie) ee Se 24 Brasstaiinacul ata Wee min ae an er aie, ae us “ae bs 8 Cymbidium TAnsonii x Vesta Tal ‘Reine Scan pte eae We ath 7 Cypripedium bellatulum Fae arn eS Atty. Fo spti 1 tos tea | aed 11 Cypripedium Lowii __...... or 5 Pee i. mp te a aie “aa 21 Dendrobium crepidatum sees ti ead @ Ree ake aut 19 Dendrobium delicatum bt i he St ne MLN ee oe 7 Dendrobium Hybrid—A New ene sens see stte nets nents 29 Dendrobiumpemoscliatu rr anne | ca et ae ns Mec oe 6 Dendrobiumimephalacniopsisaamsmmnte mines y unre nee 2s cae 2 Epidendrum O’Brienianum aes Ahn NO ar Men dl tad e 5 Eria hyacinthoides © 92 suse ene ane soos a toe) A wal a2 Dit. 4 Laelio-Cattleya Mrs. Kitty Wallace ee ee tok seat allie 17 Laelio Cattleya Mrs. Percy Bignold sn bot) ee tet Oe ta 18 Odontoglossum Bella (sls Po <a ae me zeta ne aT goatee 16 eraiusiecal los us amie game eat a or ee 12 Phalaenopsis Rosenstromii Sad GA a eC PRS ee 9 Sarcochilus pallidus 99, bh tes snus Seg ye ie Ae 20 Stanhopea Wardii as ee bo Riss es ete Salk ieee 27 Vanda coerulea _..... ee Poe Rae: Ort i, aha inst cc 15 Vanda Hookeriana 2 oe tee Se fe os ee oa 22 Vanda Sanderiana ad be wane iat ey eed, a = hs Subseription: 6/- per year, post free, PAGE TWO AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 DENDROBIUM PHALAENOPSIS (The “Cooktown Orchid’’) A beautiful spike of this Australian species. The flowers are about three inches across, and of a charming rose colour, the lip being purple within. An article on Dendrobium phalaenopsis appears on page twenty-seven Plant grown and photo by Mr. T. C. Harveyson. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 PAGE THREE Australian Orehid Review Editorial We enter our Third Year! @ With all these celebrations going on to commemorate the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the settlement of Australia, we feel justified in asking you to join with us in a little celebration of our own—to mark the completion of the second and the commence- ment of the third volume of “The Australian Orchid Review.” Those of us who were members of the Orchid Society of New South Wales two years ago will remember the great enthusiasm with which the Proposal to publish our own magazine was greeted, but those of us who undertook the responsibility of producing it felt grave mis- Sivings as to whether our membership would Contribute sufficient readers to pay the cost. We are proud to be able to say that those misgivings Were without foundation and we have actually suffered none of those set-backs to which new publications of this kind are habitually subject. A standard was set with our first issue and we feel—because we have been so often told—that not only have we maintained that standard, but jave we improved upon it consistently. This in itself is a considerable achievement, for, for our first issue, we had available the cream of photo- graphs accumulated over a long period of years and writers had an open field of subjects from which to choose, And so we have achieved what mek be considered the most difficult ambition a new Journal—the maintenance of and im- Provement upon a high standard of quality throughout, hae not the most difficult, but without er Most important aim of the “Review eee en to increase the number of those Sees eo the cultivation of Orchids. This ae aoe apne the two years of the life of our shi ; n, has been remarkable. The member- Tat of the Orchid Societies of New South ee sey Queensland have each increased by te s of one hundred per cent., and from the a les received by the Hon. Secretaries, the eke amongst those who so far feel they are ae i hot sufficiently advanced in the Cult the Orchid to join a Society, has been even greater, We feel justified in claiming credit for a considerable part of this huge increase in the popularity of our hobby, for it has been our object to educate the public to the knowledge that Orchid growing is no longer the preroga- tive of the idle rich—we have endeavoured to stress the ease with which Orchids can be grown, the cheapness of the plants and the little time, comparatively, required to keep a collection in good order. We appear to have succeeded. Another pleasing feature of the past two years has been the material increase of interest in the more scientific side of Orchid culture — seed raising, for example. In Australia, this, until recently, was an almost unexplored field, but great strides have now been made and numerous growers are able proudly to exhibit batches of many species of seedlings cultivated by both methods. And yet another feature has been the promi- nence achieved by our own lovely native species. May we hope that ere this volume is completed, satisfactory protection will have been afforded them. : : We rightly claim our share of credit for our achievements in these directions also. Our circle of readers has increased in far greater ratio, of course, than has the member- ship of the Australian Orchid Societies. From England to Japan, from South Africa to Brazil —throughout the world—live our readers, growing their plants under many widely differ- ing climes, and from these by every mail come complimentary letters describing our “Review” as the finest publication devoted to Orchids pro- curable, So numerous have become our readers in several overseas countries that agencies have had to be established—the volume of subscrip- tions being too great to handle from Australia. Thus in two short years our “Review” has achieved a world-wide reputation amongst Orchid growers—a reputation which we feel we will enhance in the years to come. Are we not justified, then, in commemorating the com- mencement of our third year of existence? We have shed our swaddling cloths and are rapidly growing up. We enter this third year with confidence for the future—a great con- fidence born of success. PAGE FOUR AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 A letter from Rio de Janeiro @ The following letter was received by the Editor from Mr. C. F. Wallace, of Box 1026, Post Office, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It was read to the December Meeting of the Orchid Society of New South Wales and caused considerable merriment. “In the English ‘Orchid Review’ of July, 1937, is published your advertisement concern- ing the ‘Australian Orchid Review’ that, by the description, must be a very fine publication. “J wish. to subscribe for the future years to come (say, something about 50 years), but please send me Vol. 1, Nos. 1-4, now. “Please find enclosed £1—an English one—for the present order and future copies. I hope that the Postmaster-General will forgive this breach, taking into consideration the distance between you and me—two ardent Orchid lovers—and the difficulties raised by our local bankers, who charge 15 per cent. on small transmissions, as well as the time which would be wasted for a money order order to reach you via London. Owing to the distance, [ think it would be quite in order to charge me with some of the ‘travel- ling expenses,’ although you announce remit- tances post free. But I leave this to you. “In my Times Atlas I found Australia easily, ERIA HY ACINTHOIDES An attractive species from Java —Block by courtesy of "De Orchidee.” but searched in vain for Rosebery,* after search- ing New South Wales up and down. Please for- give my ignorance and tell me in a few words something about your district. I am a regular reader of the ‘Wide World,’ which by its stories has taught me a great deal about your country, and I am glad to come in personal contact with some members of that great nation.” *Rosebery is a suburb of Sydney lying to the south of the city near the shores of Botany Bay. It is an important manufacturing centre, producing woollens and textiles, tallow and leather. Much of the State’s scoured wool for export is treated there. (Concluded on page Twenty) AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 PAGE FIVE EPIDENDRUM O’BRIENIANUM A fine picture of this popular Orchid which is rapidly increasing in favour as an out-of-doors subject for a sunny position. The colour is rich red, and the photo shows the flower’s natural size Plant grown and photographed by Mr. H. J. R. Overall. Cool House Culture T. H. JAMES, Longueville, N.S.W. @ By this time the hottest period of the year has passed and the Autumn months are 4pproaching. Autumn is perhaps the most important time the life of many plants, including Orchids, OF It is during that period that the energy re- see to induce new life in the coming Spring r “ing conserved, The treatment received, or € conditions obtaining, during the Autumn ave an important bearing on the flowering, Tuiting and growing of plants in their new year. Ps ie growth of practically all Orchids, parti- ularly the epiphytes, will by now have reached in maturity or nearly so, and they should receive much more light and air. In the bush house, of course, there is always plenty of air, but if the house be at all shady, and that cannot be remedied, place them, during the mild days of April and May and, in some cases, even in June, right out in the open sunshine, particularly during the morning, for short periods. Do not choose hot days, however, as the foliage might burn, The light and air will harden the growths, improve the health and tend to induce much freer flowering and a more vigorous start in the following Spring. PAGE S!X In the glass house the Dendrobiums will be found to have completed their season’s growth and should be slightly dried (but must not shrivel) and be given all the air and light that is possible. DENDROBIUM MOSCHATUM A tall growing species from India. The yellowish, rose tinted flowers are musk scented. —Block by courtesy of “De Orchidee.” The ideal place for this ripening would be a glass roofed structure sheltered from the south and west and quite open to the east and north. The majority of growers cannot, for various reasons, erect such structures for special pur- poses, Those with bush houses only would obtain better results if a portion of the roof were glassed or temporarily covered with a glass substitute during the winter months The latter material will not stand the summer weather, as the paraffin with which the cotton is impregnated melts away in the hot sun, and the fabric then rots. It would serve, however, during the winter months and if carefully removed in the Spring and stored would serve again during the follow- ing winter. Failing that, remove excess moss from the tops of the pots or baskets to prevent sodden composts during continuous rain. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938° Dendrobiums and other epiphytes grown in the glass house would, failing the special struc- ture mentioned above, benefit by being placed outside in broken sunlight until the cold weather arrives, but should be taken inside again should continuous rain develop. One of the results of this treatment would be to induce Dendrobiums to flower almost right down the stems and not merely at the tops. Some years ago, when half the roof of my house was of ti-tree, my Den. nobile used to flower on about four-fifths of the length of its bulbs, but it has since been wholly glassed and those nobiles that were kept inside flowered at the tops only. Some that were placed outside last Autumn gave better results, If the plants are allowed to get very dry, too, they will only flower at the tops of the bulbs. The time to start ripening is when the bulbs have made their last leaf. Even Cattleyas would benefit by this treatment applied judiciously, particularly if the growth is inclined to be succulent, a condition which is not conducive to free flower- ing. Sunlight and moderate rain will give your Orchids some of those things they get in nature which they cannot obtain in a closed house. You ° all know the difference resulting from hosing your garden and from rain, For a large portion of New South Wales the weather is so mild during the Autumn that Orchids would benefit from more light and air than they generally receive. During the last 18 months my Cypripediums have grown amazingly well. For some years they were kept on the dry side with plenty of light and they just existed. When I realised the trouble, they were removed to the shady end of the house and given plenty of water; in fact, they are now hosed liberally almost every day. Many of them were repotted in fibre with some sphagnum moss and a little most peat, with live moss on top. There is, of course, plenty of air, and even a slight breeze outside is sufficient to move the foliage. The results are now very gratifying. During the winter the watering should slacken somewhat, but the moss on top should be kept green. For some years past many Cymbidiums J have noticed have not produced the quantity of flower which might reasonably be expected from the size and age of the plants From observations I am inclined to believe that insufficient light may be an important, if not the principal, factor. Growers who are not satisfied with the results hitherto obtained should experiment in the direc- tion of providing more light. As to the other items mentioned in my article (Concluded on Page Thirty) AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 PAGE SEVEN Composts for Orchids HERBERT E. METCALF President of the Orchid Society of California, San Franeiseo, U.S.A. @ I have followed with interest the various dis- cussions in the Australian Orchid Review, and in other Orchid periodicals, regarding plant growth and flowering. The question repeatedly by a successful grower, but somehow we don’t always seem to get the results obtained by our informant. Leaving aside the problems of light, shade, and CYMBIDIUM L’ANSONII X VESTA LA REINE A well grown plant of this choice hybrid. The sepals and petals are pale pink with darker stripes, and white lip is marked with rose comes up, “Why do Mr. Blank’s plants do so well, and have such fine flowers, while mine are not nearly so vigorous and flower poorly?” he same problem had to be solved in my Ouse, but no solution appeared until I began accurately to measure the chemical condition of the various composts as to their Hydrogen Ton concentration. In other words, was the Compost “sweet” or “sour,” how much, and what to do about it? Our books say so much peat, so much sphag- mum, and so much osmunda fibre, todea fibre, etc. We make up our composts according to Our favourite book, or to a formula given us Grown and photographed by Mr. E. A. Hamilton. temperature, which, of course, should be right, I believe the trouble lies in the fact that different growers use different materials, differing in “pH number,” as the degrees of acidity and alkalinity are called when measured. The American Orchid Society Bulletins of 1936 have had some discussion of pH or Orchid composts—just enough to cause me to investi- gate my own composts. The results were start- ling indeed, and shed much light on why some plants were not doing so well as might be expected, Hydrogen Ion concentration is chemically measured in units called pH numbers, where PAGE EIGHT pH 7 is neutral, neither acid nor alkaline, ph 4 is acid, and pH 9 is alkaline. Authorities differ a little as to just what pH number Orchids should have, but a fair compromise is that com- posts for epiphytal Orchids should be pH 5.75 to 6 (slightly acid), and that for terrestrials it should be 6.75 to 7 (nearly or entirely neutral). Any great departure from these readings results in poor root growth, small bulbs, and therefore poor flowers. Compost testing is done by making extracts of the material, treating it with a special dye that chances colour with differing Hydrogen Jon concentration, Apparatus for doing this costs in BRASSIA MACULATA A native of Jamaica, this attractive species has greenish- yellow sepals and petals spotted with brown, the white lip having purple markings. —Block by courtesy of “De Orchidee.”’ the United States from $2.00 (10 shillings) up to $50.00 for the more complete equipment. [ have used a $2.00 outfit for some time that gives readings from pH 4 to pH 8 with a colour range that can readily be interpolated to read to .3 of one point. With this equipment I have tested my entire house and turned up some remarkable data. In the first place, I found that my tap water (chlorinated) was pH 8, one point alkaline. The osmunda fibre varied in accordance with the place where it was grown, and also varied in pH in each piece. The brown leafy portions gave a pH of 5, while the coarse black portions were pH 6. Proper combination of the material could easily be made, therefore, to give pH 5.75, the desired number. However, the plants were watered with tap AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 water of pH 8, so in a very short time the pH climbed until all pots in use for several weeks or more read as high as pH 7 or 7.5, much too alkaline for best growth. Two things could be done. Red polypodium (of pH 4) could be mixed with the osmunda to make the compost more acid, or acid could be supplied intermittently to check the alkalin- ity increase due to the water. However, I have found that red polypodium attracts thrip, and never use it, The result was that I treated the compost with a dilute solution of hydrochloric (muriatic) acid (diluted till its pH value was 3 or 4), about every two weeks. This solution comes out at about } oz. commercial (35%) hydrochloric acid per gallon of my tap water. The solution is applied only around edges of compost and on pot walls. Never allow it to touch leaves or rhizome. If you find your epi- phytal composts alkaline, experiment with dilute HC1 until a pH slightly below the desired read- ing is obtained. Hydrochloric acid is good because it is inert as far as plant absorption is concerned, The results of a correct adjustment of compost pH are amazing. I recently saw a collection of hybrid catfleyas treated. Two hundred and fifty fine plants had been going steadily down-hill because of alkaline water and poor compost. Without changing the compost the plants were treated with dilute HC1 to bring them to pH 5.75. In two weeks the plants were rooting strongly, the leaves had taken on a rich green colour, and the bulbs had regained much of their lost moisture. The owner could hardly believe his own eyes. So, when you read that epiphytal composts should have peat, sphagnum (which has a pH value of 7, or neutral), and other materials mixed in certain proportions, that only means that the particular writer has found his plants grow best in that mixture of his materials, If you follow his instructions, you may or may not ke successful, because your materials are bound to be different. If you are successful, then you are lucky. If you don’t have good results, check pH of both your water and your compost, and then adjust. Most terrestrial Orchids require a nearly neut- ral compost (pH 6.75-7). The materials should be mixed for best physical characteristics for the particular type of plant and then the pH ad- justed to 6.75 if water is pH 7, or pH 7 if rainwater is used, Rainwater is always best be- cause it is usually natural and contains a little dissolved nitrogen or food material. However, (Concluded on Page Thirty) AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 PAGE NINE The Herbert Gorge. North Queensland A. GLINDEMAN, ® This article is not confined to the subject of Orchids, Rather is it a description of our ex- periences during a journey through the Herbert Gorge on an Orchid-hunting expedition. Some time ago when I was in Townsville, Mr. Gordon Bass and I arranged to try and find new country in which we might secure Phalae- nopsis Rosen- stromit, We induced a local hunter to join our party — James Grant, who knows par- ticularly well the country through which we wished to travel, Arrangements Were made to Meet on a given date at ‘Aber- gowrie” Cattle Station, where an Ingham storekeeper de- livers goods — and on. this occasion, also Gordon Bass. On the afternoon of our arrival we decided to fish in the Herbert River, our hunter friend landin g two Barrimundi_o f about 8 Ibs. and 10 Ibs, respectively. Next morning at daylight we mustered and packed our horses, saddled our mounts, and com- menced our trip up the Herbert Gorge. I think I Can say, without fear of contradiction, that this is the largest gorge in Australia. We travelled till mid-day over mountain spurs and broken gullies, before unpacking for lunch. € river water in this mountainous country is PHALAENOPSIS ROSENSTROMII Well, here it is, Mr. Glindeman! A lovely spray of Australia’s. only representative of this genus. The colour is pure white. Plant grown and photo by Mr. T. C. Harveyson. Brisbane, @. very clear, At the spot where we lunched there were beautiful black bream simply inviting us to fish, but our hunter friend and guide said, “No! plenty more where we are going, it proved, »” and so Luncheon over, we again packed up our horses, and pro- ceeded to pene- trate further up the Gorge. Travelling now became more difficult, owing to the Gorge narrowing in. We had to pass through patches of jungle, and sometimes were obliged to go right down to the water’s edge to negotiate abrupt cliffs, as it was imposs- ible to get horses over them, At about 5 o'clock we were com- pelled to halt and pitch camp; we could not proceed further, as the moun- tains at that spot come down in a sharp preci- pice at both sides of the river. Here let me describe briefly the type of country. On both sides of the Herbert River the mountains rise quite 2,000 feet or more. Huge patches of jungle cover quite a lot of the mountain sides, and creeks—large and small—empty into the river, invariably in gorge formation, Just the place for Orchids! The river itself was strewn with huge boulders, many of which must weigh thousands of tons, which had slipped at some PAGE TEN past period into the bed of the river, where they formed the rapids and miniature cascades. Here again, fish could be seen swimming about, literally in hundreds, in the clear pools, so we decided to have fish for tea. Gordon and I went after black bream, but our hunter friend went down stream after Barribundi. It may in- terest some of our fishermen friends to know that the Barrimundi bite only at live bait, or at an artificial fish drawn through the water quickly to resemble a swimming fish. This artificial bait is mounted with three sets of jag hooks, and when the fish strike it is simply suicide. Our hunter, Grant, always had a few of these baits with him. Gordon and I made a start and J managed to hook the first fish. While I was playing it, fully two dozen others were darting about looking for what they thought he was chasing. This will convey to you some idea of fishing in waters such as these, which are seldom exploited. The first six fish we kept. Then we fished for sheer sport, throwing them back into the river as fast as we caught them. When we considered we had had enough “sport,” we strolled back to camp, and there was our guide with two Barri- mundi—one about 12 Ibs. weight, the other about 16 lbs. The Barrimundi is the better fish, so. we promptly consigned our black bream to the river again. Next day Gordon and I commenced Orchid hunting, our first choice falling on a big creek with plenty of jungle growing right down to the water’s edge. Here we found Dend. tetra- gonum, var, giganteum and Dend. teretifolium in thousands. Both species were growing on the wild cherry trees on the creek banks. Occasion- ally, we saw large Dend. undulatum on the oak trees in the creek bed, As we travelled further up the creek and reached a higher altitude, we came across huge clumps of Dend. speciosum. Some of the clumps were growing on bare rocks, exposed to full sunshine, We found others of the same species growing in a mixture of leaf-mould and peat, these being taller and more robust than those on the bare rocks, Apparently all had flowered well in the previous flowering season. Dend. lingueforme was observed also growing on the rocks, and they were quite healthy. There were also specimens of Cymbidium suave and Cymb, albuciflorum, The higher up the moun- tain we went, the more albuciflorum we saw. Some were huge plants; one in particular would have filled, or more than filled, two large-sized washing tubs. We estimated that plant to be AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 well over 100 years old, At this altitude, almost every tree had plants of Dend. fusiforme. It is a matter of regret that we did not take a camera with us to obtain a few snapshots, to give you some idea of how some of these native orchids grow in their native habitat. Some of the trees must be remarkably good hosts, as they were literally covered with Orchids; in fact, there did not appear to be room for another plant to fit on some of these trees, On the rocks we also discovered plants of Sarchochilus Ceciliae, and on the stunted jungle trees, Sarch, Hillii, Cleisostoma Mullerii and Cle. tridentatum were also plentiful, but the Orchid we were seeking was absent. We roamed those jungles, mountains and cliffs for three days, but not a trace could we find of the elusive Phalae- nopsis Rosenstromit, Our hunter friend was not interested in Orchids. When we left to scour for Orchids he would wander off with his little .22 calibre rifle to shoot game for our menu. Believe me, he was an excellent chef, and kept us supplied in game and fish. One day we would come home to roast scrub turkey; another day it would be a scrub hen stew; then it would be fried or grilled fish. We had taken some meat along with us, but this was eventually thrown away. This is country where white man has seldom trod, and game and fish are too plentiful to bother with corn beef. After three days of continuous, but unsuccess- ful, searching for the Orchid we were after, we decided to go back on our trail and try the jungles down the river. We thoroughly explored those jungles, mountain sides and cliffs, and while there certainly were Orchids, we could find no trace of Phalaenopsis Rosenstromii. In addition to the other Orchids already described, at this spot we saw two plants of Dend. Smilliae. There was also a huge colony of the pretty Card- well lillies (Eurycles Amboyensis), all in flower —a magnificent and breath-taking spectacle. While camped at this spot, our hunter caught some lovely specimens of Barrimundi. While travelling down the river bank we saw two crocodiles swimming one behind the other. They were seen in the clear water with the sun shining on them. They were only small—we reckoned about twelve feet long, or thereabouts. This was Gordon’s first sight of crocodiles in their native element. After three more days of strenuous searching hereabouts, we retreated down the gorge, about another five miles, and once again, within two (Concluded on Page Thirty) AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 PAGE ELEVEN CYPRIPEDIUM BELLATULUM Growers are achieving success with this charming species by incorporating limestone and old mortar in the compost. Of unusual shape and having prettily-mottled foliage, this “Slipper” is a native of Siam. The colour is creamy white, spotted with purple-maroon. git Grown by Mr. W. Palmer. Photo. by Mr. H. J. R. Overall. Orchids in Bali and Java As seen by a Tourist from motor car and railway carriage WILHELM SCHMIDT, Warrawee, N.S.W. ® Just east of Java lies the beautiful little island of Bali, or as the American writer, Powell, calls tt, “The Last Paradise.” It is not the hundreds of temples you see here or their devoted worshippers—charming people indeed—that I want to write about; it is to tell what the Orchid-minded visitor can expect to see of his favourite plants from motor car on a ‘ive through Bali or from car or railway Carriage travelling over land from Soorabaja to oA in Java, Naturally you cannot expect eas a garetss or novelties growing just along- eo e rst-class motor road, but a lot of in- Testing Orchids can nevertheless be seen by an observant tourist, and all of them, even the so-called botanical species, are of interest when seen growing wild in their natural habitat. After landing from the steamer in the north of Bali you hardly see any Orchids before you leave the low-lying rice fields and the road to Den Pasar in the south begins to rise and wind its way through terraced hills. Here you will soon notice the very common but when in flower very pretty white ‘Pigeon Orchid”— Dendrobium crumenatum, Jt does not seem to be particular about the material or place it grows on, You find it low down on trees in easy reach or high up on the tallest jungle giants; PAGE TWELVE I have seen it growing on walls of villages or on carved stones of the temples, on the roofs of houses or on bare cliffs of the mountainside. This species has the peculiar habit that all the plants of one district open their flowers on the same day. Unfortunately, they only last this one day, but there is a fresh display of flowers about every six weeks, The number of plants PHAIUS CALLOSUS A native of Malaya, this plant resembles P. grandifolius in habit. The flowers are large, reddish brown within and pink on the outside. The lip is pinkish yellow with a purple blotch. Plant grown by Mr. S. C. James. Photo by Mr. E. A. Hamilton. of D. crumenatum you see increases further on south, and near Den Pasar you sometimes find trees covered with them. It is a very pretty sight when you find one of these trees—for instance, a red flowering Tulip tree covered with D. crumenatum with thousands of white flowers. Coming to the foot hills of the peak of Tabanan, the motor road leads through a small coffee plantation and the remnant of jungle where you can find quite a number of Orchids. I noticed many clumps of a Coelogyne, prob- ably C. cinnamonea, with many medium-sized white flowers, Where the road has been cut through the fertile red volcanic soil you can see in quantities on the steep sides of these cuttings AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 Spathoglottis plicata in various shades of purple. Later on, near Den Pasar I found in several places the pure white variety. In a few places, where the road cuttings are very deep and the sides almost perpendicular, you can discover the rather pale flowered variety of Arundina speciosa (bam- busifolia). Like Sp. plicata, this Arundina is nearly always in flower, but is not so easy to discover, as their stems, like small fine bamboos, mix well with the tall reedlike Alangalang grass. When travelling in a fast-going car, you hardly notice the plants at all—you just see odd flowers like white-winged butterflies with reddish body hovering over the tall grasses. Nearing Den Pasar your car takes you through many villages, and you will now have to watch fruit trees and palms to see other Orchids. In many of the native gardens you find one or other variety of the rather shy flowering Arachnanthes (Renanthera) or “Scorpion Orchids.” This time I could not see one in flower, but saw old flower stems. These “Scorpion Orchids” grow here very luxuriantly, often on the side and over the top of Citrus trees. In many places you see them struggling up the side of sugar palms, and occa- sionally they are planted by the natives on their mud-made garden walls. If you don’t get tired of inspecting trees while speeding along to the different interesting places and temples around Den Pasar, I would advise you to watch in particular the fine leafed old Tamaris trees. I was fortunate enough to dis- ‘cover on several occasions trees with about a hundred plants of Vanda limbata attached to their higher stems and branches. Though not ithe proper flowering time, I several times saw labout a dozen spikes with rather bigger and more intensely coloured flowers than the variety I found not far from Soorabaja and near Grizee in Java. This pretty Vanda seems to prefer single trees in more open country, and J never found it far from the sea. Occasionally you can see this Vanda growing in the temple grounds on the Frangipanni trees. It certainly is not sufh- ciently plentiful to be called common. But now let us take one of the fine roads lead- ing up to the mountains with their jungles and crater lakes. The most interesting road from an Orchid hunter’s point of view as well as for sceriic beauties, is the new road from Den Pasar in the south to Booleleng in the north, across the centre of the island. This road in its highest parts has only been finished some months ago, and leads to some of the finest jungle on the island. Leaving Den Pasar, the car takes you in about an hour’s drive to heights of 2000 to 3000 feet. In many places along this road you —— AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 see plenty of Spathoglottis, especially where the ast-running streams from the mountains have cut deep gorges through the volcanic soil. D. crumenatum again is plentiful on the road and village trees, but as the road takes you higher you find more often a related and also very pretty Dendrobium inhabiting moss-covered branches of trees, It has very much narrower, thinner leaves’ and the thickened part of the pseudo bulbs is shorter and rounder. The flowers are white or PAGE THIRTEEN between Bratan lake and lake Boojan you pass through a large coffee plantation, where you can find as many V. swavis as you wish to see, often. only a few yards up the trees. Unfortunately, this was not the flowering season of this Vania, and therefore I had no chance to look for special varieties, Many of the Coelogynes mentioned before flowered on the coffee and jungle trees, also a few less conspicuous Orchids, VANDA SANDERIANA A magnificent plant of this choice species. A reproduction in colour of Vanda Sanderiana appeared in our issue for October, 1936 pale pinkish, rather small, but often plentifully isplayed; if not D. linearifolium, it must be a near relation, Nearing the beautiful Bratan lake, an old water-filled crater surrounded by almost un- touched jungle, you will have to inspect more carefully the larger trees to find Vanda suavis, which is still quite plentiful, But to see it in greater numbers you will have to leave your car and inspect the rows of shade trees between vegetable plantations at about 2-3000 feet, some istance away from the motor road. Later on, Block by courtesy of “De Orchidee.” Driving over the top of the pass, down again on the northern side of the mountains towards Gitgit, I had a very pleasant surprise. Naturally taking in as much as possible of the Orchid world growing left and right on the road, I noticed down in a gorge several colonies of a purple flowering plant. Not having seen it before, the car had to be stopped—which I am sorry to say was not often possible for lack of time—and climbing down the steep gorge and a little up the other side I was very pleased to find in front of me several nice plants of the PAGE FOURTEEN rather rare Calanthe emarginata, This beautiful Orchid has purple mauve flowers in different shades and of good size and shape. I hope to be able to grow the few plants I took away, leay- ing nice patches untouched, Later on a little farther down the road I had to stop the car again because I noticed high up in the branches of a jungle giant, a good distance off the road, some flowering Orchids. Inspection through the field-glass was the only way to find out what they might be. I think it was Dendrobium mutabile in a very dark form, or some other species closely related to it, as I could distinguish a cluster of flowers. On another mountain road near Kintamani, where Vanda suavis is plentiful again and is found to a height of about 4500 feet, I found a white or pale green coloured variety, or more likely a distinct species, with a large green blotch on the lip. After crossing over from Bali to Soorabaja in Java, the first Orchids you notice are the Den- drobium crumenatum again on many trees in the suburbs of this city. Going on by train to Djoka, the nearest town to the famous Booro- boodoor temple, you can see on many trees lining the roads near the railway line, especially on Tamaris and Kanary trees, many of the Den- drobium crumenatum, quite often the Aerides virens, As mentioned before, the Frangipanni tree is one of the best hosts for Orchids in the tropics, and here in Java also you often find large groves of these trees growing over the burying places of the natives. When admiring the Brambanan temple near Djokja, I noticed in a rice field not far from the road one of these larger clusters of Frangipanni trees. Walking across, I found Orchids on every one of them, besides Dendrobium crumenatum, ‘several nice plants of Rhynchostylis retusa. Of course, here these plants were tabu for me, as they were helping to beautify the resting places of the dead. I saw a few more R. retusa from the train on the stems of cocoanut trees near Maos on the way to Bandung, the mountain city of Java. Soon after passing through Maos, the railway line leaves the low lands and, nearly always rising, takes you through one of the most beauti- ful parts of Java. A good many rather broad and deep valleys are bridged by very fine struc- tures, from a distance almost looking like fili- gran work, Deep down in the gorges the waters, at present yellow after the rain, rush over big boulders, often forming good waterfalls. The sides of these gorges are Orchid land indeed, but too far away and too quickly passed to distin- guish many except Spathoglottis and Arudina. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 Nearing the height of the Bandung high plain, but still about 80 km. distant from the town, the scenic beauty of the railway line is grandest. Down gorges, over broad valleys and glistening rice fields in thousands of terraces, you get splendid vistas to the far volcanoes with their more or less cloud covered tops, It is not easy here to drag your eyes away from this grandiose scenery to the mountain side where you might detect your Orchids. But I had seen here before, and had to look for again, a very beautiful golden Orchid, It is seen growing singly or in patches on the side of the railway cuttings in places where the grass is only short, the ground more stony, and often amongst Selaginella and Lycopodium plants, It is Spathoglottis affinis, seen from the distance looking like a richly col- oured Ixia. The flowers are not arranged in heads like on the common Spathoglottis, but are spread over the upper half of the stem, giving the plant that very pleasing ixia-like appearance. There exists, as I may mention here, a very pretty artificial hybrid between this Spathoglottis and Sp. plicata, also between this and the similar golden yellow Sp. aurea. On former occasions I saw amongst these Spathoglottis several plants of Habenaria Susannae, with their very large white frilled flowers, but this time I looked in vain, When, after leaving the fine mountain city of Bandung behind, you finally reach Weltevreden- Batavia, a drive round the European quarter with its pretty bungalows and well-kept gar- dens will show you how much use is made here of Orchids to beautify gardens and homes. In nearly every garden you see Spathoglottis, Arun- dina, Arachnanthe, Vanda teres and the hybrid V. Miss Joaquim in pots or flower-beds. On the veranda and trees you see many of the favourite Phalaenopsis amabilis, the Angraec buluan (Moon Orchid) of the Malays, or Dendrobium phalaenopsis from Aroe and Tanimbar Islands. After Java your steamer visits other places rich in Orchids, but let this suffice. Acknowledgment @ Grateful acknowledgments are made to “De Orchidee,” the well-known Orchid Journal of the Netherlands East Indies, for the loan of a -number of blocks appearing in this issue. The friendly feeling existing between the Australian Orchid Societies and their neighbour at Batavia is most gratifying. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 PAGE FIFTEEN Orchids and the Man PART 2—DEBITS AND CREDITS J. MURRAY COX, Brisbane, Q- In our December issue, we completed Part I of this series, entitled “Brains in the Culture.” We here commence publication of Part II and this will be concluded in our following issues. The third and final part will be entitled “Romance.” : @ What we call civilisation has passed through many phases during the centuries which have run their course since this planet, Earth, changed from a molten mass into the solid harbourage VANDA COERULEA A beautifully coloured form of this bopular species. A native of Northern India, Burma and Assam, it can be successfully cultivated in New South Wales in a cool house or even in a warm spot out of doors. Considerable variation in colouring occurs. —Plant grown by T. H. James. of mankind that we know to-day. It is not for me to trace the development of mankind in this Paper, but I would like to point out that philo- sophic studies of the origin and history of the sas “Homo” show that mankind has evolved : onan many stages to the queer beings we are a ay. In the beginning Man was but little above the brute creatures, and his kind was in- capable of visualising anything but the urgent anes of the moment, As time drifted along ts heedless way, the creature created in the 4 €ness of God slowly but certainly developed sae of co-ordinating and controlling its ame S, and as a result of this new-found ability ormulated certain ideals and rules which ¢came the first laws or conventions which govy- erned the conduct of the new race of beings. In the dawn days of intelligence our prehistoric ancestors were naturally easily alarmed. They knew nothing of the physical causes of natural events, such as the appearance of lightning and its concomitant storm, the sudden eclipse of the sun and the moon, the regular progression and change of the seasons, the alarming increase of the wind and the strange calms that de- scended from no one knew where. All these natural phenomena caused askance in the un- developed human understanding and the result- ant philosophy or scheme or behaviour was one of absolute materialism. Centuries later this materialism was again expressed in the words, “Let us eat, drink and be merry—for to-morrow we die.” Since those early days of darkness, mankind has progressed through a series of cycles with ever recurring phases of materialism which give PAGE SIXTEEN place by slow degree to Idealism, which in its turn again makes way for materialism. But with the evolution of mankind the starkness of h’‘s materialism seems to decrease with each of its successive appearances, At the present day we are at the peak of another phase of materialism in the progress of humankind. This does not mean that there are no instances of supreme idealism or altruism in these latter days. Far from it. From time to time we hear of sublime feats of self negation, of the gift of that greatest AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 establish certain constants — certain equations which can express what we mean by a profit or a loss. If we add up the actual pounds, shillings and pence expended by us in the cause of our hobby, we will probably find that the total is much greater than we anticipated, and when we consider the possible realisation value of our various collections, we are forced to admit that from a pecuniary point of view the growing of Orchids is not a profitable undertaking. Fortunately, very few of us commence grow- ODONTOGLOSSUM BELLA A pretty hybrid. Considerable progress is now being made in Australia with these charming subjects. The plant pictured above was grown at Maleny, Queensland. Grown by Mr, W. H. R. Burnett. Photo. by Mr. T. C. Harveyson. of all gifts—a man’s life for his friends—and to the greater glory of mankind through its history in recent times we have authenticated instances of the sacrifice not merely of the lives and interests of individuals, but of classes and nations who have willingly and gladly given up everything for the future benefit of the human race, Living in a materialistic age, it becomes the custom to calculate the profit or loss—the debits and the credits—of all our undertakings—and our hobbies are not exempted from the obli- gation. Does it pay to grow Orchids? Does the total of our receipts exceed that of our expenditure? Before we can answer these questions we must ing these plants with a view to making a cash profit, but nevertheless we do expect to show a balance in our favour when we total up our profit and loss account. The beginner starts of with his few plants of little pecuniary worth—perhaps a Kingianum he has found, storm tossed from a gum tree, as he rambled through a forest glade; a speciosum picked up for a few pence at an auction sale, maybe a Calanthe veratrifolia someone has given him in mistake for a new kind of lily, and so forth. He has an opportunity to buy an exotic or two from some alien clime and proudly sets them up in his bush house. Daily, with tender care, he gazes at these few prizes, this nucleus of the great collection he dreams of possessing in (Continued on Page Twenty-three) AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 PAGE SEVENTEEN LAELIO-CATTLEYA Mrs. KITTY WALLACE A choice hybrid of L. C. Zeno x L, C. Pyramus Plant grown and photo. by Mr. T. C. Harveyson. Cultivation of Cattleyas and their Allies W. J. F. PLOWMAN, Oatley, N.S.W. ® Where a collection of Catileyas and their various Hybrids is cultivated, some will be mak- Ng up their pseudo bulbs when the days are short with little sunshine to help matters along. Yet the grower need have no fear, for ex- Perience has taught us that if arranged at the Warmest end of the house and kept well up to the light, the plants will complete bulbs which will Produce scapes almost equal to those made earlier in the year. The chief stumbling block to the average gardener when he commences Orchid growing ‘S Tepotting. He often decides to have a thorough ean of his plants in the spring; all re- deste EON, and many never recover. Annual ae ance Is not necessary, and no plant should duire top-dressing every year if the watering is properly carried out, and the house damped down regularly during dry weather. This in- duces healthy growth, and is easily controlled if we instal a hygrodeik or a hygrometer, when the humidity is easily ascertainable. No rigid rule should be laid down as to when to repot. Catfleyas, Laelias, Brassavolas and their numerous hybrids should be repotted when root-action begins, and the best time of all is when a fresh batch of roots are seen pushing from the base of the current year’s growth or nearly-developed pseudo bulb. A careful watch is advised so as to carry out the operation before the new roots grow too long; but an observant cultivator will soon be able to just anticipate their appearance and have his plants repotted so that they immediately enter the new com- (Continued on Page Nineteen) PAGE EIGHTEEN AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1930 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 Cultivation of Cattleyas (Continued from Page Seventeen) one Never use old compost at any time, as Rs is very detrimental to any class of Orchid. nnual disturbance must not be practised, so sufficient space should be left for at least two seasons’ growth, The object of repotting an Orchid should € to provide additional root room; but this does not always mean that a larger receptacle is necessary, The contrary is occasionally the case, while a pot of the same dimensions is often used. To the novice or beginner, this may at first sight 4ppear paradoxical, but when it is explained that nae st the back pseudo bulbs are useless aa est e cut off, the practical idea will at a ¢ grasped. Three or four behind each lead growing point are ample, and there will be no need to disturb the plant to any great extent. eee in favour of Orchid growing is that sa ve ity and flowering capacity of the plants gates retained without their taking up any ipa ge room, unless the species or variety entra increasing, when the old bulbs can be seen to see if they will form a shoot from € of the dormant eyes, SS AT LEFT ; POELIO-CATTLEYA Mrs. PERCY BIGNOLD ant grown and photographed by Mr. T. C.. Harveyson. Block by courtesy of “The Queenslander.” re REM Sig 2 Hr ae eS VEE There is, however, one other reason for re- ceene: which occasionally occurs in almost ae pornscuony This is when a plant becomes aoten nearly all its roots decay. The only BH is then to adopt is to wash away all the reais post and cut off the dead roots, and Biber In a pot just large enough to take the aes ue plenty of drainage is essential, while “eh st be kept firm by a neat, green stick, when t. 3 : careful and constant attention, it generally recovers, vie best rooting medium, and one that will Sint results, is as follows: Osmunda fibre, atv pet be sweet and fresh, two parts; ayn P Ee sphagnum moss, which must be firm Tl § ieee One part; and one part crushed crocks Suver sand, both of which should be washed and 3 made clean and sweet, and with some of PAGE NINETEEN the Hybrids one part also of fresh Todea fibre will be found very beneficial. Ordinary flower pots, thoroughly cleaned and results are obtained by the use of wood baskets, which allow moist air to have access to the roots of the plant, which is such a feature of successful cultivation. These baskets are usually made of teak, but the round branches of she-oak make excellent baskets, the roots of Cattleyas finding good roothold in the coarse bark if the wood that the baskets are made from is green. DENDROBIUM CREPIDATUM A free-flowering native of Assam. The flowers are waxy, white flushed with pink and carry a golden-yellow stain on lip. Plant grown by His Honour Judge Markell. E. A. Hamilton. Photo. by Mr. Whether baskets or pots are used, they must be filled to one fourth of their depth with drain- age, over which is arranged a thin layer of sphagnum moss to preserve a free outlet for water. When repotting, the last made pseudo bulb should be as near the centre as possible, and so arranged that when the operation is completed, the surface of the mixture will be on a level with PAGE TWENTY the rim of the receptacle. Press the compost fairly firm and allow the growing point to rest on the top; and when the loose particles are neatly clipped off with a pair of scissors or shears the plant should be thoroughly watered, wetting the whole of the compost, and if the surround- ings are kept moist by occasionally damping the stages and paths, no more will be required for a week or two. As growth advances and root action increases, water may be applied more frequently till the bulbs are fully matured, when water is needed in very small quantities; but the pseudo bulbs must not be allowed to shrivel through lack of moisture. The practice of drying off Cattleyas and their Hybrids, until the pseudo bulbs shrivel, to in- duce flowering, is decidedly dangerous and very detrimental to the future growth of the plant and should never be countenanced. Give the plants plenty of ventilation and light during the growing period and a good watering regu- larly during the warm days, and when growth is completed withhold water until. the plants are fairly dry, but never enough to cause shriv- elling, and you will be well repaid with flowers later on. When the flower bud can be seen pushing up at the base of the sheath, water can be given in large quantities until the flowers are about to open. Cattleyas and their Hybrids always enjoy plenty of warmth, light and ventilation, and under such conditions growth should be healthy and vigorous and the foliage deep green, and the plants should increase yearly and produce fine specimens. Never shade too heavily and thereby bring about conditions which produce that soft, flabby growth so detrimental to these beautiful plants. I firmly believe that Cat#leyas and their Hybrids cannot be successfully grown and flowered without heat during the cold winter months, when I find it imperative not to allow the temperature of the house during the night time to fall below 50°, or, better still, 55°, or as near that temperature as possible, and to do this satisfactorily, thermostatic control is very desirable. Notice to Contributors @ Readers are again reminded that contributions of articles and photographs for reproduction in the “Review” are welcomed. Matter for publi- cation in the June issue should be forwarded to Mr. R. M. Stewart, 197 Elizabeth Street, Sydney, N.S.W., before the end of April. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 A Letter from Rio de Janiero (Continued from Page Four) “As for myself, I live in Rio—a most beauti- ful city of about 1,700,000 people—there is no official census, At the present time, everything is rosy and business is thriving. We have a new Constitution and our President, Senr. Gertulio Vargas is the Right Man in the Right Place and everyone is happy. SARCOCHILUS PALLIDUS A graceful species Block by courtesy of ‘De Orchidee.” “It has been raining for months (26/11/37) with hot spells between, and our Catéleyas are sending up their shoots. You can almost hear them grow, such is their speed. I grow my Orchids in large pots (6 inches across the top) with large holes for quick drainage, and also use tree trunks. I started a year ago, and my tech- nical knowledge is about nil, but I love my plants, and when a new flower is born I spend as long lcoking at it as if I had never seen an- other flower in all my life. All bugs and other things which threaten to spoil my fun are treated very roughly—I squeeze the last breath out of them. “When our exchange improves, I shall cer- tainly import some Australian Orchids, and your ‘Review’ will then help me to select some choice species. “I close with best wishes of good luck with your own collection and for a Merry Christmas and prosperous New Year to yourself and all the Australian growers.” AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 PAGE TWENTY-ONE Speaking of Heat Cc. WH. SHERLDINE, Tempe, N.S.W. This will form a useful companion article to that by Mr. Palmer, to appear in our next issue, on “A Glasshouse for Beginners.” . Ne matter how successful one may have been in the cultivation of Orchids in a cool glass ouse or a bush house, the urge will come sooner you less and less as the germ gains in virulence. We all firmly believe that by purchasing Orchid plants we are storing away a nice little nest egg CYPRIPEDIUM LOWII A native of Borneo, this species requires warm treatment. The dorsal sepal is yellowish, veined, and shading to brownish-purple at the base. The tips of the petals are violet-purple, and the spots are black. The bloom was 17.5cm. (almost 7ins) across. Grown by Mrs. E. M. Mitchell. Photo. by Mr. H. T. R. Overall. east @ install heat and for many of limited eae initial Cost, as well as the cost of malls e, is a serious problem. The Orchid Ata A 8 germ works slowly but surely and mater smpnetwith natives—even with those s0lpicying estrials which one’s friends regard ochee meg z is but a short step to contacting see shen a an ccarenthnslasts who will very Oyitiiinn we Ring hungrily about Cyps., RS dite eis an “ Dendrobes and so on. This ase ace ning of the end—for you begin to in dae ror oaer and soothe your conscience by San ite Rene ae the plants are cheap. Then to India aoe of the local dealers or send away wer wath rpaaie the basis of your exotic col- and as for the expense—this troubles for the future—to be converted into cash one of these days—but it seldom is. And so we build a glass house, and since | am writing for the assistance of those of limited means, let it be a small one. This suffices for our Cyps, Dendrobes and many other varieties. It is a feature of this Orchid disease that we must have a glass house—we are either not satis- fied with the infinite number of beautiful species which grow to perfection in a bushhouse—or else we convince ourselves that they will do bet- ter under glass. It is a feature, however, which has its advantages, because from Slippers and so on, it soon becomes necessary—and being in the condition we are, “necessary” is the right word—to acquire Caftleyas and others in the PAGE TWENTY-TWO AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 VANDA HOOKERIANA A Malayan specie~ of striking appearance. The sepals and petals are white flushed with purple, the lip being also white, heavily marked with amethyst-purple, and having deep purple side lobes. heat loving class and hence the problem of in- stalling a heating unit arises—and we gradually transfer our cool growing kinds back to the— for them—more congenial conditions of the bushhouse or the shade of trees. I went through all the phases as outlined above without drawing breath—until this prob- lem of heat arose, Here I paused. I studied three most commonly used _installations—gas, electricity and coke, but each had its objections. Two applied to all—initial cost and upkeep, and with the cheapest—coke—arose the third, the keeping up of the fire. With gas and electricity this could be overcome by installing thermos- tatic control, but at a cost beyond many of us. I was keenly interested in a sub-soil electric coil which was offered to me on trial by one of the electrical goods companies. It was sold in 100 foot lengths at £2/10/- a length and consumed 750 watts an hour at 14d. a unit; this worked out at about 1d, an hour. Even this, however, would be expensive unless you could obtain power at the commercial rate of about 3d. a unit. Block by courtesy of ‘De Orchidee.” I regretfully abandoned this idea which seemed particularly good, and went in search of some ingenious friend who could suggest something cheaper. After hearing such bright ideas as the focus- sing of mirrors on a glass container of oil to store up sun heat for use after sunset—over- looking the absence of sun heat on cold, bleak dull days when warmth would be most needed —and the installing of a container of sawdust surrounded by a water jacket, the sawdust to be lit to heat the water—I encountered a plumber who overcame all my difficulties with a very simple and inexpensive apparatus which can easily be put together by a handy man or installed by a plumber very cheaply. This I have found to be ample to heat a small house—say about 1000 cubic feet—14ft x 9ft. x 8ft. high. It keeps my winter temperature at a minimum of 50 degrees, which makes all the difference, because it is only seldom that the temperature drops so low. — The running cost works out at a fraction over a shilling a week—running night and day. AUSTRALIAN: ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 It needs practically no attention, requiring to be looked at only about once every three or four days, This heater uses for its element an ordinary Kerosene lamp, and | will endeavour to describe its Construction in the hope that it may be of interest to others who are faced with the same Problems as I was. ‘he lamp is placed immediately below a tube, 12 inches long, and of 2} inches diameter. To the bottom of this, inside, is soldered another tube which has the same diameter at the bottom ut which tapers, so that its diameter at the top is 15 inches, leaving a half-inch space all round between the two tubes at the top. This Space is covered by a soldered tin cover. At the top of this double tube, a pipe is let in through the outer casing, and this connects with a 2 inch Pipe line which runs round the house in the Usual way, returning to the heater to be con- Sees up with the lower part of the tube. At 3 € first bend, an exhaust pipe of } inch diameter S inserted and just before the end of the pipe ine, a reservoir is let in to the lower pipe. This creme cally keeps the space between the two Ubes filled with water, and the oil lamp soon PAGE TWENTY-THREE heats it so that it circulates round the pipe system, returning by the lower pipe, to be warmed up again. In addition to using the warm water, I have run a flexible pipe from the space, or chimney, at the bottom of which the lamp burns, and by means of this, use hot air to warm the upper part of the house, just under the glass where the hot air pipe discharges. I have noted abso- lutely no ill effects from any fumes there may be. In my own case, the water piping is 7 feet long, of 2 inch diameter pipe. If a longer run is required it would appear to be desirable to use I inch diameter pipe for the return journey. The lamp is used with only % inch wick, and this I find ample for my small house—the system taking about an hour to become thoroughly hot. The lamp, of course, needs to be kept filled with kerosene, and the attention necessary depends on the size of the kerosene container. The water reservoir also needs to be looked at occa- sionally and kept filled. Of course, a much larger plant than mine can be installed, if desired, and I cannot see that the extra cost would be very great. Orehids and the Man (Continued from Page Sixteen) the not-so-distant future. Then one day he sees upon one of the stems of one of his plants a tiny swelling that he knows was not there before. an it be a flower spike? How eagerly that embryo is watched—how expectantly he sees the little swelling lengthen into a scape, the little buds show out, swell, and at last—oh, joy of JOys supreme!—burst into the delicate beauty of an Orchid bloom. Truly, I say to you, the joy €xperienced by a true Orchid lover upon secur- ing his first home-grown Orchid flower is a Joy that is never forgotten, and must ever figure 4S a credit in his account book of Life. I have never lost the thrill that my first Orchid gave me, and although I have flowered Many choicer blooms since, I still treasure the Memory of that first triumph. Then again, there is the pleasure we get from the gradual improvement of our technique. ake potting, for instance. When we look back to those early attempts of ours to so pot our new arrival that it complied with all the requirements SO glibly enumerated by our enthusiastic friends, and remember how hopeless it all seemed—that Wretched stake that would never stay rigid and tm, or if it did we found it was in the wrong place—those crocks that would not stand on end long enough to enable us to set their com- panions alongside—the fibre that, press it how and when we would, simply jumped out of posi- tion as soon as we left off pressing it—the diffi- culty we found in holding the plant with one hand, the pot with another, while we gazed wildly around in the hope that a third arm might miraculously have grown, like a new Eve, from our ribs to tie that rebellious growth for us—-and then that gradually acquired skill which made the potting of the crankiest plant almost a child’s play. That satisfaction, too, can be duly credited to our Profit and Loss Account. And what of our vanity—for we all are vain in some degree (and it is a very poor-spirited creature who can find nothing in his life to justify a little quite innocent vanity). Do we not feel that we have achieved something when we can say to our neighbour (who, poor soul, grows nothing more important than a few prize Dahlias, Roses, Chrysanthemums, and so forth), “Oh, Mr. Smith, do come in and see this new Cattleya 1 have flowered.” How proudly do we strut before him, and with what a sense of triumph do we produce our treasure. Here again we enter upon the credit side of our ledger a (Continued at foot of next page) PAGE TWENTY-FOUR AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 An Unknown Angraecum E. P. FIRTH, Fort Ternan, Kenya Colony @ As far as I know, very few of the Kenya Angraecums have been identified, and many of them appear to be extremely local. In my searches for Orchids, | have covered considerable areas in this colony and believe that certain varieties exist only in small patches on certain rivers, AN ANGRAECUM Can any reader identify this plant? Plant grown and photo. by Mr. E. P. Firth. Orehids and the Man (Continued from previous page) little profit. Possibly, however, our greatest apparent profit in the cultivation of Orchids comes from the pleasure we get in being able to add to the pleasure of others by giving our blooms, The maiden about to make her debut may -have a little extra sparkle in her eye if a white Orchid or so is there to enhance the beauty.of her posy —or the bride so courageously and hopefully setting out on her life voyage may feel the happier for your gift of Orchids for her bouquet. And out of the happiness so giveft we can score for ourselves further profits in that growing table of debits and credits. The accompanying photograph depicts an Angraecum which I have named ‘‘Ngong”’ be- cause it is found in that locality. The flowers are pure white, about 1 inch in diameter, and the spurs are from 4 inches to 5 inches long. The flowers are sweetly perfumed at night only. Each stem of the parent Orchid has 3-4 racemes about 9 inches long, bearing 6-10 flowers. A well grown, large plant may carry a dozen bearing shoots and throw 20-30 flower spikes at the one time. The plant shown is quite a young plant with but one flower-bearing stem and a new one growing up behind. I have it growing in a 10 inch pot, one-third filled with crocks and char- coal, over which is placed a layer of coir fibre. The rest of the pot is filled with leaf mould and topped with a layer of moss. This compost seems to suit most of the Angraccums, as they like cool and moist root conditions. This plant is found at an elevation of 5600- 6000 feet in forests near Nairobi, growing in large clumps over two feet in diameter, with masses of aerial roots in all directions, It ap- pears to flower in February and September with us—these months being more or less at the breaking of each rainy season, I do not know if any of the readers of these notes can help me identify this species. I should like to hear from anyone who recognises it. Then there are those more melancholy occa- _ sions when the long and weary pain-ridden hours of a sick friend may be lightened somewhat by the gift of a few of our brightest blooms—or when standing beside the ashes of a revered or beloved one we reverently place upon the cover- ing shroud our last gift of Orchids—surely it is in these things that our profit lies. (To be Continued) A Visit to the Neweastle Growers @ It is regretted that, owing to pressure of space, the concluding portion of this article has been held over till our next issue. AUSTRALIAN’ ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 PAGE TWENTY-FIVE Some Notes on Nomenclature H. M. R. RUPP, Raymond Terrace, N.S.W. This is the second and concluding portion of Mr. Rupp’s index to the meaning of names of Australian Orchid Genera 8. Eria, (Lindley.) Greek word meaning a tank or reservoir; reason for name obscure, but wt may allude to the very succulent leaves. 2 Austr.; about 80 exotic. 10. Luisia, (M. Gaudichaud, 1789-1864.) Named. after Luis de Torres. 1 Austr.; 15 exotic, ceqgl ls Sarcochilus. (Robert Brown, 1773-1858.) Fleshy lip” or labellum, About 15 Austr.; 50 exotic, 12. Chiloschista, (Lindley.) “Cleft lip.” At fast 1 Austr.; several exotic. _ 13. Cleisostoma, (Blume.) “Closed mouth,” in illusion to the obstruction at the orifice of the spur. About 10 Austr.; 30 exotic. & 14. Ornithochilus, (N. Wallich, 1787-1854.) Bird’s beak” or lip; 1 Austr.; several exotic. Oc Taeniophyllum, (Blume.) ‘“Ribbon-leaf.” ur only known Austr. species is leafless, but there are over 20 exotics, : 16. Shathoglottis. (Blume). F. M. Bailey says Spathe tongue-shaped,” but surely this is an ‘tror and should be ‘Tongue spade-shaped”? 2 Austr.; about 20 exotic. é 17. Phaius, (J. de Loureiro, 1715-1796.) The : teek word means dusky or brown. Bailey says € name is an allusion to the beauty of the Owers, but I cannot see the connection. The Perianth of P, grandifolius, and perhaps of others, 1S mottled brown inside. 2 Austr.; 20 exotic. 18. Calanthe. (R. Brown.) “Beautiful flower.” Austr.; about 130 exotic. 19. Pholidota, (Lindl.) Compound Greek word apparently alluding to the wheat-ear trangement of the racemes, the closely-set Owers, each sheltered by a prominent bract. ustr.; over 30 exotic, 20. Eulophia, (R. Brown.) “Beautiful crest,” or more literally “well crested.” 3 Austr.; at €ast 200 exotic. 21. Cymbidium. (O. Swartz, 1760-1830.) “A aes boat,” apparently alluding to the shape of € labellum in some species. No. of Austr. Species uncertain, perhaps 6; 40 exotic. 4 22. Dipodium (R. Brown.) ‘“T'wo-footed.” Austr.; several exotic, lit 23. Geodorum, (W. Jack or Jacks, 1795- 1822.) Derivation a little obscure, but the combination of Greek words seems to mean “watching the earth.” As the raceme matures it curves over till the flowers face the ground. 1 Austr.; 12 exotic. 24. Anoectochilus, (Blume.) I have not been able to satisfy myself as to the meaning of this “Exposed lip”? 1 Austr.; about 30 name. exotic, DENDROBIUM DELICATUM One of the several forms of this now scarce Australian native. Its colour is white, shaded with rose. Plant grown by Mr. W. Schmidt. Overall. Photo by Mr. H. J. R. 25. Cheirostylis. (Blume.) The derivation sug- gests a hand-like column—I am not clear about this. 2 Austr.; 12 or more exotic. 26. Epipogum. (J. G. Gmelin, 1709-1755.) The derivation suggested at sight is Gr. Epi, upon, pogon, a beard; but this makes no sense as far as I can see, Jt may, however, be a com- posite derived from three Greek words, giving the sense of “pressed down,” and so obscurely PAGE TWENTY-SIX alluding to the nodding or pendulous habit of the raceme. 1 Austr.; and one exotic. 27. Galeola. (Loureiro.) “A little helmet.” (Latin.) The allusion is not very obvious in either of our two Austr. species. About 10 exotic. 28. Rhizanthella, (Dr. R. S. Rogers.) A com- bination of Greek words meaning “root” and “Jittle flower,” alluding to the subterranean habit of the whole plant. 1 Austr. (W.A.). 29. Cryptanthemis, (Rev. H. M. R. Rupp.) Gr. “Hidden flower.” Like No. 28, this plant is subterranean. 1 Austr. (N.S.W.). 30. Gastrodia, (R. Brown.) Literally “pot- bellied,” an apt if not elegant allusion to the form of the flower. 1 Austr.; about 12 exotic. 31. Corymbis. (du Petit-Thouars.) The flowers are in corymb-like panicles. 1 Austr.; about 12 exotic. 32. Spiranthes. (Richard.) ‘‘Spiral flowers”— they are in a spirally-arranged, spike-like raceme. 1 Austr.; about 60 exotic. 33. Zeuxine, (Lindley.) Apparently from Gr. Zeuxis, a yoking or joining, but I cannot trace the allusion. 2 Austr.; 20 exotic. 34. Hetaeria, (Blume.) “Closely associated” — from the affinity with the next genus. 1 Austr.; 20 exotic, 35. Goodyera, (R. Brown.) Named after John Goodyer. 2 Austr.; about 40 exotic. 36. Vanda, (R. Brown.) I do not know the origin of this name, There are said to be 2 or 3 in N. Australia. About 30 exotic. 37. Calochilus. (R. Brown.) ‘Beautiful lip.” 6 Austr.; one or two in New Caled. and N.Z. 38. Thelymitra. (R. & G. Forster, 18th cent.) The name denotes a Greek woman’s headdress, suggested by the structure of the column in most species. About 25 Austr. 39. Epiblema, (R. Brown.) Greek Epi upon, blema a throw or cast—also meaning coverlet. The meaning seems most obscure. 1 Austr. (W.A.). 40. Diuris. (Sir J. E. Smith.) ‘Two tails.” About 22 Austr.; one or two Malayan. 41. Orthoceras, (R. Brown.) “Straight-horn,” in allusion to the erect lateral sepals. 1 Austr., and N.Z. 42. Cryptostylis, (R. Brown.) ‘Hidden column,” concealed under the large labellum of the (reversed) flower. 4 Austr.; about 14 exotic, 43. Prasophyllum. (R. Brown.) ‘“Leek-leaf.” Nearly 50 Austr.; a few in N.Z. 44, Goadbyella, (Dr. Rogers.) After Lieut. Col. B. T. Goadby. 1 Austr. (W.A.). AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 45. Mycrotis, (R. Brown.) ‘A little ear.” Said to refer to the anthers. I have also heard that it alludes to the resemblance of the closely- packed flowers to wheat-ears. 9 Austr.; a few exotic. ‘ 46, Pterostylis. (R. Brown.) ‘Winged col- umn.” A very constant feature. Approx. 40 Austr.; several N.Z, and N. Caled. 47. Corysanthes. (R. Brown.) flowers.” 7 Austr.; about 30 exotic. 48. Caleana, (R. Brown.) After George Caley, an elderly botanist in N.S.W. 5 Austr.; 1 of them in N.Z. 49. Drakaea, (Lindley.) After Miss Drake. 4 Austr. (all W.A.). 50. Spiculaea, (Lindley.) ‘SA little spike.” 3 Austr, , 51. Chiloglottis, (R. Brown.) “Lip-tongue.” 6 Austr.; a few in N.Z. 52. Anticheirostylis, (R. D. Fitzgerald, 1831- 1892.) I am unable at present to trace the reason for this name, 1 Austr. (N.S.W.). 53. Lyperanthus. (R. Brown.) ‘‘Mournful flower.” 5 Austr.; a few exotic. 54. Burnettia, (Lindley.) After — Burnett. 1 Austr. 55. Acianthus, (R. Br.) flower.” 6 Austr., a few exotic. 56. Townsonia, (T. F. Cheeseman.) After W. Townson. 1 Austr. (Tas.); 1 N.Z., prob. identical, §7. Eriochilus, (R. Brown.) “Woolly lip.” 6 Austr. 58. Adenochilus. (Sir W. J. Hooker, 1785- 1865.) “Glandular lip.” 1 Austr.; 1 N.Z. 59. Caladenia, (R. Brown.) “Beautiful glands” (on the labellum). About 50 Austr.; a few in N.Z. 60. Glossodia, (R. Brown.) Lit. ‘“Tongue- tooth”—the labellum is tooth-shaped. 5 Austr. 61. Nervilia, (Schlechter?) This was formerly a section of the genus Pogonia, Name possibly connected with the strongly-nerved leaves. 4 or more-Austr.; about 30 exotic. 62. Habenaria, (R. Brown.) Named from the long strap-like “spur.” About 12 Austr. (all trop.) ; 450 exotic. Consolidated Index It is regretted that pressure of business and the magnitude of the work has prevented the Editors from completing the compilation of this Index. It will be ready shortly and will be distributed as a Supplement to our June Number. Readers are advised to delay binding their volumes pend- ing receipt of the Index. “Helmet “Sharp-pointed A USTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 PAGE TWENTY-SEVEN Dendrobium Phalaenopsis G. BATES, Cairns, @. wane aie familiar with Dendrobium phalae- i seas ic , makes such a pretty picture with san Th s of mauve flowers, but how many of ave been privileged to see this fine Den- drobe in i iv u owerin In its native habitat i i es during the fl ing A STANTHOPEA WARDII - one of Guatemala, Wardii is ene representative of this ut a genus. Of large size and yell, ant, the flowers are golden ow, spotted with red-purple. a hy pochil in the centre is es with one or two large black lariat preg Onepately the flowers ae Wee four days, but neverthe- the species is popular for cool- house culture. Plant grown by Mr. J. Smolinski. Photo by Mr. J. R. Bailey. A AES ties a pleasure experienced by me during atl mine to the country west of Cooktown, Pape Fs z sight never to be forgotten. Den- Kean ma aenopsis is known throughout North nis se at the “Cooktown Orchid,” because oe men in the Cooktown district, but it is, , found in many other localities. My data is incomplete, but I have specimens from Leura, 67 miles west of Cooktown; Maytown, which is 45 miles south-west of Leura; and from the Mitchell River district, 60 miles north of- Chillagoe. How far north on Cape York it ex- tends is a matter for speculation. Leaving Cairns per launch one morning, we arrived ‘in Cooktown, nearly a hundred miles away, just before dark, after a trip rich in beauty. The course lies close to land, and one cannot fail to cogitate on the desirability of exploring the almost uninhabited country along the coast, in search of Orchids, But this must PAGE TWENTY-EIGHT wait until another time, as it is Dendrobium phalaenopsis we are out to see this trip—so on to Cooktown, a beautiful place, with a superb climate and a reputation for the quality of its citrus fruits. The railway line, which extends west of Cook- town to Leura, a distance of sixty-seven miles, was built to serve the goldfields, and before day- light next morning we boarded the rail motor “Endeavour” and headed out into the hills. A couple of hours later we were met at the line by friends with pack horses and saddle hacks, and then followed a long day’s ride into the hills. The country is hilly, carrying Bloodwood, Stringy Bark, Ironwood, etc., and is what we term forest country, with grass at present six feet high—splendid cattle country. Scrub was to be found along the rivers, mostly, and the infrequent patches of scrub on the hills is differ- ent from the rain forests of North Queensland, and more will be said about them later. Game was plentiful—turkeys, pigs, geese, ducks and pigeons are all to be seen, while good fishing is to be had in the rivers. For those who desire crocodile shooting, this is to be had by following the rivers towards the mouth. Towards nightfall we pitched camp at the foot of a mountain showing a large patch of scrub, and it was here we expected to see Den- drobium phalaenopsis. We had ridden all day and had only seen Cymbidium canaliculatum in the forest and no Orchid species at all in the scrubs along the river. Those of you who are not familiar with North Queensland are inclined to consider it a climate of big rainfall, and judged by Innisfail and Tully standards, with their precipitation of over two hundred inches per year, so it is. There are, however, “dry belts,” and it will come as a sur- prise to a lot of you to learn that Dendrobium phalaenopsis grows in comparatively dry coun- try, receiving an annual rainfall of forty to forty-five inches, and in places, much less. Most of this forty inches falls in the first three months of the year and is followed by long dry spells. As I mentioned previously, it is mostly ‘‘forest country,” the scrubs being found on the tops and sides of mountains, and it is in these scrubs that Dendrobium phalaenopsis flourishes. It is not scrub as we are wont to use the term in North Queensland, but a low open scrub that can be easily walked through. The North Queens- land variety is jungle or, strictly speaking, “‘rain forest,” and although J noted several trees which grow in the Cairns district (including stinging tree), most of the scrub flora was new to me. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 The contour of the country was rough, with huge outcrops of granite boulders where only a mountain goat would feel at home. In these scrubs the Orchids were growing in profusion —mainly on low shrubs or bushes, the common- est one being known locally as “Quinine Bush.” This is a different plant from that known as Quinine Bush in other parts of Queensland, although similar. The other shrub is very similar in appearance to the Quinine Bush, but having the older branches with a smooth mottled bark, similar to the Guava stem. The leaves are small, like the Quinine Bush. The Government Botanist is unable to identify these plants without flowering specimens, but says they are Myrtaceous plants, like small leaved Eugenia or Myrtus. Occasionally, plants were found growing on rocks, but this was the excep- tion rather than the rule. Mostly they were growing low down and I only saw one plant above twenty feet from the ground. A most noticeable fact was the thin branches on which the Orchids were growing; some of them as thin as a pencil, They were very plentiful, growing mostly singly, and not in clusters, as we some- times find undulatum, on rocks. Flowers could be seen everywhere (it was the month of April) varying in colour from light to dark mauve— the degree of light available to the plant making no difference to the colour of the flower. No white forms were seen among the thousands of plants examined. While I noticed one raceme with three branches, generally there is no branching of the raceme. As to the size of the plants, observa- tions showed that the smallest in flower had pseudo bulbs six inches long, and the largest thirty-six inches. The majority, however, were small, a plant with bulbs eighteen inches high being a big specimen. One fact struck me rather forcibly. The only other Orchid found in these scrubs was the “Pencil Orchid” (D. teretefolium) and rarely were they found on the same tree as D. phalac- nopsis. The latter were invariably on one of the two bushes previously mentioned, on which I never saw D. teretefolium, and only once did I see phalaenopsis on the same tree which was host to feretefolium. Riding back along the creeks, I did notice D. phalaenopsis on Leichhardt, Pandanus Palm, Milk Tree, and also on a tree (probably a Myr- tus) common along every scrub creek in North Queensland. But these, in my opinion, were strays. The plant mentioned before, a Eugenia specie, is the main host, and everywhere it grows (Concluded on Page Thirty) A USTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 PAGE TWENTY-NINE Dendrobium Superbiens Is ita hybrid of Dendrobium bigibbum and Dendrobium undulatum? Seaeneates has come to hand to prove that Ne ie superbiens, the most sought after D fie lan Orchid, is definitely a hybrid between Fi i Srauaa (Thursday Is. Orchid) and D. ulatum (the common Golden Orchid). F . : aim some years Dr. H. L. Lyon, Director of wae Xperiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar ers’ Association, who is a keen Orchid- A NEW DENDROBIUM ropes HYBRID 7 tained by crossing OD. ieleisOtes with D, Phalaenopsis, : ’. Schroederianum, the bloom 4 pretty shade of rose purple, attractively veined. Matic by His Honour Judge Photo. by Mr. E. A. Hamilton prac has been experimenting with the crossing various Australian Dendrobes. ae now writes informing me that many seed- Pe ene from the crossing of Dendrobium tie um and D, undulatum, have flowered, and ay aR all typical Dendrobium superbiens. “ mee is not at all surprising to the writer, who ae ten expressed the opinion that D. superbiens 4 natural Hybrid, and it is interesting to have ae confirmed. i undulatum occurs all along the coast, but and well up the Peninsular before D. bigibbum fetes appearance. In all places where D. rel eS occurs there also is found D. bigibbum D . undulatum, West of Cooktown, where alaenopsis is found in such large numbers, EE is conspicuous by its absence. D er are there any D. superbiens to be found. bhale; Lyon goes on to say that seedlings of D. = enopsis (large flowered type) by D. bigib- nop Produce flowers of the typical D. phalac- Sis type of average size. Mr. Bates’ article, appearing in this issue, is one which will probably surprise a great number or Orchid lovers in Australia. When visiting Honolulu last November, I was fortunate in seeing a batch of this charming hybrid in flower. Having only a few hours available in Honolulu, I was not able critically to examine the flowers, but I would not feel inclined to say at first sight that this hybrid between D. phalaenopsis and D, undulatum is identical with D. superbiens; this is a matter on which Dr. Rogers and Mr. H. M. R. Rupp should pass an opinion, and it is hoped that plants are made available for their critical examination later. The hybrid itself is a beautiful thing indeed, combining much of the shape of D. undulatum with the colour of D. phalaenopsis. The diversity in colour of the two parents is revealed in a tremendous variation in toning of the individual plants which were in flower, hardly two being alike. Quite a number of the most beautiful varieties were as deep a purple as the usual dark D. phalaenopsis, while others showed only a pale trace of this colour, while the centre of the lip was a beautiful green; no flowers, however, that I saw were free from purple colouring. The petals themselves are not particularly wavy, in- deed not so much as the typical D. superbiens, and the shape of the flower is fairly constant. PAGE THIRTY Cool House Culture (Concluded from Page Six) in the December number, Vanda coerulea will still be growing and also flowering. The present treatment need not be varied. This Vanda is liable, under some conditions, to spotting, but that will be dealt with in my next article. Thunias will have ceased growing. When the leaves have fallen, turn the pots on their sides in a cool dry spot and forget them until next August. While there is any actual growth, keep the water going freely. Lycastes will be maturing their bulbs and could do with a little less water, but must not get dry. More air would be of benefit, but not too much light. Coelogyne cristata will also be maturing its bulbs and should receive less water, but the bulbs must not shrivel; they take long to re- cover. They could also now receive more air and light. This species, I find, maintains its foliage in the most healthy condition when grown right outside in broken sunlight. Composts for Orchids (Concluded from Page Eight) alkaline, and this must be allowed for. Lime may be added to increase the alkalinity or alu- minium sulphate used to acidify. Just one more tip. In order to check the best pH for compost for particular plants, test the compost of the most vigorous plant of that species you can find, and then make up your compost to have the same pH reading. At the same time, if the plant tested belongs to someone else, test his water as well, for your water may differ. In my own case, I went a bit further and decided to treat all my tap water with acid to neutralize the alkalinity, This was done by suck- ing into the water pipes a controlled amount of dilute acid, just sufficient to change the pH of the tap water from pH 8 to pH 6.75-7. The device used is a venturi tube injector placed between the hose and the tap and having a side connection to a gallon jug of acid solution. The movement of the water through the device causes a suction which draws the dilute acid into the hose where it becomes thoroughly mixed with the tap water before issuing from the hose nozzle. I have used this device for feeding small amounts of nitrogen compounds into the water in fertilizer experiments, The results in my own case were startling; more roots were produced, larger bulbs were formed, and finer flowers obtained. The plants AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 have that look of good health that we all recog- nize and strive for. We can’t control the weather or the tempera- ture, but we can very simply control the pH of our composts in conjunction with our water. Many times such a control will mean the dif- ference between mediocre and good results, in raising our Orchid plants, and it may be the answer to the different behaviour of plants under nearly the same conditions, Dendrobium Phalaenopsis (Concluded from Page Twenty-eight) there will be found phalaenopsis. The Dendrobium beetle, Stethopachys For- mosa, was found attacking Orchids in their native state, and a white scale (common in bush houses in Cairns) ‘was also noticed on one or two plants. But generally speaking, they were re- markably clean, I trust that these notes, incomplete as they are, describing the conditions under which D. phalaenopsis grows naturally, will be of some interest to readers and may possibly be of some assistance to those who cultivate this species. They grow here either in sunlight or shade, and do very well on tree fern slabs, providing dead fern tree is used, and then only the butt portion. Frangipanni and Custard Apple trees make good hosts, but outstanding of all is the Citrus. D. phalaenopsis placed on Citrus trees will out- grow and outflower plants grown by any other method; particularly if the Citrus trees have been neglected and have moss-covered (but not scale-covered) bark. The Herbert Gorge (Concluded from Page Ten) days, explored the jungles and mountain sides, but still without any luck, so we were forced to the opinion that Phalaenopsis Rosenstromii does not exist in those parts. We came across the tracks of a huge crocodile and two smaller ones, but we did not see them. We considered we were unlucky, in that we did not have any opportunity of indulging in a shot at any croco- diles during the whole of this trip. We indulged in some more fishing and shot turkeys and pigeons, with the object of taking game and fish back to the folk at “Abergowrie” Station. Early the following morning we broke camp, and made for ‘“Abergowrie.” Thus ended our expedition through the Herbert Gorge in search for Phalaenopsis Rosenstromii. We certainly enjoyed ourselves thoroughly, although we failed in the objective which was the main reason for the trip. AUSTR oY, ALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 PAGHSIY, QUALITY’S HIGHEST STANDARD, Steadfastly holding to our initial aim of creating good work alone, we have built a reputation in colour engraving and a branches of process WHS ooo none claim to make better .. . none actually are consistently as good. PHOTO- ENGRAVING ART COMPANY LIMITED HALF-TONE AND COLOUR PLATE SPECIALISTS CENTRAL BUILDINGS, 89 WILLIAM STREET, SYDNEY TELEPHONE F1151-2-3 Mf AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 ORCHIDS OF SIAM Sent to all parts of the world in any quantity Only strong and healthy plants supplied Lists free on application O R Cc [Ly [ D S The Bangkrabue Nursery We hold an immense stock of FINE HEALTHY ORCHIDS BANGKRABUE, BANGKOK, SIAM A Wonderful Selection of HYBRID CATTLEYAS LAELIO-CATTLEYAS I CYPRIP: DIUMS INDIAN ORCHIDS ODONTOGLOSSUMS Fine collections of showy Orchids for MILTONIAS £1, £2/10/-, and £5. Packing and Plants of flowering size. Over 35 years’ experience Postage free to any address. _ in export ae 3) Aree Sm Pr CATALOGUE without obligation. G. GHOSE & Co. MANS E LL & HATCHER Exporters of Orchids, Liliums and Himalayan Limited Flower Seeds. Dept AOR. RAWDON, LEEDS, England TOWNEND, DARJEELING, INDIA PGE SOE SAAR AIRS PIE SIR NST LE IRENE | = SANDERS St. ALBANS CATTLEYA, CYMBIDIUM, ORCHID GROWERS, HERTS., ENGLAND OVER 50 YEARS’ EXPERIENCE AT YOUR SERVICE Splendid stock of CYPRIPEDIUM, ODONTOGLOSSUM and PHALENOPSIS hybrids. Rae: 70 Sat ALL HOUSES ORCHID ALL CLIMES Over 3 acres of newly-built houses WRITE FOR devotedetalOrchids Special OEere Latest Price Lists “Cultivation of Orchids” An illustrated and interesting Book free on appli- cation to Members of the Orchid Societies of New South Wales and Queensland. FLANDRIA : SANDERS ORCHID GUIDE BRUGES (Belgium) A complete work on all best known species Peta ob ler = 1927 EDITION—POST FREE—21/- Mention the “Australian Orchid Review”—it identifies you AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 ORCHIDS Cymbidiums — Cattleyas — Dend- robiums — Cypripediums, &c. You get Good Plants at Keen Prices from Armstrong & Brown Tunbridge Wells, England Write for Price Lists. All orders received shall have our very best at- tention in packing and selection of the plants. PAGE VI ORCHIDS O.chids of merit in great variety Ranging from seedlings to specimens Crm Exhibition or Commercial varieties Hypxias from parents of distinction Wereruine Botanical Specimens Dativered all over the world, by: Stuart Low Co. Nurseries: Jarvisbrook, Sussex. Head Office: Bush Hill Park, Enfield, Middlesex, England Catalogues on application. Inspection of our houses invited. Offer of collections.—small or large—prepared on request. The Scarlet DELPHINIUM Natures gift to Garden Lovers—the Flower of the Future val growing, free flowering, well ranched habit. True Scarlet in colour, ardy, easily grown, long lasting. Plant now. 4/- each. 6 for 21/-. Posted free IFAFA LILIES rey, free flowering in 5 distinct shades. hite, Yellow, Red, Apricot and Pink. One of each, 6/- Philip Montague Bulb Specialist Frankston, Victoria NS et ee ee es Set By Appointment to the Sikkim Government ORCHIDS 50% Cheaper than Australian Prices AERIDES Longicornu, Multiflorum, Odozatum and Racemeformis: 2/6 each. CALANTHE Alismaefolia, Biloba, Brevicornu, Herbacea and Masuca: 2/- each. COELOGYNE Cristata, Elata, Flaccida, Fus- cescens and Ochracea: 1/6 each. CYMBIDIUM Cochleare, Eburneum, Ensifolium, Gammieanum, Giganteum, Grandiflorum, Longifolium, Mastersii and Whiteae: 3/- ea. CYPRIPEDIUM Bellatulum, Fairrieannum, Hir- sutissimum, Venustum and Villosum: 3/- DENDROBIUM Amoenum, Chrysanthum, Densi- florum, Farmerii, Fimbriatum, Var Ocula- tum, Formosum, Heterocarpum, Pierardii, Hookerianum, Longicornu, Moschatum, Nobile and Transparense: 2/- each VANDA Amesiana, Coerulea, Cristata, Kimbali- ana, Parviflora and Teres: 2/- each. AN INTRODUCTORY OFFER OF 12 ORCHIDS IN CYMBIDIUMS, CYPRIPEDIUMS, DEND- ROBIUMS AND VANDAS, 25/- All Post Frete. Descriptive Catalogues free. Cash, please. L. B. PRADHAN & SONS Post, Pakyong, Sikkim, India Mention the “Australian Orchid Review”—it identifies you PAGE VIL AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 DENDROBIUM FALCOROSTRUM Three Bushel Sack 00.00. 15/- Bushel and Half Case 2.00000... 00. 10/- (on Rail Dorrigo) DAVID CLARK Deer Vale, Dorrigo, N.S.W. SIAMESE ORCHIDS 12 Cypripediums in 6 sorts for 40/-; 12 Grand Dendrobiums for 35/-; 20 different showy orchids for 40/-; 12 Vandas in 6 sorts for 35/-; 6 Anthurium andreanum in variety for 60/-. CARRIAGE AND PACKING FREE Good Discount to Wholesale Customers PHRA MAHA VICHAI 822 Prajadhipok Road, Bangkok, Siam Notice to Advertisers All enquiries as to Advertisin}, space in this “Review” should be addressed to the publishers:— Shepherd & Newman Pty., Ltd. YURONG STREET SYDNEY N.S. W. SECURE YOUR REQUIREMENTS NOW if you want really good plants of Indian Orchids, Fresh Alpine Seeds, Bulbs, etc., at an unrivalled low price. Apply to D. SHUAMSHER POST PAKYONG, SIKKIM, INDIA For Wholesale Price Lists No one will serve you better. Our Special for this issue... DENDROBIUM WARDIANUM GIG. Fine Healthy Plants from 2/6. ORCHIDS OF INDIA Suitable for in or outdoor Culture For Quality See Us Advice Free on the Cultivation of Orchids or the Construction of Glass Houses T AW L aD R 2 S 5 ACACIA STREET, BELMORE = Wholesale & Retail CYMBIDIUMS, € species 23/-; CYPRIPEDIUMS, 5 species 20/-; Gorgeous fl. DENDROBIUMS, 15. sorts 42/-; 12 sorts CALADIUMS, 12/-; post free. Illustrated catalogue of Orchids free for 2d. postage. Price Lists of Caladiums, Seeds, Bulbs, free. THE CHANDRA NURSERY P. O. Rhenock, Sikkim 83 (Bengal), India ORCHID IMPORTERS & EXPORTERS NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA Mention the “Australian Orchid Review??—it identifies you If you are a flower lover, become a member of the Orchid Society of your own State; and join in appreciation of the climax of plants? evolution. Visitors welcomed at meetings. The Orehid Society of New South Wales Meets every month on alternate last Tuesdays and Thursdays, in Room 507, Phillip House, Phillip Street, Sydney at 8 p.m. President: Hon. Secretary: His Honour T. H. JAMES JERSE at E Lees 67 Arabella Street Kooyong,” Hastings Road WARRAWEE, N.S.W. LONGUEVILLE, N.S.W. The dates of the next meetings of the Society are as follow:— MARCH: TUESDAY, 29th MAY: TUESDAY, 31st APRIL: THURSDAY, 28th JUNE: THURSDAY, 30th at Room 507, Phillip House, Phillip Street, Sydney A hearty invitation is extended to all interested in Orchids to attend Please address all communications regarding the Society to the Hon. Secretary -~Queensland Orchid 3 Society | President: Hon. Secretary: M. P. CAMPBELL T. C. HARVEYSON Ruth Street, Wilston, N.W.1 Box 2002X, G.P.O. BRISBANE BRISBANE QUEENSLAND QUEENSLAND Meeting Place: MINIATURE RIFLE RANGE BUILDING Boundary Street BRISBANE Meetings held on Second Friday of each month Visitors are Welcome Printed and Published in Australia by the Orchid Society of New South Wales G. Hermon Slade, Hon. Editor. Wholly set up and printed in Australia by Shepherd & Newman Pty Ltd., Yurong Street, Sydney. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 Australian Orchid Review Subscription Application The Manager, Australian Orchid Review,” Box 2582E., G.P.O., Sydney. Dear Sir, Please enter subscription in the name and to the address mentioned hereunder, for which I enclose 6/-, in payment for issues for one year. Name of Subscriber Address ORCHIDAL A proven German Orchid Fertilizer which produces remarkable growth and magnificent dark, almost black-green, foliage. PRICE: 6/- per ounce. £4 per pound. Post free. One ounce makes approximately 30 gallons fertilizer. Sole Agents: W. Hetnion Slade & Co., Ltd., Manufacturing Chemists, ROSEBERY AVENUE, ROSEBERY Postal Address: BOX 1540 D.D., G.P.O., SYDNEY. Mention rh- ‘Australian Orchid Review—it identifies you WLLL OOOO —————OOvOvOnO—V3nn———_ ye , pee tha “i is ey” CLL el PAGE i AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 ORCHIDS IN ENDLESS SELECTION FOR BUSH AND GLASS HOUSE CULTURE I have the Largest Assorted Commercial Collection in Australia Send for my Latest Illustrated Catalogue. Please add 3d. postage A few Specialty Lines are also on offer, including— Azaleas from small to large plants in tubs. All the best double and single varieties coming into flower. Rhododendrons. Plants up to 5ft. high, all coming into bud. Conifers. Large advanced plants, are in tubs. All the best Golden Cupressus, and other ornamental plants. Don’t fail to visit the Nursery of JOHN BISSET 48 WAREEMBA STREET, ABBOTSFORD, N.S.W. Phone, Drum. 1124. Open every week day, and all day Saturday. Not Sunday. Fine Books ON Botany AND Horticulture WITH BEAUTIFUL COLOURED PLATES Complete Catalogue Sent Post Free on Request Bernard Quaritch Limited 11 Grafton St., New Bond St., London, W.1. ENGLAND Cablegrams: QUARITCH, LONDON THE ORCHID REVIEW Founded in 1893, by the late R. A. Rolfe, of Kew. The only Journal dealing exclusively with Orchid Lore, featuring articles on the History, Cultivation, Hybridization, and all matters of interest to the Connoisseur, Amateur, and Trader. Exhibition Reports and Registration Records of new Hybrids accurately kept and published. PRICE: 1s. 6d. Monthly, Postage free. Back volumes and complete sets, bound or unbound, can be supplied from THE ORCHID REVIEW LIMITED 33 John Street THEOBALDS, LONDON, W.C.1 Mention the “Australian Orchid Revicew”—it jdentifies you AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 PAGE ii East Indian Orchids 12 different showy Cymbidiums _...... £1/10/- 25 Dendrobiums in 12 sorts ou wm £2/15/- 12 Cyprepediums in 4 sorts __..... £2/-/- 50 Best showy Orchids, 25 kinds _ ...... £5/-/- 5p Nallichianum or 20 Giganteum or apalence or 30 Caladiums _..... £2/10/- Cymbidium Red Spotted Eburneum, beriplant™ peek ae oy Chae Li £15/15/- Please send Cash with order to save heavy cost for parcels Bupllect all the best varieties of East Indian Orchids, lowest etc., in huge quantities and supply them at Shiner Price for strong bulky plants. If | get a large planeey Order before October to November | will send bidiy having 10 to 55 shoots in one clump in Cym- Wh ee Coelogynés and in Dendrobiums. Ask for Olesale and Retail Price List. | allow large discount. D.K. KASAJU Orehid Collector Post Rhenock, Sikkim State N. BENGAL, INDIA THE MOST RELIABLE HOUSE FOR WORLD'S CHOICEST ORCHIDS Clumps of 15, 20, 25 Leafy Bulbs (4 bulbs calculated as one plant) Price Per Plant Cymbidium 6 gorgeous varieties Dendrobium 15 » on Vanda Coelogyne Cypripedium Saccolabium Phaius Aerides Calanthe F) Re 45 Sorts Selected Orchids—£6/-/-. Postage paid Good discounts to wholesale purchasers. Cash please with order. Lists free. Postage Paid. Lillium Bulbs—100 in 20 different sorts, £5/5/- Postage Paid. Sikkim Government Factory made Pure Wool Carpet— 5/- per square foot—any design, Royal Nursery POST PAKYONG, SIKKIM NORTHERN INDIA hROLWAQU S S F. TH. J. NYLAND 6 Tampomaslaan, Bandoeng Java, Neth. East Indies ‘an supply you all popular Orchids of Java at reasonable terms. Write for prices. Also willing to exchange. Notice to Advertisers All enquiries as to Advertisin® Space in this “Review” should be addressed to the publishers: — Shepherd & Newman Pty., Ltd. YURONG STREET SYDNEY N.S. W. Mention the “Australian Orchid ORCHID SOCIETY OF N.S. .WALES ANNUAL SHOW FARMER’S BLAXLAND GALLERIES THURSDAY-FRIDAY SEPTEMBER 8-9 Admission Free Review”—it identifies you ES a a eS en PAGE iii AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1935 CYMBIDIUMS Smart’s Garden Service for Cymbidium Species and Modern Mybrids Our collection of Cymbidiums — both species and hybrids — is worthy of growers’ attention. All mature, healthy, and vigorous specimens, our stock contains the very latest and best varieties procurable from the leading overseas growers, as well as the proved old favourites. | FOR SIZE AND QUALITY WE ARE UNEQUALLED PRICES: From 25/- to £5 We also cater for every kind of garden shrub and plant. Seedlings of Special Quality. AZALEAS and HYDRANGEAS in great variety. Prices competitive. Visitors always welcome. Stroll round our grounds and choose plants to your requirements. Situated on the left-hand side of Pacific Highway, between Gordon and Pymble. Smarts Gardem Service 819-857 PACIFIC HIGHWAY, GORDON, N.S.W. Phone JX3052 Stock Nursery: H. E. SMART, Sobraon Road, Eastwood. Phone: Epping 1439 BLACK & FLORY SLOUGH ENGLAND Cablegrams: “Orchids Slough” @ Cypripediums in modern hybrids as available Cymbidiums—on first flowering, for shipping in April— strong plants Brassocattleyas and allied hybrid genera Odontoglossum hybrids, Miltonias, Odontiodas, etc. All by special offer at moderate prices, according to strength and quality. Mention the “Australian Orchid Review”—it identifies you AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 PAGE THIRTY-ONE AUSTRALIAN ORCHID Volume 3 REVIEW June, 1938 No. 2 Contents A Glass House for Beginners Annual Orchid Show in Sydney Angraecum Thompsoni Coelogyne barbata 9 2 Colour Illustration Re re Cool House Culture and Nore for Beginners we Cyprepedium Composts Dendrobium Culture 04000 ve Editorial—The Comradeship of Orchid Genes. eee En wltire Hot Water Pipes Insects and other Pests Petecite Ferehidccoue Plants ite Ay New System of Numbering — -- Notes of an Orchid Hunter in Kenya Orchid Growing as a Hobby Orchids and the Man wm Orchid House Humidity Repotting Cattleyas 0 wn The Late John Frederick Bailey Two Prolific Plants og iden Recent Orchid Discoveries The Orchid House and Cultural Conditions a, ee ee ea INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS A Nice Hybrid Cyprepedium Ansellia Nilotica 9 (920 ses oe Coelogyne Barbata nae Cyptanthemis Slateri a ee A: Cymbidium Ethel 200 Dendrobium Aemulum Dendrobium Atroviolaceum Dendrobium Crepidatum DendrobiumMaccarthiae 9 Dendrobium Pierardii Dendrobium Speciosum Dendrobium Superbieins Van Goldii Dendrobium Thrysiflorum in Ceylon Laeliocattleya Dupreana Odontoglossum Hybrid Stanhopea Tigring9 920 ws wm Subseription: post free, PAGE THIRTY-TWO AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 CRYPTANTHEMIS SLATERI Surely this must be one of the most peculiar and one of the rarest orchids in existence. Found at Bullahdelah a few years ago; the remarkable discovery that this plant spends its whole existence under the ground aroused tremendous interest in the scientific orchid world. An interesting article and further photographs appear on page 9, and descriptions on pages 8 and 9. The three crosses show the original level of the ground prior to its being excavated. Enlargement by the Botany Department of the University of Sydney. ; “ Photograph by H. M. R. Rupp A USTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 PAGE THIRTY-THREE Australian Orehid Review Editorial The Comradeship of Orchid Growers ° Orchid lovers who are fortunate enough to a able to attend regular meetings of their Orchid van: are invariably high in their praise of the ia iit of friendliness which pervades the few Ours spent together every month. Introductions pol unnecessary; conversation is so active that eight o’clock—when formal business commences pee slips by in a din of enthusiastic exchange °F views and observations as members learn and Pass on new facts about their favourite hobby. eee is pay the greatest pleasure of tunate % e; and which of us has not been for- faa ae to have made at least one lifelong rough our mutual interest in Orchids? eae “ie of the bases of ats Guise of eat of sku: as a dis non-competitive exhibition aon Pa ar vanecitiallly era and sagas Alber ae With dis a of competition eee eat appreciation ot our fellow Arteta wis and the grower fied is i technique fier’ io other members his precise aries ies q era the result he is sc) a is atta Gees, advice on methods of cultivation eta y and whats neeraaadl by the aoa 9 (fhe re outstanding exhibits, and what is € greatest secret of successful culti- Vation j 1s ¢ . ; the very thing they are most anxious to Mpart, €re ts yet another side of this comradeship amongst Orchid growers which indicates his genuineness and its extent. Those of us who are fortunate enough to visit other countries, will find that no matter where they be there is a familiar group of men and women who have centred their interest around a similar subject, and when the visitor meets them, as he assuredly will, he is welcomed not as a stranger—a for- eigner—but as a friend and Orchid grower. In horticulture it matters not whether one speaks the language or not, because through the happy result of international agreement on plant nom- enclature, botanical names are the same in every language. It matters: not then, whether the German talks about “Fyauenschuh,” or we a “Lady’s Slipper,” for we both equally under- stand the meaning of the word “Cypripedium.” A man who has a hobby such as Orchid grow- ing will find friends awaiting him in the most unexpected quarters of the globe. Not only in foreign parts will he make friends but in walks of life diverse and widely separated from his own. Orchids have attracted the enthusiasm of men of every vocation, so that the fellow grower may enjoy the company and learn to know and respect personalities to whom we may otherwise never have been drawn in contact. Surely these are worthy commendations for our Orchid hobby. PAGE THIRTY-FOUR AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 The late John Frederick Bailey An Appreciation J. MURRAY COX, @ On the morning of Thursday, May 19, 1938, there died at Brisbane, one who, for many years, had been known and admired throughout Aus- tralia, wherever flowers are grown—John Fred- erick Bailey. From his earliest years Mr. Bailey had lived in the company of flowers, and it is possibly this fact that made so many of those who were intimately associated with him, feel that something of the loveliness of his flowers had crept into the character of the man. His father was the late Frederick Manson Bailey, C.M.G., a botanist of world-wide repute, whose works on the Queensland flora remain as an everlasting monument to his memory. In 1889 Mr. J. F. Bailey was appointed Assist- ant Director of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens in association with his father, and in 1905 he succeeded Mr. F. M. Bailey as Government Bot- anist of Queensland, In 1917 he left Brisbane to take an appoint- ment as Director of the Adelaide Botanic Gar- dens, and he continued to fill this post with outstanding ability until he retired in 1932, when he returned to his native and beloved Queensland. Despite nearly half a century in official horti- cultural harness, he continued to devote his time and knowledge to the study of the problems confronting plant growers, and to the dissem- ination of his wide and deep plant lore among those who needed it. His services were in demand as a judge in the leading horticultural shows throughout the State; and his ability as a lecturer led to further calls upon him. He also found time to conduct the gardening section for one of the big Brisbane daily newspapers, and in this position his advice was eagerly sought by many horticulturists in times of difficulty. He was associated with many public bodies, and at the time of his death was a Past President of the Royal Society of Queensland, Past President of the Queensland Horticultural Society, Past President of the Sweet Pea and Carnation Society of Adelaide, a Life Member of the Victorian Tree Planters’ Association, and an Honorary Member of the Queensland Orchid Society, the New Zealand Institute of Horticulture, and of the Massachusetts (U.S.A.) Horticultural Society. The late gentleman had a long and distin- guished career as a Freemason, having been associated with several lodges in both Brisbane and Adelaide since 1903. He was a member of the Supreme Grand Royal Arch, Toowong Chapter (Brisbane). He is survived by his wife, his daughter, Miss Vanda Bailey, and two sons, Messrs. F. M. and J. R. Bailey, both of whom have followed the family tradition by devoting themselves to botanical and horticultural careers. Probably no other person associated with horticulture, in any of its forms, is held in such widespread affectionate esteem as was John Fred- erick Bailey, His person seemed to radiate good- will and kindliness—his ready smile and kindly twinkle encouraged confidence in the most bash- ful of those who sought his advice or help. He bore with fools gladly—and I never once saw him show impatience with even the most stupid of the few who from time to time disputed his ruling upon a horticultural point. His know- ledge of plants and flowers and the things asso- ciated with them seemed boundless, and ‘this vast store was freely bestowed wherever it was asked. His wit was ready and humorous, but never cutting. Whatever the subject, Mr. Bailey could be relied upon to furnish a short and pertinent anecdote or story and generally the point of these conveyed more to the listeners than the laboured arguments of other speakers. Many of those who attended the last sad rites at his cremation wondered that one who was so devoted to flowers should have been allowed to pass without a mass of floral tributes. It was part of John Bailey’s philosophy that flowers are things of light and joyousness and should not be associated with Death, and so it was at his express wish that no flowers were sacrificed at his death—the only exception being a magnifi- cent wreath of Orchids given by members of the Queensland Orchid Society. By his passing, a gap which cannot easily be filled has been made in the ranks of flower lovers. But though the world, and particularly Aus- tralia, is the poorer for his death, it is the richer for his life. Though no stone be raised to his memory, he shall have a greater and more endur- ing monument in the fact that while flowers {Continued on page $8) AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 PAGE THIRTY-FIVE Cool House Culture and Notes for Amateurs T. H. JAMES, Longueville, N.S.W. . aay of you readers may remember that line rae , Syst “If Winter comes, can Spring be s ehind?”? So with our Orchids. This article phbears in the depths of winter, but by the time ¢ next number will have been published, spring d arrived and, as many, particularly the er of us, will regretfully admit, it will arrive will have ol and others in pots with openings in the sides. In the matter of growth there is no appreciable difference resulting from the vessels used. There is however, a considerable difference between those grown in the glass house and those grown in the bush house. The bulbs of those grown outside are much thicker than of those grown CYMBIDIUM ETHEL This is a nice spike of a well-known favourite, plants. In this case the sepals and petals are jade bright crimson spots. Cymbidinms made a wonderful show, which has shown great variation in individual green, while the lip is cream and marked with and are the first orchids to be taken into consideration. when building up 4 cool-house collection. al ; ; j l too soon. In the meantime, during the Period of inactivity among the Orchids, the on should receive any attention that may be es, sary and preparation be made for re-potting other work incidental to the renewal of 8towth in the spring. kus Me first give an account of the results of of my experiments. anes a number of . plants of Dendrobium . Some are in baskets, some in closed pots, Grown by G. H. Slade. Photo by H. J. R. Overall. under glass. They also look more sturdy and much healthier. I have placed a strip of glass substitute over portion of the bush house roof to keep out rain (this material will serve its purpose during the winter, but is useless in summer) and provided effective protection from south and west. There I have placed most of my Dendrobiums and there they will remain until the flowers appear. Many of them have been right out in full sun- PAGE THIRTY-SIX shine for a considerable time and seem to like it. I am hoping to have a big show of flower this year, One plant in a 7 inch pot is carrying 27 leads from 12 to 18 inches long. Most of these Dendrobiums were re-potted this year, and peat moss was used with the fibre as compost. When growth commenced, live moss was placed on top and kept green by copious watering until the bulbs had finished their growth, when the watering was eased off. The result is very encouraging. DENDROBIUM CREPIDATUM A lovely pendulous growing Dendrobe with very waxy and showy flowers. It is an easily obtained plant and is very highly recommended. It flowers freely in Spring Plant grown by G. Bates, Cairns, Queensland. A large number of my Caféleyas also received similar treatment (except as to petting) and they look well on it. The leaves are slightly yellow, but the plants look hard and healthy and the leaves are leathery. Before June shall have finished they will probably be back in the cool glass house, but only if the weather should set in really cold. Whilst on the question of Cattleyas, many AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 readers will probably be contrasting these re- marks with other articles which have appeared in the “Review” claiming that artificial heat is essential, and may well ask, ‘““What is the layman to do when doctors disagree?” To those Orchid growers who have unheated houses and are doubtful of their ability to succeed with Cattleyas, | would suggest starting with just a few of the cheapest plants (species if possible) they can purchase and try them out. As to whether baskets are better for Cattleyas, I have found that, in my conditions, the type of vessel used has made no difference. For those who have bush houses only, I would urge as previously suggested, that all, or most of the moss be removed from their Orchids to prevent too damp a condition during the cold days of winter. Evaporation is not rapid these days. If the weather be very dry, water if necessary, can always be supplied, but it cannot be removed at short notice. Most growers, including myself, have not been very successful with Vanda coerulea. Many of mine spotted rather badly last winter. This spotting is not a parasitical disease; it is caused in the first place by minute drops of moisture on the surface of the leaves at a time when the temperature is low and the roots heavily sup- plied with water. An occasional member suc- ceeds in growing this Orchid without spotting or losing the leaves, although kept damp during the winter. Those houses must be particularly airy, or there is some other factor—probably heat during winter—which induces success. Those who have failed in the past might try, as I intend, the removal or reduction of moss on top of the pots to enable more air to reach the roots. In the native habitat of this Vanda the days are generally extremely hot and humid and the nights frequently intensely cold with frosts. Before the cold sets in, however, keen winds spring up each evening and dry the mois- ture, thus enabling the plants to withstand the cold, Cypripediums.—An Orchid grower in Sydney (Mr. Lewis G. Cohen, of Darling Point) grows his Cypripediums in fresh tan bark with aston- ishing results, His house is certainly heated during winter, but from my experience over a number of years, I believe that to be an un- important factor, For instance, at a recent visit I was shown some plants which had been received from England at the beginning of this year. Some of these plants were lifted out of their pots and the many new healthy roots provided ample evidence that the plants appreciated the (Continued on page 60) AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 PAGE THIRTY-SEVEN Recent Orchid Discoveries in New South Wales and Queensland With some Reflections Rev. H. M. R. RUPP, Raymond Terrace, N.S.W. on think the reflections had better come first. canis pecnaflactering myself that anyone who He rchids as a botanist has a great advan- sie te one whose interest in these plants is nee i of the grower. The latter usually rons ef is vision to a relatively small assort- aie peencrs and species. True, he is satisfied ri as chosen the aristocrats of the family Reet: aristocrats he means really the very ame E am not sure that he is right; but I am which ing to provoke a controversy over flowers aut psive us so much wholesome pleasure. I ance ate to express the opinion that I, an ah Sue who has concentrated upon eee id family, have a wider field to roam ee Ae than my brother who concentrates authors such Orchids as are considered “worth sachets me To me an Orchid is an Orchid, aes ore fascinating; whether it be a dim- = raso phyllum ora magnificent Cattleya. hee Beate those singular characteristics which ae ae ve Orchid from all other flowers; and ihe ows ler and less conspicuous members, of the amily these characteristics often exhibit x Most remarkable developments and varia- lons, : ey be taken as a prelude to admitting tralian A the charge often laid against Aus- Pai Fenierre ne only a small percentage we ee ave large and conspicuous flowers. ae 8 matter of fact it is probable that the meat zee can be laid, with equal justice, Sap e Orchids of any other country. “Spec- ee Species are always in the minority. We ean this, because most of us never see the rae aor majority except in our own . a s. The botanist is not concerned about aoet: ae at all—though it must not be sup- ah at he is indifferent to beauty. Indeed, Tame conscious of a fact to which the nae tanist sometimes seems blind: viz., that ihe no criterion of beauty. He rejoices in he Feeeesion of a magic power to rediscover ee me paryland of childhood; and in it he ‘mem what the fairies see—the exquisite and 5 ous beauty of the little Orchids that Orn their domain. . Whee reflections pave the way for a further ission—namely, that the discoveries dis- cussed below are, with a few exceptions, of more snterest to the botanist than to the Orchid grower who looks for spectacular results. I confine myself in this article to New South Wales and Queensland, because at present I have not sufficient information from the other States to warrant me in commenting on discoveries made there. Mr. W. H. Nicholls has expanded the Victorian Orchid census considerably in the last few years; and Dé. R. S. Rogers and others have done the same for South and Western Aus- tralia, But I know a little more about the advance of the Orchid-brigade in the two States first named, because in most instances I have received some of the first specimens. The area of Queensland (670,500 square miles) is so vast, that the discovery of “new” Orchids occasions little surprise; and we might well expect also the re-discovery of known or at least recorded species, in new localities. These remarks do not apply with equal force to New South Wales, which has less than half the area of its northern neighbour, and has been more thor- oughly explored by botanists. Yet within the past eight years more than 20 species, and one new genus, have been added to the N.S.W. Orchid list —the total number of published species being now 220. From a grower’s point of view, the best of these additions is probably Dendrobium Kestevenii, from the Alum Moun- tain at Bullahdelah. Unhappily, vandalism is already responsible for its disappearance from the mountain; though I hear that it has been seen on some of the neighbouring ranges. It is closely related to D. delicatum of southern Queensland, and I believe that it is, or was, actually found there. A form from near Toowoomba, which a few years ago I accepted as D. delicatum, 1 now consider to be more correctly placed in D. Kestevenii. I shall have occasion to discuss F. M. Bailey’s D. delicatum presently. The most remarkabe Orchid discovered in N.S.W. within the period mentioned above, also hails from Bullahdelah, and has not so far been recorded elsewhere. This is not surprising, for the whole plant is subterranean. It was found “accidentally” by Mr. E. W. Slater in 1931. I shall always count myself exceptionally fortu- PAGE THIRTY-EIGHT nate in that the first specimen of this extra- ordinary Orchid was sent to me. Mr. Slater enclosed it, as a curiosity, with some roots of Dipodium sent to Mr. F. J. Fieldsend of Mait- land, and Mr. Fieldsend promptly forwarded it to me. Botanical circles had been stirred two years earlier by the astonishing discovery at Corrigin, in Western Australia, of an Orchid of subterranean habit. Dr. R. S. Rogers had sent me his description of this strange plant, which he named Rhizanthella Gardneri. Directly I saw Mr. Slater’s specimen I was confident that R/i- zanthella was no longer unique; and within a week several more fragments of plants reached me. Though clearly belonging to the new Orchidaceous sub-tribe which Dr. Rogers had to create for Rhizanthella, the Bullahdelah plant would not fit into that genus, and I gave it the name Cryptanthemis Slateri. Subsequently a grant from the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science enabled me to pay a visit to Bullahdelah, where, with the help of Dr. H. L. Kesteven, six plants were unearthed, and photographs were secured in situ after “excavation.” Shall we ever trace the causes which impelled this Orchid to its underground career? A little Bulbophyllum, which now bears his name, was discovered a few years ago on the Dorrigo highlands by a member of our Society, Mr. F. A. Weinthal, who already had a South Queensland Sarckochilus named after him by the late F. M. Bailey. B. Weinthalii when not in flower bears some resemblance to a robust B. exiguum. But there the resemblance ends, for the latter has a dainty raceme of tiny flowers, while B. Weinthalit carries a solitary flower as large as pseudo bulb and leaf combined. It is pale green or almost cream, blotched and svotted purplish red. The plant grows high up on hoop- pines (Araucaria). It is now known to extend northward into S. Queensland. Mr. F. Fordham of Brunswick Heads, near the borders of N.S.W. and Queensland, when examining Dendrobium Kingianum on cliffs near by, noticed some pale mauve flowers which “looked different,” and found that they were attached to stems with a single long, linear leaf. Confident that they were a species of Thely- mitra, which had strangely become associated with the epiphytic Dendrob, he sent specimens to me. They proved to be T. aristata, the “Scented Sun Orchid” of the southern States. Not only is the association of these two Orchids remarkable in itself, but the puzzle is com- plicated by the fact that T. aristata is entirely AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 unknown in its normal habit on the heathlands or in the open forests of the N.S.W. north coast. Dr. C. P. Ledward subsequently found T. aris- tata very freely associated with D. Kingianum in S. Queensland; while Mr. M. Nichols dis- covered it in clumps of D. speciosum not far from Newcastle. Mrs. W. J. Harrigan, of Dorrigo, in 1936 sent to one of our members—Mr. G. Glissan— two small Orchids which were forwarded to me for identification. To my surprise both proved to be “new.” One I have now described and figured as Cleisostoma gemmatum; the tiny flowers are so exquisitely coloured that it deserves to be called the ‘“jewelled Cleisostoma.’ The other is a Sarchochilus, and when the descrip- tion is published I hope the species will bear its discoverer’s name. The following is, I think, a complete list of new species found in N.S.W. since 1930: Den- drobium Kestevenii, Bulbophyllum Weinthalii, Cryptanthemis Slateri (new genus also), Praso- phyllum Morrissii (identified by W. H. Nicholls with a new Victorian species), Microtis magna- denia, Pterostylis furcillata, P, pulchella, P. Hildae, Caleana Nublingii, Caladenia al pina, Cleisostoma gemmatum. Orchids previously known in adjoining States but now on record in N.S.W. are: Dendrobium Schneiderae, Liparis Simmondsii, L. habenarina, Calochilus grandi- florus, Sarchochilus Hartmannii, §. Weinthalii, Prasophyllum gracile, P. Archeri, Thelymibra chasmogama, Caladenia angustata, In Queensland there have been four centres of marked activity in the field of Orchid dis- coveries—Cairns, Ingham, and Proserpine in the north, and Burleigh Heads in the south. Of Ingham I can say little, save that Mr. A. Glinde- man has been most diligent there. The majority of his “finds,” including a new Bulbophyllum, have gone to Mr. W. H. Nicholls of Melbourne. At Cairns is a trio of enthusiasts— Dr, H. Flecker and Mr. G. Bates of the N.Q. Field Naturalists’ Club, and Mr. W. EF. Tierney, Mr. Tierney was my first North Queensland Orchid correspondent, I am indebted to him for many beautiful and interesting plants and specimens. My review of the Australian Cymbidiums, in two Linnean Society papers, would probably have perished stillborn but for his generous sup- plies of flowering specimens of North Queens- land forms. From Mr. Bates came Microstylis congesta, an interesting terrestrial which I grew successfully for four years, when it suddenly collapsed; and the still more interesting Cleisos- foma congestum. Bailey placed this plant in AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 Cleisostoma rather doubtfully, and it seems cer- tain that it will have to be removed. The difficulty of determining its proper place is accentuated for Australian orchidologists by the ack of specimens of several other genera to which it might belong. I have not the space PAGE THIRTY-NINE named after him in 1935; and not long afterward [ had the pleasure in conjunction with Mr. C. T. White (Queensland Government Botanist), of naming and describing the very attractive Den- drobinm Fleckeri, which he discovered near Mount Spurgeon. The flowers are of a rich CRYPTANTHEMIS SLATERI The bracts surrounding the “head” of flowers are erect, and the flowers themselves are thus almost concealed except from above. those of a sunflower or a flannel-flower. They are very small, crowded together in the “head” like (Comparison with the latter is more apt in the case of Rhizanthella Gardneri, the W. Australian underground orchid, which has large floral brasts almost horizontally to the head). The sepals and petals of Cryptanthemis are erect and fleshy; the labellum is dark-coloured and densely beset with minute globular glands. The German botanist, Lindinger, suggested that Cryptan- logical form of Dipodium, which appeared to be two curious glandular appendages. themis might be merely an abortive or terato The column has associated with the first specimens found. This hypothetis is groundless, and subsequent dis- coveries proved Cryptanthemis to be quite independent of Dipodium. It is possible that the mycorrhiza which are in symbolic relations with both these Orchids are identical. This photo- graph shows a plant with the soil dissected away to give the idea of the whole plant. Enlargement by the Botany Department of the University of Sydney. Photograph by H. M. R. Rupp here to describe it, but it is a very curious and Attractive little plant. The individual flower, which has a strong tuberose perfume, lives only nace hours; but many flowers are produced in €ssion over a period of nearly six weeks.* Dr. H. Flecker is a man of many parts: an ;xPert radiologist who is also a zoologist and Otanist. A beautiful freshwater crayfish was apricot colour, with red-spotted and ciliate labellum. Another new Dendrob from the same area was named D. Carri after Mr. T. Carr. The habit of this plant is a little suggestive of D. monophyllum, but the flowers are very different. * An interesting article on this Orchid will appear in the next number. | 1 | | | } PAGE FORTY From Dr, Flecker I have also received the fol- lowing: Anoectochilus Yatesae, Cheirostylis ovata, Phreatia Baileyana (Oberonia pusilla of Bailey), Chiloschista phyllorrhiza, Thelymitra aristata (4000 ft. on Mt. Bellenden Ker), and Pterostylis curta (Atherton Tableland, new northern record). Two young Orchid lovers in the Proserpine area—Messrs. Kenneth MacPherson and H. Thorogood—haye done fine work. The former re-discovered a very dainty little Orchid long lost sight of, which Fitzgerald had figured as Osyricera purpurascens, Subsequently the genus Osyricera was absorbed into Bulbophyllum. As there was already a B. purpuracens in Java, the Queensland plant was nameless, until material was available for examination. At the sugges- tion of Dr. Rogers I re-named it B. MacPhersonii. Mr. MacPherson also found a new Cleisostoma, to which I gave the name C. orbiculare. But the gem of his collecting is Nervilia Dallachyana, a very beautiful little mauve-flowered terrestrial, with a solitary large orbicular leaf which is absent at flowering time. Mr. Thorogood has collected several of the little-known Australian species of Habenaria, and a Pterostylis previously only known from Paterson, N.S.W.—P. ophioglossa var. collina. Coming now to South Queensland, we have a very enthusiastic searcher after Orchids in Dr. C. P. Ledward of Burleigh Heads. Two of his more recent discoveries were most surprising. At 2000 ft. on the Macpherson Range, he col- lected typical specimens of Pterostylis Dain- treyana, a peculiar “greenhood” previously believed to be completely restricted to the Hawkesbury sandstones of N.S.W. And a little later, on the Darling Downs he secured Cala- denia recticulata, a ‘Spider Orchid” well known in the southern States, but not previously re- corded in Eastern Australia north of the Vic- torian border, Other additions to the Queens- land Orchid list made by Dr. Ledward are Calochilus grandiflorus (new sp.), Cryptostylis erecta, Microtis oblonga, Corysanthes unguicu- lata, and Pterostylis pusilla, In the spring of 1936 he visited the Dividing Range near Too- woomba with a view to ascertaining whether Bailey’s Dendrobium delicatum still existed there. Much uncertainty has prevailed in regard to this species. A contributor to the English “Orchid Review” some years ago insisted that it was no more than a white-flowering form of D. Kingianum, Now Bailey was an experienced botanist of world-wide repute, who was un- doubtedly well acquainted with D. Kingianum. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 He could not well be otherwise; for even to-day it is one of the commonest epiphytes of Southern Queensland. To argue that he could have de- scribed a white-flowering Kingianum, first as a form of D. speciosum meriting a varietal name, and later as a distinct species, seems to the pre- sent writer an absurdity. The plant discussed by the English contributor was doubtless a white Kingianum; but in establishing that, he only proved that a white Kizgianum had been erro- neously called Bailey’s D. delicatum. Some years ago Mr. F. A. Weinthal gave me what he be- lieved to be D. delicatum, It came from the Toowoomba highlands. It was certainly not Kingianum, and it agreed moderately well with Bailey’s description, Then came the discovery of D, Kestevenii at Bullahdelah. It was argued in some quarters that I should have placed this plant in D. delicatum. In the “Queensland Naturalist” for March, 1935, I maintained that the differences between Mr. Weinthal’s plant and Kestevenii were sufficient to keep them apart. Subsequent observations of both forms in my bush house, have led me to agree that these differences are not greater than might be ex- pected in specimens of one species, growing under different conditions in widely separated localities. But in the meantime I had seen another reason for wondering whether Mr. Weinthal’s plant was really delicatum at all. Mr. W. Schmidt of Turramurra, and Mrs. C. A. Messmer of Lindfield, had plants labelled deli- catum which were decidedly more distinct from Kestevenii than Mr. Weinthal’s. The problem was difficult, and I was hampered by insufficient material, for the general impression was that, whatever delicatum might be, it was practically extinct in its natural habitat. In 1936 Dr. Led- ward dispelled this idea. He found what seems to me the real delicatum (identical with Mr. Schmidt’s and Mrs, Messmer’s) in great abund- ance, in places covering the rocks, and often on cliffs so inaccessible that it appears to be “‘safe” for a long time to come. I hope to be in a posi- tion next spring finally to clear up this problem. At present I will only express the opinion that the Weinthal plant is a South Queensland form of Kestevenii, and that the true delicatum is a smaller plant with much darker pseudo bulbs and broader floral segments. None of the forms concerned could be mistaken for Kingianum; but it seems probable, on circumstantial evidence, that delicatum and Kestevenii originated in- dependently from natural hybridization between Kingianum and speciosum, both of which abound in their respective localities, AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 PAGE FORTY-ONE Dendrobium Culture An extract from “The Orchid World” © Many Dendrobiums are now showing their Ower buds and will need careful attention re- garding the application of water and the sus- taining of a slightly higher temperature. All Plants with shrivelled bulbs will require gradual Plumping out, so that there may be an ample Supply of material to nourish the developing ana This process must, be carried out slowly, : a undue or sudden excitement may transform 3 Duds into vegetative growths which are only ‘ quired when an increase of stock is necessary © replenish worn-out specimens, blooms, will also mean a check, varying in intensity as the deficiency of warmth increases. Dendrobiums, in common with all other plants, lose much of their strength during the flowering period, and at the time when their last flowers have withered, their vitality will have reached its lowest state. Every care will be required to resuscitate the plant, and any indiscretion, such as premature potting, will invariably produce an ill effect on its health, In many cases the, plant has produced a new growth several inches in height during its period of DENDROBIUM ATROVIOLACEUM Ths is a distinct type of Dendrobe, and is one of the most charming members of the huge genus. This species comes from New Guinea, but does not seem to be common there, and it quite rare in collections. The flowers are yellowish-green, with rich purple spots and last three months in full beauty. It is not difficult to grow and invariably flowers freely. Success in producing a large number of Ooms will much depend on the good judgment of the cultivator. If the compost is kept too ty a check is given to the whole plant and Should this occur during the development of the Owers their size will be considerably reduced. 0 low a temperature when the, plant is in ACtive state, either of growth or producing Photograph by Miles C. Fox, Brisbane. flowering and, also, during the time that the compost has been kept comparatively dry. This renewal of growth is a great temptation to give an immediate supply of water to assist its de- velopment, but such must not be done, for the sudden change from a long period of dryness to one of moisture often brings about the damp- ing off of the growth, There is still plenty of PAGE FORTY-TWO nutriment left in the old bulbs to supply this new growth with food for several weeks, and when in due course new roots are formed, only then may water be applied with any degree of safety. It is surprising how small an amount of compost Dendrobiums require. . Young plants placed in small pots with some sweet compost make rapid headway and frequently produce larger bulbs than the parent plants. During their summer growth a plentiful supply of a < ee sn, § Ba Sch . Si DENDROBIUM PIERARDII i A wel! known Dendrobium which is very amen- able to culture. It prospers exceptionally well when grown as a bush house plant in the more tropical places such as Cairns, Honolulu, etc. It can even be grown as a bush house plant in Sydney, but will succeed better when cultivated under glass; the plant is exceptionally free flower- ing; the sepals and petals are pale lilac while the lip is pale sulphur colour. It often produces stems up to 6 feet long. Grown and photographed by G. Bates, Cairns. water is beneficial, but only in those instances where small pots are used. In specimen plants the large amount of compost holds a compara- tively larger amount of water and any excess: causes a sodden nature and consequent rotting of the roots situated in the centre of the pot. On many of the older plants, small growths AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 may be seen pushing forth from the unflowered portions of the bulbs. These form a ready means of increasing stock, and if they have one or more roots their removal may take place on any de- sired occasion. In the case of rare varieties one of the young plants is placed in the centre of a suitable small pot, but when the variety is plentiful, then three or more may be placed in a pot in order to insure a specimen plant being rapidly produced. In those cases where the young plants have not yet produced roots, it. will be found advisable to cut up the old bulb into suitable portions, allowing several inches to each growth. These portions should either be laid on damp moss until roots develop or else placed in small pots and kept moist by occasional spray- ing. The portion of old bulb will supply nutri- ment to the young growth until it is able to maintain itself by means of its own roots. Some varieties are not very free in producing young growths, and in these cases an old unflowered bulb should be severed from the plant and laid on some damp moss, when in due course growth will appear at many of the previously dormant buds. The chief secret in the production of easily flowered Dendrobiums is the annual creation of fresh, healthy plants. The Annual Orehid Show @ This year the Orchid Society of New South Wales is planning the largest and best Orchid show that has ever been attempted in Australia. Farmer’s Blaxland Galleries have been engaged, and the show will take place on Thursday and Friday, the 8th and 9th September. Admission will be free. All members of the Orchid Society of New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria, and readers of the “Review,” are invited to send along exhibits, the most outstanding of which will occupy a large front window which Farmers have generously given for the exhibition. Several overseas readers have already promised to ship a number of their finest blooms for the exhibition. The committee in charge of the exhibition is hopeful that every member will strive to exhibit at least one of his Orchids, and if readers now plan to have their best plants in full bloom by the first week in September, a truly wonderful exhibition will result. Great care will be taken to see that the plants are properly cared for, and since Farmer and Company have an air-conditioning plant installed in their building, there will be no risk of the plants being injured by cold. Your co-operation is going to make this exhibition a record success, AU STRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 PAGE FORTY-THREE Coelogyne Barbata @ TAA c eee ustralia, “Revie a Coelogynes have always been syPen as rather popular Orchids—in the etna zs have already featured a beautiful jane ot C. cristata, which has for many raced Mrs, E. M. Mitchell’s collection. G. HERMON SLADE, Manly. N -S.W. flower spikes appear with the young growth, but take about 9 months before the spike is ready for flowering. In this way it contrasts strikingly with C. Massangeana, which sends up inches across, snow white, and the lip, which is COELOGYNE BARBATA eae beautiful but not frequently grown Coclogyne, n planted under conditions which suit Cymbidiums, This pl , and may. be obtained 8 plant which has flowered for the first time after three years’ popular. It is not ex pensive being exceptionally easy to cultivate this plant should become far more from any of the Indian Orchid suppliers. cultivation, is growing right out of doors at Manly, N.S.W The fine an im : - Upressi Which illustration of C. barbata will give ae of a different type of Coelogyne ut enjoys ie to an entirely separate section, of bein he happy reputation of C. cristata § easily grown and possessing large and ee The pseudo bulbs of C. barbata ey carry gancnes high and egg-shaped, and A peculiar a arge leaves each 18 inches long. its flower ne about this species is that the night, Th pikes and is in bloom within a fort- € flowers of C. barbata are about 24 showy fio are aboy Grown by G. H. Slade. Photo. by H. J. R. Overall. of a beautiful sepia-brown toning, carries numer- ous coarse hairs of the same colour. The plant should be potted in what growers would call a light Cymbidium mixture, and should be grown in the open air. It enjoys seVv- eral hours sun each day, and if it is too heavily shaded the leaves will brown at the tips, which gives the plant an unsightly appearance. The species is not commonly seen in tions, but is quite easy and cheap to obtain from any Indian Orchid dealer. collec- PAGE FORTY-FOUR AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 Cypripedium Composts Dr. CARL JAEDE, M.B.. Mascot, N.S.W. @ [I am very much afraid that probably the majority of Orchid growers are never quite satisfied with the manner in which their Cypri- pediums grow. In some cases these plants thrive under the most extraordinary circumstances, and yet if another grower attempts to culture them in the same manner they do not meet with the same success. Lately the use of tan bark, with which Mr. Lewis Cohen has met with such great success, has encouraged other growers to try this compost. be indestructible by weather and water. How- ever, following Judge Markell’s apparent success with German peat and crocks, I made a cocktail of the whole lot and am now hoping for the best; truly I am optimistic. However, when one reflects that Cypripedium Fairreianum and bellatulum did not thrive under artificial conditions very successfully until some- body remembered that they grew in lime-stone districts, it would possibly repay us if we could DENDROBIUM AEMULUM One of the pretty members of the Dendrobiums which inhabit our brush forests. Grown and photographed by T. C. Harveyson obtain the necessary information as to the natural habitat and growing conditions of these I myself have tried many and varied types of composts; firstly, todea fibre mixed with sphag- num moss and/or sand, and when this did not prove too successful, Japanese fibre was used; lately I tried that peculiar medium found by one of our members under Banksia trees. I must say that certain Orchids respond quite well to this weird mixture; it appears to be composed of the anthers of the Banksia tree mixed with the coarse sand found in our sand- stone districts. These anthers almost appear to species. For a further example, I understand that Cypripedium Lowii is an epiphyte growing on trees, and it must be quite obvious to most. of us that our present method of growing Cypripediums, especially the species, is highly unscientific. Possibly some of our readers who live in those areas in which certain of the “Slipper” species are found, could supply us with the necessary data. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 PAGE FORTY-FIVE The Colour Lllustration G. HERMON SLADE. Manly. N.S.W. ®@ The fine colour block of Stanhopea tigrina has been prepared from a natural colour photo- graph obtained by the new Agfa colour process. The original transparency was only 1 x 14 inches, yee Owing to this remarkable new. grainless pro- €ss of colour photography, the original can be enlarged indefinitely. For those who are in- being included in this price. This is the cheapest form of photography known to the writer. Jf any members are interested in this branch of photography, the Honorary Editor will be very pleased to supply any further details. The Orchid itself is one which is well known to Sydney growers, and it is easily cultivated either in the glass or bush house. Its flowers, STANHOPEA TIGRINA Stanhopeas are peculiar orchids which send their flowers out through the bottom of the baskets in which they are cultivated; they all produce large showy flowers. one they are eight inches across. In the case of the present The perfume is exceptionally strong, and when in a glass house become almost overpowering. The chief drawback of Stanhopeas is that the flowers last only a few days, but the plant generally sends down new spikes which continue flowering throughout about two months. Plant grown and photographed by G. H. Slade terested in this fascinating branch of science, and who wish to perpetuate their flowers in Natural colour, it will be interesting to observe that this new colour film has been on the market ‘n Germany for the last 8 months and is ex- Pected to be sold on the local market in about @ year’s time, if certain difficulties of transport- ing the film through the tropics without de- terioration can be overcome, As an indication of the price, the film sells in Germany at the *quivalent of about 3/9 for a strip length which wall take 42 photographs on a Leica, Contax or Similar camera, the processing and return postage which are only short-lived, are produced every summer at a time when there are few Orchids in bloom, but though not long-lasting, they frequently produce flower spikes in succession, and therefore a plant may often be seen in flower for periods up to two months. The flowers have the peculiarity of pushing straight through the compost and emerging from the bottom of the basket, so that great care must be taken in cultivating the plant to see that there are no crocks or other hard matter which may obstruct the growth of the flowering stems. PAGE FORTY-SIX AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 Insects and Other Pests Affecting Orehidaceous Plants A. N. BURNS, Blackburn, Victoria @ In this article I will endeavour to explain as concisely as possible, and in language as free as is permissible from technical terms, the life histories and habits of the principal pests, some of which cause concern to every Orchid grower at some time or other. Each particular pest has a technical or scientific name by which it is known the world over; in addition, it may have only one or many vernacular names, For ex- ample, the Rose Green Fly is often called Rose Aphis, Green Aphis, May Bug, and so forth; so one can see here, the answer to the always asked question, why do people give these things such long names? Because the organism in question is known by its scientific name in all countries of the world. With these few introductory remarks, we can pass on to the Orchid pests themselves. They are chiefly included under the insectal, with the exception of Red Spider (Arachnidae—allied to Spiders) , Slaters or Wood Lice (Crustacea), Sand Jumpers or Black Hoppers (Crustacea), and Slugs and Snails (Mollusca). To the latter group many vernacular names have been em- ployed, often several used objectively as well as nouns—here I refer to the Orchid grower who finds one of his choice opening Cattleya buds with a hole drilled in it, or a piece eaten out of one of the petals. The rest is easy. The true insects are not many in point of view of number of species—Thrips, yellow and black, Mealy Bugs, Scale Insects (white Cattleya scale, black Den- drobe scale), Aphis—usually the Rose Green Aphis which gains access to the houses from outside. Thrips.—These pests, unfortunately, are too well-known to most Orchid growers to need accurate description. Dry, warm conditions suit them admirably —hence in heated houses in winter, when plants are kept dry, conditions are admirable to the overwintering of these insects. Their initial introduction to a house is usually from another house, on plants. Sometimes apparently clean plants can harbour these insects in the egg stage, when their incidence is evident. The eggs are deposited inside the leaf tissue below the lower epidermes, singly or several in a leaf. Incubation period ranges from 20 to 30 days (approx.), according to the time of year —being shortest in the hottest weather. One can readily see that spraying or fumigation is practically useless when applied to the egg stage. From the eggs emerge the first-stage nymphs; these are pale cream coloured and wingless, and they suck the sap from the leaves. After feeding in semi-seclusion for some days, these nymphs moult — they cast their complete skins and emerge much as they were before, except that they now possess “wing buds.” Feeding again continues as before, except that they do not hide so much, It is interesting to note that between moults they do not grow; growth occurs in the few hours of the moult period only. Again, after a few days’ feeding, another moult occurs and the resulting creature is called the pre-adult. All that has happened, is that the wing buds have elongated, and the insect is slightly darker in colour, Again, after a few days’ feeding, it again moults, and the adult stage is at last reached, This period, from egg to adult, may occupy from 3 to 5 weeks, Eggs can only be laid by adults; reproduction does not take place during nymphal stages. Adults generally feed for several days before mating and laying eggs. This life history is typical of all species of Thrips; stage periods, of course, vary with species, time of year, and environmental conditions. Control—This can only be applied against adults and nymphs; so must be applied at inter- vals so as to catch nymphs hatching from eggs for a period of, say, 3 weeks after the destruc- tion of the last adults. So, from the initial spraying, 2 further sprayings applied at intervals of 10 days or thereabouts should effectively rid one of this pest. For spraying, use Nicotine Sulphate, Black Leaf 40, or the Tobacco spray. Mix in proportion of one teaspoonful of Nico- tine to 1} pints of cold water. A little soft soap may be added to act as a carrier—that is, to make the spray adhere well to the foliage. When spraying, use a very fine atomized spray, because this is much more effective than a heavy wash- ing spray, and not so likely to affect the plants. If applied during the warm part of the day and plants in shade, not with the sun on them, Nicotine will not injure the plants if mixed in the above strength. Wetting of foliage when watering—and this is beneficial in warm weather when plants are shaded—is one of the greatest deterrents to breeding of Thrips, and tends to act as a preventative measure against egg laying. Scale Insects:—The life cycle of most Scale AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 Insects is similar, so a typical example will serve to illustrate my purpose as applicable to Cattleya and other Orchid scale insects, Overwintering of both sexes is carried out beneath the horny- like “scale” or covering of the insect. This Covering is secreted by the insect itself. On the other hand, eggs may overwinter under the scale —the parent adults perishing at the onset of winter, If this is the case, in spring these eggs hatch into little six-legged “crawlers,” which Migrate to various parts of the plant. They settle down, insert their long sucking tubes into the plant and proceed to feed. In the case of males, feeding continues for some days, or even PAGE FORTY-SEVEN into six-legged crawlers, all that remains is the empty scale, the body of the female parent having perished. Now usually, this is the early summer brood and will all be females which will develop as just described. These will produce more adult female scales which will produce cach a sac full of eggs—this time without fer- tilization. Such eggs are called parthenogenetic eggs, and will give rise to a late summer brood of crawlers. These will, by autumn, have pro- duced young male and female nymphs, which will overwinter as such, and then, or in early spring, fertilize the females which will settle down as described earlier. So one can see that DENDROBIUM SPECIOSUM The “Rock Lily? has often been figured in the Review, it is our most conspicuous epiphyte. The rock of the bush in the Hawkesbury sandstone district near Sydney, are often covered with wallaby eaten but beautifully flowering specimens, bloowing every August. In the brush country to the North the longer stemmed variety grows almost exclusively on the trees. In Sydney and Brisbane fine specimens can be seen in almost every home garden. 4 couple of weeks, then a moult occurs and a small two-winged delicate insect —a winged Perfect male—appears, These males are able to ertilize the females, which will by now have Passed the first moult and are commencing to Settle down as scale insects, These females now Insert their probosces deeper into the plant Ussues, gradually lose their legs by a period of absorption, and begin to secrete the scale which IS to cover them. All limbs and appendages 8tadually disappear, and finally the adult female Scale becomes only a sac full of eggs. Now these are the sexually produced eggs. As these hatch Grown by G. M. B. Smith, Bellinger there is one scxual cycle and several partheno- genetic ones in a year. The liking that ants have for scale insects is due to the fact that both the larval crawlers and female scale insects secrete a sweet substance from posterior dorsal tubercles; this secretion is much prized by ants, who at- tend them constantly for it; in fact, even protect and shift the crawlers to “fresh fields and pastures new.” Hence, ants can play an im- portant part in spreading scale in an Orchid house. Scale is a hard pest to control—often because it gets beneath the papery investment round rhizomes and pseudo bulbs; furthermore, PAGE FORTY-EIGHT an oil spray is the only really effective remedy against it, and one cannot spray Cattleyas with such. Painting the scale insects with a camel hair brush dipped in Volck solution or Methy- lated Spirits is effective —though very slow. Complete fumigation in a fumigation chamber for several hours with such a material as Cyano- gas (Calcium Cyanide) should not injure plants in any way, and would definitely destroy any animal or insect life on the plants or in the compost. This type of fumigation is being applied to fruit trees under “fumigation tents,” and so far has proved effective. Mealy Bugs.—These soft-bodied white insect pests are unfortunately too widely distributed and well-known to require much description. They belong to a section of the family Coccidae —the family to which scale insects belong. On account of the silky investment which covers these pests, they are hard to control with sprays. Dry and warm conditions, as for many other pests, seem best to suit the development of these insects—they are definitely worse in summer than in winter. A series of generations are run through in a year, so that one complete life cycle may occupy perhaps so brief a period as three weeks. The fully developed gravid female is almost a sac full of eggs situated beneath a silky, fluffy, white investing mass. The eggs hatch within a few days after laying, and im situ the young actively crawling larval bugs—almost invisible to the naked eye—crawl to various parts of the host plant; roots, foliage, stems, etc., may all be equally attacked. These larval nymphs settle down thuswise, either singly or several together. They insert their long sucking tubes into the plant tissues and begin feeding. They moult after a while, and those that are to become males (when sexual genera- tions are produced) come forth as minute two- winged insects. These fertilize the nymphal females which, when they reach the adult stage, are simply bags full of eggs. Several generations may be produced parthenogenetically — young nymphs from parthenogenetic eggs produce only females; these are the wingless crawlers, which moult several times before becoming adult and egg producing. The very fluffy stage is the adult female when she has deposited her egg masses, These insects also are able to secrete from posterior dorsal tubercles the sweet sub- stance which is much prized by the ants. Over- head watering helps to some extent in controlling this pest; white oil sprays such as Volck, Ortho- benzene and similar proprietary compounds are effective, but cannot be sprayed on to Orchid. plants, so applying the spray to the bugs by AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 ODONTOGLOSSUM HYBRID Odontoglossums are plants which generally sue- ceed very well in Sydney when grown out of doors and under shady conditions for two or three years; it seems hard, however, to keep a plant growing well for a greater period than this. On account of the great beauty and cool-loving nat- ure of these plants the successful mode of cul- tivation will probably be discovered, and will be well worth research. Plant grown by Judge H. F. Markell. Photograph by H. J. R. Overall, means of a fine hair brush must be done. Methy- lated Spirits thus applied is very effective. Ex- posure of plants for a period of several hours to strong tobacco fumes will kill all larvae and adults, but not eggs. This, of course, must be done in a fumigation chamber, and would have to be repeated within a couple of weeks to destroy the nymphs resulting from undestroyed eggs. Keeping the compost clean and firmly packed in Orchid pots is one of the best pre- ventative measures for keeping these pests away from the roots. In U.S.A. sprays are being employed where the incorporation of alcohol (rectified spirits) with a carrier and emulsifier has given good results with, so far, no injury to the foliage of the plants sprayed—whether Orchids have so far been the subjects of this experiment, I have yet to discover. (To be Continued) AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 PAGE FORTY-NINE Notes of an Amateur Orchid Hunter in Kenya E. P. FIRTH, Fort Ternan, Kenya Colony @ In this district, the Nyanza Province of ” Kenya, situated round the southern shores of Lake Victoria Nyanza and varying in altitude tom 3,600 to 7,500 feet, one finds that it is useless to look for Ansellias above 6,000 feet. hey are found on rough-barked trees, often feeaced and gnarled, offering little shade in ightly wooded surroundings on the mountain ae Ansellia Congoensis apparently prefers ais cooler conditions prevailing at the higher titudes and appears to be most common in the Ti i ort Ternan area than any of the other Ansellias. aay then, I should not call it a common rchid, for it is never found in quantity but Seems in single plants, sometimes of a large P This plant has stout green-grey pseudo-bulbs, feet high and about lin. to 1}in. diameter. nes Carry 8-12 spear-shaped leaves 1}in. to ie wide and 10in, to 15in. long, at the end of : pseudo-bulbs. The flower spikes appear at € apex of the pseudo-bulbs and only one is aver on each, but they are branching. As many 5 to 100 flowers may be borne on a spike, a as flowers do not expand fully. They are athe rae fleshy texture, petals and_ sepals dhe ft ate-maroon, barred with yellow, whilst a ra is green and yellow. It blooms in Sep- mber and October and lasts, if unfertilised Y ants, for six weeks in bloom. er Ansellias rest from December to February ie arch, during the dry season, and can remain we months without water. They send out ; sses of roots and bind themselves so strongly © trees that it is often difficult to cut them ose with a machette. Recently I found a magnificent specimen of a eect, growing near the lake shore, with = Rover spikes out. There must have been is ae 2000 blooms out at once. This Orchid the finest of the Ansellias. Its habit is similar to A. Congoensis, but the pseudo bulbs are, er often being 2in. in diameter and tawny ie wat in colour, The flower spikes are branched, By ey being three feet high, carrying up to ot owers, each 1}in. in diameter. The flowers this species expand fully. The sepals and eset oe bright yellow (yellow-green in some raga with chocolate spots and_ blotches. a fi ip is bright yellow. It blooms in September October and will remain 2-3 months in oom if one can possibly prevent fertilisation. ANSELLIA NILOTICA Ansellia_ is typically African genus, and this species, described on this page, has bright yellow, chocolate spotted flowers, sometimes over 200 on a single spike. Ansellias are easily grown in a sunny glass house in Sydney. Photo. E. P. Firth At the coast, one finds A. Africana growing on palm trees, Its flowers are large, being 2in. to 3in. in diameter, but not more than a dozen are borne on a spike. The pseudo bulbs of this Orchid are smaller, not exceeding 18in. It is found at sea level and on the slopes up to about 2,000 feet, and consequently requires a higher temperature than the others. Ausellias thrive best on trees, but large wooden boxes suit them in preference to pots. They require good drainage and plenty of space for their masses of aerial roots, which form a solid, tangled mass round the base of the pseudo bulbs. There is a giant Ansellia with pseudo-bulbs 6 feet high and racemes of small dark brown flowers. This is found south of Nairobi, and I believe is A. gigantea, It is not a particularly attractive Orchid, but appears to be rare in Kenya. PAGE FIFTY AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 DENDROBIUM THYRSIFLORUM IN CEYLON The block for this photograph was sent to us by the Orchid Society of Ceylon, and shows how beautifully they can cultivate Dendrobium thrysiflorum in that country. The plant also succeeds surprisingly well in Sydney, and is successful when grown either in a bush house or a glass house; it thus seems to be able to stand decided differences in weather conditions. Two Prolifie Plants Ww. BB. WORTH, @ Scratched with a nail on the fleshy leaf of an orange coloured Epidendrum is the date 16/12/36, that keing the day the first flower opened on that particular stem. A succession of bloom had previously been noticed over a long period, hence the date and check-up. The flowers have continued to open up all -along the stem towards the apex since, and to-day as I write the flowers are still opening out without any apparent harmful effect to the plant, which is growing and thriving in open sunlight. @ Cypripedium Harrisianum is such an early raised hybrid and so easily grown that con- sequently it has lost interest for most growers. Yet, old as it is, it continues to display features that are novel. A plant procured some four years ago has grown vigorously and formed the habit of send- ing up “double-header” flower scapes. That is to say, two flowers appear on one flower stalk, but one opens out about two weeks later than the other. Willoughby, N.S.W. It retains this desirable trait even when propa- gated from back cuts, The several plants I possess, derived from the original, all carry these “double-header’’ flower stalks, Outstanding Subscriptions for 1937 and all payments for Subscriptions from now on should be made to: “The Australian Orchid Review,” Box 2582E, G.P.O., Sydney. @ You are invited to send your experiences and reflections on Orchids and their culture, for reproduction in the “Review.” Photos are always welcome, and all matter should be in the hands of the Honorary Editor by July 20th. Please address articles, etc., to: G. H. SLADE, 23 Rosebery Avenue, Rosebery, N.S.W. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 PAGE FIFTY-ONE Repotting Cattleyas Mrs. M. P. CAMPBELL, Brisbane, Q- ® Anything I know about Orchids was taught me by the late Mr. W. R. Kefford, who Was a master of the horticultural craft and Was particularly devoted to Orchids. To his memory I pay tribute. Mr. Kefford learned his Profession at €w Gardens, and I remember im saying that 4 man was em- Ployed there for two years at least before he Was considered Competent to so much as water a plant. This will give us an idea of the thor- Oughness of the training, @The first thing needful when about to work amongst the Orchids is peace —choose a time When interrup- ‘ons are un- likely to occur, °r when once Started on the Job. of turning Out a plant it 'S annoying to Ave to leave it. S for criticism — however well Meant — of the Feaction to this the less said the €tter, Results are unprintable. I wear an aenH Oe blue dungaree, with a roomy pocket 3 which I keep my miniature seccateurs, and See sharp-bladed knife. I have a basin of = ses on the bench at my right hand, ich I soak my peat; I have my iron tool same unknown, but I think it is a gate hinge) Gir, which I smash up crocks, or by reversing Can use it as a ram for working down the ens Amongst the roots, if necessary. Within eee teach before me—on the bench—are boxes Bae NE charcoal and crocks. I have nice road raffia handy, and I have a stool to LAELIOCATTLEYA DUPREANA A very nicely grown Cattleya Plant grown by J. J. Smolinski, Queensland Orchid Society. Photo by J. R. Bailey, Buranda, Queensland. sit on if I want to. I find it convenient when working the roots from the outside of the pot, to sit down, and, holding the pot on my lap, slowly rotate it, whilst gently lifting with my penknife the roots so firmly adhering to the outside, and I do not break so many of these valuable roots as I should other- wise do, I use the best staghorn peat I can get, nice and springy, free from earthiness and dust. [I never cut my peat with a knife or saw, but tear it apart into convenient sized chunks, which J soak in the water until saturated, Pre- pare as much’ peat beforehand as you think will be used, then press or squeeze it out and use as free from water as possible. You will use quite a good deal of peat you find. . The pot should not be larger than will comfortably accommodate the plant for a couple or three years, for it is not wise to use a greater bulk of potting material than is necessary. The pots must be perfectly clean, If never used before, soak in clean water until all bubbling has ceased, and dry before using. In re-potting a strong healthy specimen, re- move it from the pot with as little disturbance as possible, and if the roots are abundant it is a good plan to break the old pot and place the roots intact into the new. But a plant which has its rooting material in a decaying condition, that is, when the peat is soft and squashy, should PAGE FIFTY-TWO have all the old compost shaken from the roots, and any roots which are broken or dead should ke cut away. Remove any back pseudo-bulbs which are old and leafless. They are not only a drain on the plant, but if allowed to remain you must use a bigger pot than would otherwise be needed. The back bulbs may be labelled and put into a moist, shady spot, and if the eyes are sound they will eventually come into growth and may be potted in the ordinary way. Nearly half-fill the pot with clean crocks, larger at the bottom than towards the top. Be certain that the drainage is perfect, as surplus water must drain away readily. Use some rough sweet charcoal amongst the crocks and lightly cover the drainage with a thin layer of peat. Then place the Cattleya, with its leading growth pointing towards the centre and back of the rhizome pressed as close to the side of the pot as may be. This is to avoid waste of space, and so that the plant will have to travel as far as possible before coming over the side. Place the rocts in as natural a position as possible. With great care, work in small pieces of peat amongst the roots, also more crocks and charcoal. Whilst preparing beforehand the peat, remove all hard substances, such as pieces of wood, twigs or ribs of fern, for these take up room, are useless to the plant, and are liable to become sour and diseased. Pack the compost well up under the pseudo-bulbs, sloping it down towards the pot sides, so that when watering the water will settle more at the sides than the centre. Keep the rhizome up at pot-level and the lead slightly above it. Do not cover any dormant eyes, for should an accident happen to the lead, these will usually swell and growth commence from one of them, and so your plant is not lost. Pot firmly; any plant that wobbles when all is finished is not correctly potted. It is well to remember that practice makes master, and if you want to grow Orchids you must grow Orchids. Unless the plant is top- heavy it should not need staking, but by weaving rafha round and through each pseudo-bulb and gently drawing them near to each other, it will be found that one helps the other, and all is nice and steady. However, should a stake be neces- sary, use as neat a one as possible, placing it away from the dormant eyes and where it is unlikely to get in the way of roots. This also applies to the label. See that the peat is all neatly tucked in at the top of the pot, with no loose material or stray ends escaping, and finally, place in a rather shady part of the bush house. Do not AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 give water for a few days. No matter how care- fully the operation of re-potting is carried out, the plant is sure to receive more or less of a check, and at this time until root action is again established only sufficient moisture should be given to keep the roots from perishing. The best time to re-pot is when the new roots are developing from the bases of the new pseudo- bulbs, and the work should be done before the roots attain any length, as it is then so difficult to avoid injury to this vital growth. To prepare a raft for a Cattleya, first place a layer of the skeleton part of some staghorn peat over the bottom, then add crocks, much bigger at the bottom, and lumps of charcoal, and proceed as before described, care being taken that the drainage is not small enough to fall through the bars of the raft. The four corners of a raft are very important. See that these are well built up and that there is no slovenly pack- ing of the compost—fill up the bars of the raft with peat—I mean that the peat should be flush with the outside edge of the raft when finished. Cattleyas, when well advanced in growth, will need every encouragement which heat, light and moisture will give them, as the results attained at the flowering period depend upon the matur- ing of the growth before flowers appear. Give as much light as possible, short of scorching the leaves, as this assists the ripening of pseudo- bulbs and the development of the plant. Occa- sionally Caftleyas are apt to commence a second growth immediately the first growth has reached maturity. This is frequently the cause of plants failing to flower, or remaining soft and sappy when growth is completed. This production of secondary growth is undesirable and creates a problem to the grower. Plants which begin to grow again early in the season may be induced to complete it by giving them every encourage- ment to make rapid growth. When it occurs later in the season the cold prevents the plant from properly growing and ripening, and it may take some time before the plant regains its normal vigour. I should like to stress this point —that plants completing their growth should be exposed to light and drier conditions. A free circulation of air is the best way to prevent this secondary growth. Instead of completely re-potting a Cattleya it is sometimes possible to pick out the old material and re-pack with fresh, especially when the plant is growing in a raft, but once the compost is soft and squashy it is useless, as it is then sour. You will never find healthy roots in a sour compost. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 PAGE FIFTY-THREE Orchids and the Man PART 2—DEBITS AND CREDITS J. MURRAY COX, Brisbane, Queensland his is the concluding portion of Part 2 of Mr. Murray Cox’s article. In future issues will be published Part 3, to be entitled ‘‘Romance.” . Let us now turn to the other side of the Count, and contemplate the debit entries—the ae We have seen that the bulk of our profits stract in nature though none the less real, ut we will find upon examination that while te of our losses are abstract in nature also, Jere 1s a greater portion of a material or pecu- nary nature. Unsuitable conditions, disease, sea treatment, imperfect technique, all play ir part in bringing about these losses. We hear of a new variety or species and ee to secure a specimen without first con- an ng whether the conditions we have avail- € are likely to suit its requirements; we expend Be in securing the plant and find we know ung of its manner of growth or of the Potting it requires, and we go blindly ahead, oping for the best. Perhaps the plant flourishes or a little while and then commences to go ace ve experiment as best we can, but with- a pe , and so an entry goes into the debit ie our profit and loss account. If we wish oid these entries in the future we will make 2 pan of investigating as carefully as possible eran the needs of every plant we con- : Plate buying, so that we can at least attempt © provide for its requirements when we get it. , moses from disease are largely the fault of the rower. Every Orchid culturist worthy of FE name will be constantly on the alert for any ns of ill-health or pest-infection among his ae He will try to prevent it in the first * y observing the rules relating to cleanli- re and ventilation and sunlight in regard to tchids. He will keep on hand the ingredients a the making up of suitable sprays of such “ings as sulphate of nicotine, flowers of sulphur, ce soft soap, volck, etc., and upon the first =i of scale beetle, mildew, thrip, slugs, etc., ‘ “ae to work and not let up until all trace ae ft enemy has been obliterated; and, more- Mali will not always wait for the appearance he eee but as suitable Opportunities present ae elves will spray his plants from time to as a prevention of these things. E Faulty treatment and imperfect technique are, m Gone the faults of inexperience, They are a Dvious in themselves that any disability they inflicting upon a plant will soon be noted, and can be adjusted either by the grower himself or by securing the aid and advice of a more experienced grower. The above are the channels by which most of our material losses reach us, and, as I have already said, the conscientious grower can soon dam these channels. But there are other losses which must go down on our profit and loss account. There are those acts of nature which descend like bolts from the blue, such as hail storms, frosts follow- ing heavy rains, and long continued winter rains with cold winds, all of which can do a tremen- dous amount of harm to an Orchid collection if precautions are not taken to minimise their effects. These depredations of nature can be minimised by the grower with a little fore- thought. Hail can be provided against by the provision of sufficient cover for your plants. If you have a glass roof a protecting cover of a half-inch mesh wire netting will be a sufficient protection from hail. If your plants are growing in an open bush house, such as one covered with ti-tree branches or other open covering, the fall of hail will do little damage providing you clear out as soon as possible any collection of hailstones which may have lodged in the pots. Of all the unpreventable causes of damage to Orchids, I consider that long falls of rain in the cold periods of the year, followed by cold, pierc- ing winds, cause most damage to the plants. The best remedy to be adopted in such circumstances is to make sure that every advantage is taken of breaks in the weather (however short they may be) to drain the saturated pots and to let fresh air circulate about the plants. Very deli- cate plants should be taken from the bush house during heavy rain periods and sheltered in the house itself, or under the house if necessary, providing precautions are taken against cold draughts, (For the benefit of readers abroad, the houses in Queensland are invariably built on high stumps to allow adequate ventilation beneath.) If your location is one subject to frosts and you are not one of the fortunate possessors of a heated glass house, a little trouble expended will prevent any damage to your plants by a visit from Jack Frost. Ordinary brown wrapping paper, or even newspaper, but best of all a trans- PAGE FIFTY-FOUR parent paper like cellophane or greaseproof, is an excellent protection against the ravages of extreme cold. You may wrap each plant separ- ately in a sort of poke which will cover the pot and plant completely, the top being twisted into a screw, or you may simply cover the whole of your plants with sheets of the paper—like a blanket. The first method is more laborious, but is the more effective, and if the wrapping is carefully done the ‘pokes’? may be removed, say, once a week or a fortnight as conditions may require to give the plants a light spray with water, or even a dip. Naturally you will remove the “pokes” altogether when all danger of frost is gone. I suppose the most annoying losses are brought about by accidents or vandalism. For instance, a stranger seeks permission to see your plants and when your back is turned breaks off a piece from a plant he has admired in the hope that he may strike it as he would a cutting of a carnation or a hydrangea. These individuals usually select your forward growth, thinking it will never be missed. Other misadventures are those caused by the incursions of rats, cats and small boys. Then again, every Orchid grower worthy of the name tries his hand at a new variety or species or order occasionally and frequently these adventures result in a loss. A few years ago I went in for an Odontoglossum hybrid named Alvara, It prospered exceedingly and flowered with a lovely spray about two years ago. I suppose I was about the most proud AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 Orchid grower in Brisbane at the time, and I am sure I must have caused a few quiet (though kindly) grins among the numerous experienced growers to whom I exhibited my plant in its full glory. After flowering, the plant gradually went back. I repotted it and it made a new but sickly growth, I tried every possible means to preserve that plant, which was the apple of my eye, but unhappily it gradually faded away, and now, like “Clementine,” is lost and gone for- ever, Now the loss of the intrinsic value of that plant is not the only debit to my profit and loss account—the greater debit lies in the fact that I failed to save it in spite of all my care. Still, taking all in all, my pride and joy in flowering Odontoglossum Alvara is a bigger entry on the credit side than the loss of the plant is on the debit. é Now J think if we strike a balance between these profits and losses, these debits and credits in our Orchid account, we will find that the Profits or Credits far outweigh the Losses. We find that the accumulated pleasures we gain from our hobby far outweigh the out-of-pocket expenses and the disappointments and the losses. And I think, too, we will find that we have gained further by the effect upon our character cf the virtues which we have cultivated along with our cultivation of Orchids. We have found that we have had to be patient, we have had to be painstaking, we have had to be vigi- lant and enterprising, we have had to make prompt decisions, and, greatest of all, we have had to co-operate with our fellows to obtain the greatest success, The Orchid House and Cultural Conditions A. B. TANNER, Coorparoo, @. This is the third and concluding part of Mr. Tanner’s interesting article. @ Text books recommend that the temperature should not exceed 80° for the average tropical Orchid, but from my limited experience I have not met with any ill effect with the tempera- ture little short of 100°. It is during the winter months that we must exercise more care, par- ticularly on dull days, followed by extremely cold weather. The average enthusiast usually devotes Sunday mornings to a more thorough watering of his plants. It is always a good plan to have a look at the sky, and if the weather is cloudy the watering should be done very mod- erately. On a Sunday morning quite recently I noticed the thermometer was registering 82°, and at about 11 p.m., before retiring, I looked at the instrument, which then registered 42°, a drop of 40° in 12 hours, and no doubt in the early morning it would have been still colder. It is against this change in temperature that we have to guard, Phalaenopsis in particular being adversely affected by the extreme cold, particu- larly when the compost is very moist. A heating apparatus, of course, will solve the problem, but it is only a few of us who are prepared to go to this expense. The experienced grower, I feel sure, will agree with me when I say that, “If the weather appears to be changeable and you are doubtful of the advisability of watering your plants, do not water.” A dry, live Orchid is better than one that has been chilled, and which will invariably die. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 Orchid Growing as @ If one is looking for a hobby that is not only fascinating in itself but one that will enable him to afford pleasure to his friends, I can heartily recommend the growing of Orchids. For some twenty years I have found this Pastime very absorbing, and it has brought me into friendly contact with people in all walks of life. It has also aroused an interest in foreign countries, their climate, topography and flora, and served as an introduction to people simi- larly interested, in these various lands, For many decades the growing of Orchids was considered a privi- lege only possible to people of a moderate degree of wealth. This was due to the fact that Orchids grew chiefly in tropical countries and in rather inaccessible places, and to obtain them it was neces- sary for someone to fit out an expedition to such localities. After collecting them they had to be carefully packed and shipped long istances: often arriving at their destination in such condition that they did not survive. Even if they lived, many would not survive in a new environment and temperature so different from that of their native habitat. All of this entailed much expense, with the result that few felt they could indulge in such a costly undertaking, involving also the continued care of the plants which required artificial heat, not only through the long, cold winters, but throughout most of the year in the temperate zone. _ It took many years of study and experimenta- tion before horticulturists learned the secret of 8rowing these exotic plants successfully in tem- Perate climates. While most of the finest Orchids grow in tropical countries, there are some species which thrive in the temperate zone and in the higher altitudes where the nights are cold the year round. Hence they must be grown under conditions similar to those of their natural habitat if they are to live and blossom in a new environment. Chief among these that require 4 cool climate most of the time are species of the Odontoglossum family known for their auty, Unfortunately, these do not grow and blossom here on account of our warm climate. PAGE FIFTY-FIVE Hobby A NICE HYBRID CYPREPEDIUM There has been a great amount of discussion in the Orchid Society with regard to the successful methods of cultivation of Cyprepediums, and the readers are referred to the articles in this issue, entitled “Cool. House Culture, and Notes for Beginners,” and “Cyprepedium Composts.” Cyprepediums are plants which do well in Sydney and will succeed excel- lently when grown out of doors or in the glass house. They bloom in the winter and their flowers are particularly long lasting. Grown by W. Palmer. Photographed by H. J. R. Overall While having a natural love for flowers, I had never thought of becoming interested in growing Orchids until a cousin of mine, Mr. Montague Lord, who had lived here for several years and then gone on to the Philippine Islands, sent me about a dozen plants. Knowing nothing about their culture, J turned for help to Mr. Tenney, who had a nice collection. He kindly showed me how to pot and care for them, and thus my interest began. During the latter part of the year 1916, I made a business trip to the Philippines, and while there saw many Orchids in the homes of people whom we visited. Before returning to Honolulu I placed an order with a collector for about 50 plants; thus beginning an interest which has steadily grown and re- PAGE FIFTY-SIX sulted in my having gradually acquired an extensive collection. There seems to be a fascination about Orchids. since they produce such a wide variety of strikingly beautiful flowers. In studying these plants one soon learns that they are divided into two main groups—the Terrestrial and the Epi- phytal. The Terrestrial species grow freely in the ground, many of them out in the broad sunlight. Among these species those most gen- erally known as the Spathoglottis, Phaius, Cal- anthes, Cypripediums and certain types of Vandas, Among the Epiphytal group those most familiar to flower lovers are the genera Cattleya, Phalaenopsis, Dendrobium, Oncidiunuand Vanda, These grow mostly on trees and rocks, from which, however, they derive little or no nourish- ment. They seem to take from the moisture in the atmosphere all the sustenance they need. Many people have the impression that the Orchid is parasitic and grows only in very wet places and as a consequence must be kept moist all of the time. Neither of these beliefs is correct. In the tropics there is usually a wet and dry season, the former being the growing season and the latter the resting period. Generally speaking, the plants thrive best in a humid atmosphere. Since they are subject to prolonged droughts, most Orchids have large pseudo bulbs in which the plant stores up a reserve to carry it through the dry season. One need not be concerned over their kecoming very dry, as they can live for some time in that state, and in fact must be kept on the dry side during their resting period. One of my early importations from the Philippines was by mistake carried on to San Francisco and then returned here. The plants were locked up in a large box for nearly six weeks without receiving a drop of water during all that time. Out of 50 plants only about six failed to grow. While many species thrive in the deep woods and near the streams where it is quite moist, others grow high up in the crotches of trees where they are exposed to a great deal of sun- light. Hence a knowledge of the natural habit of many varieties is essential if one is to raise them successfully. Growing in the forests as they do, exposed to winds as well as heavy rains, care must be taken when they are transplanted into hot houses that the house is well ventilated and the air kept humid. Often it is necessary to keep the plants close to the glass, where they will obtain a maximum amount of light and heat to force them into flower. As already stated, for many decades all Orchids were collected from their tropical homes and imported chiefly into Europe and the United AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 States where they commanded high prices on account of their rarity, beauty and the. lasting quality of their flowers. Most people who have not made some study of Orchids, are under the impression that they are most difficult to grow and that they are so delicate they require ex- ceptional care. As a matter of fact, most of them are very hardy and will stand a great deal of neglect and mishandling, but if given a reasonable amount of intelligent care, will thrive and blossom freely. As people are learning these facts, an increasing number are becoming Orchid minded and are succeeding remarkably well. There is no reason why anyone who has a small glass-covered hot house, or even a lath house, cannot raise many varieties and have home plants in bloom almost every month in the year, The fact that the flowers of many species will remain in bloom for one or two months if left on the plant, and fresh for one or two weeks after being picked, adds to the pleasure and satisfaction of growing Orchids. Orchids are reproduced in three ways. Some species send out a small new plant from a part of the mother plant; other species can be divided; and still others can be propagated by seed only. There are two genera known here quite exten- sively which reproduce themselves by the first method. These are the well-known species of the Phalaenopsis and Dendrobium families. The former genus is found largely in the Philippine Islands, the Malay Archipelago and the Eastern parts of India, After a mature plant has flowered in the spring, it often sends out in the late summer or early fall a new spike from one to two feet long, on the end of which a small plant begins to form, soon sending out its own root system, This spike can be bent so that the new growth can be partly embedded in peat or moss and, after the roots have begun to form, the stem can be severed and the new plant becomes independently established. Many species of Dendrobium send out small plants on the top of an old jointed stem, Others have long pen- dulous jointed stems from two to four feet long, from the joints of which, several months after they have flowered, small plants start to grow and often from six to a dozen new plants grow on one stem, In due time the stem can be cut between its various joints, each separate plant developing by itself. At the base of cach Cattleya pseudo bulb there are two or more small buds, one or more of which develops into a new pseudo bulb a few weeks or months after the parent bulb has blossomed, (To be Continued) AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 PAGE FIFTY-SEVEN A Glass House for Beginners W. PALMER, Drummoyne, N.S.W. ®@ Having just built a glass house, the experience I gleaned during the course of the work may be of use to others. My house is home built. Anyone who is andy with tools can build his own glass house during week-ends, and in this way it can be Constructed very cheaply. Three factors must receive consideration be- Ore commencing. Firstly, size; secondly, cost; and, thirdly, position. Cost is, of course, gov- erned by size—a house 12 feet by 8 feet is quite enough for a beginner. Many readers may think this somewhat small, but actually it is rather gonias and any other foliage and flowering plants which will fill the vacant spaces until they are occupied by Orchids. Try, when choosing the initial size of your house, to estimate your future requirements for space, because—and I speak from bitter experience—nothing is harder or more expensive in proportion to the result than extending an existing house. The cost of a house of the size I suggested would be approximately £14, and this would accommodate about 350 Orchids. The cost is made up as follows: 800 bricks, £2/17/6; 3 DENDROBIUM SUPERBIENS VAR. GOLDII This variety and the typical species of superbiens are both becoming exceptionally rare, and are now scarcely seen except in collections. Orchid hunters visiting haunts once rich in Dend- robium superbiens are now finding the species completely exterminated. Its popularity is great on account of its free flowering nature and the long durability of the flowers, which often last three months on the plant large, and will take quite a long time to fill in the normal course of events, but in it can be 8Town many varieties of ferns, Crotons, Be- drums of mixed mortar, 12/6; 2 bags cement, 10/6; timber, cut, dressed and grooved, ready for use, £6; 2 cases horticultural glass, cut 16in. PAGE FIFTY-EIGHT x 14in., £2/9/-; 1 load ashes and J load sand, 10/-; a second-hand door—preferably glass— 7/6; 28 lbs, putty, 1 gal. white paint, 5 venti- lators, terra cotta and other sundries, £1, mak- ing a grand total of £13/17/0. If possible, the glass house should run north and south, or as close to this position as possible. This enables it to get the maximum sunshine during both winter and summer, and this is a very important consideration in Orchid growing. After laying the concrete floor, raise the brick wall up 3ft. 10in. and insert ventilators in it about 12in. above floor level. Have the vents louvred (fitted with upward-slanting slots), as this will give an upward draught of air, Also stagger—arrange alternately—the vents on opposite sides of the house, and cover them with fine zinc or copper mesh to prevent the entry of pests. Squares of wood should be cut to fit into the openings, so that they can be closed when necessary. Four hinged venti- lators will also be required in the roof. From the top of the brickwork, raise the wooden frames for the glass. These should be 2ft. 4in. in height, and the supports should be so spaced to take the 16in. width of glass, to allow for an overlap to prevent draughts and drips from entering, This principle should also be considered when constructing the roof. From the floor level to the crown of my roof, the height is 9ft. 6in., and this I find quite adequate for carrying off the rain water. In the roof, place the ventilators on opposite sides, with one at cach end, just above the level of the door. Putty all glass, to prevent drip. I have constructed my benches of 2in, x lin. hardwood, supported on brick piers 3ft. 6in. in height. Make the benches no wider than three feet, because many Orchid plants are damaged by stretching for them across wide benches. Do not forget to make one end of the floor slightly lower than the other and in the lower end to leave weep holes to allow surplus water to drain away after the house has been damped down. Paint the glass lightly on the inside with white paint. I believe in this since it lasts longer, but many growers who have not in- stalled proper blinds, advocate whitewashing the. outside so that it will gradually wear off towards the end of autumn, Whitewash the inside of the walls and the benches, close the house com- pletely and keep very moist, and in a week or two it will be ready for the plants. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 Hot Water Pipes @ For those whose houses are artificially heated by hot water pipes the following may be of interest. The cast iron pipes used do not radiate heat; they merely heat the air surrounding the pipes. The resulting movement in the air ultimately warms the whole house. The smoother the pipes the slower this process and the greater stove heat required to generate and maintain the required temperature. If the pipes be coated with ordinary lamp black, the stove heat required will be consider- ably less and the heating of the house much quicker. Lamp Black is a particularly powerful radiating agent and throws the heat in the pipes well into the house, Alteration of Numbering of Pages @ Readers will note that the folios of the “Review” in this issue have been continued on from the March number. This practice will be carried on until the end of the volume is reached in December each year. It is hoped by this means to make the articles appearing more readily accessible for reference purposes. Aerangis Thompsoni E. P. FIRTH, Kenya @ I have had the “Unknown Angraecum” (illustrated in my article on page 24, March issue of the ‘““Review”’) identified by Kew. It is Aerangis Thompsoni, Aerangis and Angraecums are near relations, I believe. The Late J. F. Bailey (Continued from page 34) are grown, the benefit of his years of gracious service will be felt—and those who knew him believe that that is what he would prefer. It seems to us that it was of such a one as John Bailey that Wordsworth sang: So didst thou travel on life’s common way, In cheerful goodness; and yet thy heart The lowliest duties on herself did lay. Thanks to the human heart by which we live, Thanks to its tenderness, its joys and fears, To me the meanest flower that blows can give Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears. A USTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 PAGE FIFTY-NINE Aa, DENDROBIUM MACCARTHIAE This is the national Orchid of Ceylon, and the block showing the fine spray was sent to us with the compliments of the Orchid Society of Ceylon. It is @ rare and beautiful Dendrobium, but it seems to be very difficult to cultivate. It has long thin stems and the flowers are white with mauve tintings, and the lip has a rich purple base. Orchid House Humidity Dr. C. H. JAEDE, Mascot, N.S.W. oe are fashions in everything. The present . ee he Orchid growers is one of pH; mighe aes that in the future that of humidity aes a - prior place, for it must be remem- mostly _ Orchids, especially epiphytes, depend Gives pon the humidity of the atmosphere pen moisture More especially it is of Bose ne or those Orchids which do not Benge Servoirs for moisture, in the form of ; 0-bulbs and thick leaves. 255 Cccurred ‘to me that an instrument, such might MS installed in my glass house Vatiation cf me some information as to diurnal ‘shme o atmospheric humidity; to my aston- nt, the day-time humidity was the least —in fact, if I did not water the benches and flcors thoroughly, it would go down to as low as 50 per cent. There are various ways to estimate atmo- spheric humidity; the wet and dry bulb thermometer is very accurate but it is necessary tv consult a table to tell the relative humidity. A good “humidometer‘* operating by the ex- pansion of a human hair, and giving readings direct in relative humidity, mav be obtained from scientific instrument suppliers at about 17/6 each, I suggest that this might ke of importance to those interested in Orchid culture. PAGE SIXTY Cool House Notes (Continued from page 35) bark. You will probably remember reading, in a previous number of the “Review,” the enthusi- astic comments on some Cypripediums seen at Newcastle, but the plants now under discussion are much better than those at Newcastle. When last seen many were in flower. The flowers were as luxuriant as the plants, I transferred a number of my plants to this medium, and the response was almost immediate. At the time of writing this article—about six weeks after re-potting—some plants were lifted from the pots and showed many long, new, thick roots. This tan bark is not some new idea with this Sydney grower, as it has been used for this purpose for about ten years, I think this tan bark will be found beneficial for Cymbidiums and other terrestrials. I intend to try it. I would not advise growers, because of these remarks, to immediately transfer all their Cypri- pediums to this compost. The bark itself, the conditions of their houses and other factors may all vary. Therefore, try some of your plants in the bark and note results. A few months will be quite sufficient to indicate its suitability or otherwise for your particular conditions. In view of the possibility of the pH value of the bark obtained being too low (too acid), it would be advisable for growers who intend using this bark to allow it to remain out in the weather for about three months, unless they be in a position to have the pH value determined. At the end of that period it would be quite safe. Re-potting Epiphytic Orchids, in their natural state, grow mostly on rocks and trees. They are not parasites and so obtain no food supplies from the trees on which they live. Their sustenance is derived from the air and the rain and the de- composed leaves and moss which accumulate among their bulbs. When confined in small vessels therefore, the supply of nutriment ulti- mately becomes exhausted and requires replace- ment if the plant is to maintain its existance. For this reason, periodical re-potting or renewal of the compost is essential. The frequency of this operation must be left largely to the judg- ment of the grower, but I believe it will gener- ally be found that after two years, or perhaps three, the plants, unless re-potted, will show signs of deterioration. One of the important factors in re-potting is AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 to avoid over-potting. That term is applicable not so much to the size of the vessel (breadth or depth or both) as to the amount of compost. If small vessels be not available, increase the amount of drainage and so reduce the amount of compost, which otherwise might become sour. Under-pot rather than over-pot. This applies more particularly to newly imported plants whose rocts are generally all dead or mostly so; I have found that they respond better if planted in fibre only and watered very sparingly. When roots appear live moss may be placed on top of the compost and kept green until the autumn. If much water be given or moss used before root action begins, the moisture will retard the formation of roots. The new growths will exhaust the reserves in the old bulbs and your plants may possibly suffer serious damage, which will take long to repair. Newly imported established plants which arrive either in their pots or just merely lifted out of the pots should, on no account, be left in the pots or merely placed in new vessels just as received, as most of the roots are generally dead and the compost sour. They should be kept in the shade for a few weeks, gradually given more light and, at the appropriate time, the old compost removed, all dead or damaged roots cut away, and re-potted in fresh compost. If not re-potted, the plants will grow on their reserves and will suffer seriously later. Be particular to pack the compost tightly. A potting stick is useful for this purpose which has its bottom end bevelled like a chisel. This should be used with the flat edge facing the side of the pot. The effect would be to push the compost both down and to the centre. A blunt ended stick would merely force the compost down and leave the centre loose. The point to be remembered in packing tightly is that such compost will hold less water than when packed loosely. A sponge, for example, will hold con- siderably more water when loose than when tightly pressed. Agents for the “Australian Orchid Review” in Great Britain Messrs. B. F. Stevens & Brown Limited, New Ruskin House, 28-30 Little Russell Street, LONDON, W.C.1., are carrying stocks of current and back numbers of the ‘Australian Orchid Review.” Readers in Great Britain should communicate with them regarding their supplies. PAGE iv AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 QUALITY'S HIGHEST STANDARD, Steadfastly holding to our initial aim of creating good work alone, we have built a reputation in colour engraving an all branches of process work .. . none claim to make better... none actually are consistently as good. PHOTO- ENGRAVING ART COMPANY LIMITED HALF-TONE AND COLOUR PLATE SPECIALISTS CENTRAL BUILDINGS, 89 WILLIAM STREET, SYDNEY TELEPHONE F1151-2-3 PAGE V ORCHIDS We hold an are stock of FINE HEALTHY ORCHIDS A Wonderful Selection of HYBRID CATTLEYAS LAELIO-CATTLEYAS CYPRIPEDIUMS ODONTOGLOSSUMS MILTONIAS Plants of flowering size. Over 35 years’ experience in export packing to Australia Prices very reasonable. Write for our CATALOGUE without obligation. MANSELL & HATCHER Limited Dept AOR. RAWDON, LEEDS, England Beer ala EI eS SENS TLR ERE PANETT SOM AEE Splendid stock of CATTLEYA, CYMBIDIUM, CYPRIPEDIUM, ODONTOGLOSSUM and PHAL/ENOPSIS hybrids. Over 3 acres of newly-built houses devoted to Orchids FLANDRIA BRUGES (Belgium) AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 ORCHIDS OF SIAM Sent to all parts of the world in any quantity Only strong and healthy plants supplied Lists free on application The Bangkrabue Nursery 24kh. Phaya Klahom’s Lane BANGKRABUE, BANGKOK, SIAM INDIAN ORCHIDS Fine collections of showy Orchids for £1, £2/10/-, and £5. Postage free to any address. G. GHOSE & CO. Exporters of Orchids, Liliums and Himalayan Packing and Flower Seeds. TOWNEND, DARJEELING, INDIA SANDERS St. ALBANS ORCHID GROWERS, HERTS., ENGLAND OVER 50 YEARS’ EXPERIENCE AT YOUR SERVICE TO SUIT TO SUIT ALL HOUSES ORCHID ALL CLIMES WRITE FOR Special Offers—Latest Price Lists and “Cultivation of Orchids” An illustrated and interesting Book free on appli- cation to Members of the Orchid Societies of New South Wales and Queensland. ® SANDERS ORCHID GUIDE A complete work on all best known species 1927 EDITION—POST FREE—21/- Mention the “Australian Orchid Review—it identifies you AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 ORCHIDS Cymbidiums — Cattleyas — Dend- robiums — Cypripediums, &c. You get Good Plants at Keen Prices from Armstrong & Brown Tunbridge Wells, England Write for Price Lists. All orders teceived shall have our very best at- tention in packing and selection of the plants. PAGE Vi ORCHIDS Cymbidiums, Cypripediums, Dendrobiums, Etc. Established Plants Inspection invited. Open daily, excepting Thursdays. Sundays by appointment. Telephone: XU2774 GERALD E. GLISSAN “Lisieux,” Scales Parade (off Lewis Street) BALGOWLAH Queensland Polopodium and Osmunda Fibres best for all Orchids Write for particulars to A. GLINDEMAN 3 Doncaster Street, Hendra, N.E.2, BRISBANE The Scarlet DELPHINIUM Nature’s gift to Garden Lovers—the Flower of the Future Tall growing, free flowering, well ranched habit. True Scarlet in colour, ardy, easily grown, long lasting. Plant now. 4/- each. 6 for 21/-. Posted free IFAFA LILIES Hardy, free flowering in 5 distinct shades. hite, Yellow, Red, Apricot and Pink. One of each, 6/- Philip Montague Bulb Specialist Frankston, Victoria Ry ccd ert le eee ae eae By Appointment to the Sikkim Government ORCHIDS 50% Cheaper than Australian Prices AERIDES Longicornu, Multiflorum, Odoratum and Racemeformis: 2/6 each. CALANTHE Alismaefolia, Biloba, Brevicornu, Herbacea and Masuca: 2/- each. COELOGYNE Cristata, Elata, Flaccida, Fus- cescens and Ochracea: 1/6 each. CYMBIDIUM Cochleare, Eburneum,. Ensifolium, Gammieanum, Giganteum, Grandiflorum, Longifolium, Mastersii and Whiteae: 3/- ea. CYPRIPEDIUM Bellatulum, Fairrieannum, Hir- sutissimum, Venu. um and Villosum: 3/- DENDROBIUM Amoen.m, Chrysanthum, Densi- florum, Farmerii, Fimbriatum, Var Ocula- tum, Formosum, Heterocarpum, Pierardii, Hookerianum, Longicornu, Moschatum, Nobile and Transparense: 2/- each VANDA Amesiana, Coerulea, Cristata, Kimbali- ana, Parviflora and Teres: 2/- each. AN INTRODUCTORY OFFER OF 12 ORCHIDS IN CYMBIDIUMS, CYPRIPEDIUMS, DEND- ROBIUMS AND VANDAS, 25/- All Post Frete. Descriptive Catalogues free. Cash, please. L. B. PRADHAN & SONS Post, Pakyong, Sikkim, India Mention the “Australian Orchid Review—it identifies you DENDROBIUM FALCOROSTRUM Three Bushel Sack ooo 15/- Bushel and Half Case occ. cu. 10/- (on Rail Dorrigo) DAVID CLARK Deer Vale, Dorrigo, N.S.W. SIAMESE ORCHIDS 12 Cypripediums in 6 sorts for 40/-; 12 Grand Dendrobiums for 35/-; 20 different showy orchids for 40/-; 12 Vandas in 6 sorts for 35/-; 6 Anthurium andreanum in variety for 60/-. CARRIAGE AND PACKING FREE Good Discount to Wholesale Customers PHRA MAHA VICHAI 822 Prajadhipok Road, Bangkok, Siam SECURE YOUR REQUIREMENTS NOW if you want really good plants of Indian Orchids, Fresh Alpine Seeds, Bulbs, etc., at an unrivalled low price. Apply to D. SUAMSHER POST PAKYONG, SIKKIM, INDIA For Wholesale Price Lists No one will serve you better. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, JUNE, 1938 ORCHIDS Indian Orchids personally collected and despatched in freshest condition at unpre- cedentedly good value. Book your orders now for delivery at correct time. Ask for Lists. Post paid. Sample £3 THE STANDARD NURSERY Rhenock, Sikkim (India) was EAST AFRICAN ORCHIDS Angraecums, Ansellias, Cytorchis, Terrestrials, Etc. Collections of £1/10/-, £2, £4. Special Terms for larger quantities. Posted free. Health certificates of the Department of Agriculture sent with all consignments. Price List free on application. THE NYANZA NURSERY Fort Ternan, Kenya Colony Manager: E. P. Firth ORCHIDS OF INDIA Wholesale & Retail CYMBIDIUMS, 6 species 23/-; CYPRIPEDIUMS, 5 species 20/-; Gorgeous fl. DENDROBIUMS, 15. sorts 42/-; 12 sorts CALADIUMS, 12/-; post free. Illustrated catalogue of Orchids free for 2d. postage. Price Lists of Caladiums, Seeds, Bulbs, free. THE CHANDRA NURSERY P. O. Rhenock, Sikkim 83 (Bengal), India Taylor’s ORCHIDS Taylor’s CYMBIDIUMS, CATTLEYAS, DENDROBIUMS, CYPRIPEDIUMS, PHALAENOPSIS and VANDAS Our stocks are extensive in all the above species and varieties. We welcome your inspection as we specialise in the better class of Orchids at most reason- able prices. Our long experience is at your service. T AY L ap R 2 & 5 ACACIA STREET, BELMORE ORCHID IMPORTERS & EXPORTERS NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA Mention the “Australian Orchid Review”—it identifies you If you are a flower lover, become a member of the Orchid Society of your own State; and join in appreciation of the climax of plants’ evolution. Visitors welcomed at meetings. The Orchid Society of New South Wales Meets every month on alternate last Tuesdays and Thursdays, in Room 507, Phillip House, Phillip Street, Sydney at 8 p.m. President: Hon. Secretary: His Honour T. H. JAMES jee ot SST 67 Arabella Street Kooyong,” Hastings Road WARRAWEE, N.S.W. LONGUEVILLE, N.S.W. The dates of the next meetings of the Society are as follow:— JULY: TUESDAY, 26th SEPTEMBER: TUESDAY, 27th AUGUST: THURSDAY, 25th OCTOBER: THURSDAY, 27th at Room 507, Phillip House, Phillip Street, Sydney A hearty invitation is extended to all interested in Orchids to attend Please address all communications regarding the Society to the Hon. Secretary Queensland Orchid Society President: Hon. Secretary: M. P, CAMPBELL T. C. HARVEYSON Ruth Street, Wilston, N.W.1 Box 2002X, G.P.O. BRISBANE BRISBANE QUEENSLAND QUEENSLAND Meeting Place: MINIATURE RIFLE RANGE BUILDING Boundary Street BRISBANE Meetings held on Second Friday of each month Visitors are Welcome Printed and Published in Australia by the Orchid Society of New South Wales G. Hermon Slade, Hon. Editor. Wholly set up and printed in Australia by Shepherd & Newman Pty Ltd., Yurong Street, Sydney. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, MARCH, 1938 Australan @Orehid Review Subseription Application The Manager, Australian Orchid Review,” Box 2582E., G.P.O., Sydney. Dear Sir, Please enter subscription in the name and to the address mentioned hereunder, for which I enclose 6/-, in payment for issues for one year. Name of Subscriber = satin a tat tM tcack ER as eas ohne alee. HA APES Ss oes See oT ETT, ae eae RR PS ie = eitent e! ORCHIDAL A proven German Orchid Fertilizer which produces remarkable growth and magnificent dark, almost black-green, foliage. : PRICE: 6/- per ounce. £4 per pound. Post free. One ounce makes approximately 30 gallons fertilizer. Sole Agents: W. Hermon Slade & Co., Ltd., Manufacturing Chemists, ROSEBERY AVENUE, ROSEBERY Postal Address: BOX 1540 D.D., G.P.O., SYDNEY. “Ihe ©fcial Organ of The Orchid Societies of New South Wales ial Queensland. PAGE i varieties coming into flower. and other ornamental plants. *Phone, Drum. 1124. Fine Books : ' -ON Botany AND Horticulture WITH BEAUTIFUL COLOURED PLATES Complete Catalogue Sent Post Free on Request Bernard Quaritch Limited 11 Grafton St., New Bond St., London, W.1. ENGLAND Cablegrams: QUARITCH, LONDON AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 ORCHIDS IN ENDLESS SELECTION FOR BUSH AND GLASS HOUSE CULTURE I have the Largest Assorted Commercial Collection in Australia Send for my Latest Illustrated Catalogue Owing to the high cost of producing such a fine illustrated catalogue as offered, 3d. postage must be added or else book. cannot be forwarded. A few Specialty Lines are 3 dike on Yoon including— | Azaleas from small to large plants in tubs. All the best double and single Rhododendrons. Plants up to 5ft. high, all coming into iiad! Conifers. Large advanced plants, are in tubs. All the best Gan Cupressus, ‘Dow't fail to visit the Nursery of JOHN BISSET 48° WAREEMBA: STREET, ‘ABBOTSFORD, N.S.W. Open ¢ every week ab and all day Sate Not Sunday. THE ORCHID REVIEW Founded in 1893, by the late R. A. Rolfe, of Kew. The only Journal dealing exclusively with Orchid Lore, featuring articles on the History, Cultivation, Hybridization, and all matters of interest to the Connoisseur, Amateur, and Trader, Exhibition Reports and Registration Records of new Hybrids accurately kept and published. PRICE: 1s. 6d. Monthly. Postage free. Back volumes and complete sets, bound or unbound, can be supplied from THE ORCHID REVIEW LIMITED 33 John Street THEOBALDS, LONDON, W.C.1 Mention the “Australian Orchid Review”—it identifies you AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 PAGE East Indian Orchids 12 different showy Cymbidiums ..... £1/10/- 25 Dendrobiums in 12 sorts 0... £2/15/- 12 Cypripediums in 4 sorts 00000 £2/-/- 50 Best showy Orchids, 25 kinds _..... £5/-/- 25 Wallichianum or 20 Giganteum or 15 Napalence or 30 Caladiums _..... £2/10/- | Cymbidium Red Spotted Eburneum, PSY EIS ae ek ick Le £15/15/- Please send Cash with order to save heavy cost for parcels Binvulect all the best varieties of East Indian Orchids, rest etc., in huge quantities and supply them at Briss Price for strong bulky plants. If | get a large Behn order before October to November | will send che having 10 to 55 shoots in one clump in Cym- Faye Coelogynés and in Dendrobiums. Ask for Olesale and Retail Price List. | allow large discount. D.K. KASAJU Orehid Collector Post Rhenock, Sikkim State N. BENGAL, INDIA THE MOST RELIABLE HOUSE FOR WORLD'S CHOICEST ORCHIDS Clumps of 15, 20, 25 Leafy Bulbs (4 bulbs calculated as one plant) Price Per Plant 5/- 4/- 4/- Cymbidium 6 gorgeous varieties Dendrobium 15 5 5% Vanda Coelogyne Cypripedium Saccolabium Phaius Aerides Calanthe ” ” 45 Sorts Selected Orchids—£6/-/-. Postage paid Good discounts to wholesale purchasers. Cash please with order. Lists free. ‘Postage Paid. Lillium Bulbs—100 in 20 different sorts, £5/5/- Postage Paid. Sikkim Government Factory made Pure Wool Carpet— 5/- per square foot—any design. Royal Nursery POST PAKYONG, SIKKIM NORTHERN INDIA RReLADHV F. TH. J. NYLAND 6 Tampomaslaan, Bandoeng Java, Neth. East Indies Can supply you all popular Orchids of Java at reasonable terms. Write for prices. Also willing to exchange. ORCHIDS Large collector and exporter of strong healthy Plants in large clumps. No order too large, experienced packing. Price List on application The Himalayan Lucksom Nursery LILY COTTAGE, P.O. PAKYONG, SIKKIM, INDIA Telegram: ‘‘L.D.’’ Gangtok, Sikkim, INDIA P.O. Pakyorg. ORCHID SOCIETY OF N.S. WALES ANNUAL SHOW FARMER’S BLAXLAND GALLERIES THURSDAY-FRIDAY SEPTEMBER 8-9 Admission Free Mention the ‘tAustralian Orchid Review”—it identifies you a eet = PAGE iii AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, CYMBIDIUMS Smart’s Garden Service for Cymbidium Species and Modern Mybrids Our collection of Cymbidiums — both species and hybrids — is worthy of growers’ attention. All mature, healthy, and vigorous specimens, our stock contains the very latest and best varieties procurable from the leading overseas growers, as well as the proved old favourites. FOR SIZE AND QUALITY WE ARE UNEQUALLED PRICES: From 25/- to £5 We also cater for every kind of garden shrub and plant. Seedlings of Special Quality. AZALEAS and HYDRANGEAS in great variety. Prices competitive. Visitors always welcome. Stroll round our grounds and choose plants to your requirements. Situated on the left-hand side of Pacific Highway, between Gordon and Pymble. Smart's Garden Service 819-857 PACIFIC HIGHWAY, GORDON, N.S.W. *Phone JX3052 Stock Nursery: H. E. SMART, Sobraon Road, Eastwood. Phone: Epping 1439 BLACK & FLORY SLOUGH ENGLAND Cablegrams: “Orchids Slough” @ Cypripediums in modern hybrids as available Cymbidiums—on first flowering, for shipping in April— strong plants Brassocattleyas and allied hybrid genera Odontoglossum hybrids, Miltonias, Odontiodas, etc. All by special offer at moderate prices, according to strength and quality. Mention the “Australian Orchid Review”—it identifies you 1938 | —— PAGE . SIXTY-ONE AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW Volume 3 September, 19:38 No. 3 Contents An Extract from “Himalayan Journals,” Vol. 2, Page 32150 see 7) Galant hesmmaen tierra Wee 2 for Tt bb oe rte lel gas 73 Catasetum Macrocarpum em sees Fie se ie LE ios 81 Cool House Culture and Notes for Beginners 99 © ten em 67 Cymbidiella Rhodocheilum ae ee fa brine. bo ette emt 87 EditOrial We aac ue tin mene ee ce mer rc a A a sae. yl 63 | Insects and Other Pests affecting Orchidaceous Plants 9 $3 OrchidaGrowinesaseam blob b yaamn meme amc. ent 2 ie cals 71 ‘OrchidsmandmthemMan-Rorian cess a Mile tcr ng. neat eaten i 64 Orchids at the Floralies Gantoises, 1938 90 « Ree en, ved 78 pH—lIts Scientific Meaning ee wet ere tae obit age $4 Slugs and Snails eho, Se att ald eee ee Lee 86 Some Native Orchids and their Habitats —..... pond ne es 75 | eT emA nritial SHO Wieser mer tere aM err me cara Race Dons eg ds Sh ao Tg 85 The Comradeship of Orchid Growers: sme sete tte tes 68 | The Genus Gleisostoma in Australia; 9:2 cee | eee stems 82 Two Angraecums from Kenya 99 we. om ng Gee 69 Vanda cOcruleai.= se Me memnNes mee coma a , $9 | Wraterings Catt] cy as imma alms mtg gn ts: mE 70 | Index to Illustrations Brassocattleya. Albion © © seep) sme teeth teed te 62 | Cdbridhe iseegah oo nee eee te St he ee te 73 | Catasetum macrocarpum wn oe a ee Aes. ate bee ics 81 | Cattleya grown in a cool house 9°00 wm Sue me xtsher) Bake 77 | Cattleya Trianae 9000 we Pe ee) re Sa nae ee 71 Cleisostoma congestum, Bailey lee) on, ee ee eta ae 82 | Cleisostoma orbiculare, Rupp = es Pee Tee ee, «ear $2 Cypripedium Festivity 9 92°22 © wy toe ee ie ty eg 85 Cypripedium insigne wn see sae WNcipeaindelaaien etiam Soe 69 Dendrobium Aureum ve ee eee wir Ged ie ee es 79 endrobium Gatton Sunray 9 ww ee Se ae alien Ty Pr Fae 66 . Epidendrum Medusae © vem eee ne nts ans ate ae 72 Miltoniahlyothw, sum etnisese tan obts atm i BA or ule te 65 Phalaenopsis leucorhoda HATER LCOED Rota) ke ey Pest oe fe 87 STG ars tial Lia ri eee eee eee ee eee 75 Vandamecoerulea js Mm Meer num iene beeen) Wricer Segmummry Wein Mal, te ee 89 Subscription: G/- per year, post free SET SENS WEA ANNE FL At a ha a ERE I TS IE te PN a JO PSrVaMyWo AYSES Aor Sy Sa SE ASPreoosseagq “SPLAQAY EAS rEoosseagq AYES Asaq 2 YAM porewosse saird jesoy oprm pure ay poy ‘odeys Adeziod gy sMOYS 1 Spurjsuyq ur poonpoid vArpavoossvag jo sodA qsouyy aya FO DUO Fo oyduiexe uv st siqy, NOI1TV VAATLLYOOSSV Ud 1938 R, MBE PTE VIEW, SE AUSTRALIAN ORCHID RE SIXTY-TWO PAGE 1 ee a - tlielaes he ee AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 PAGE SIXTY-THREE Australian Orchid Review Editorial Hasten Slowly @ It is a feature of one’s enthusiasm in Orchid culture to develop the habit of undertaking Entirely new methods of cultivation before there has been time for such methods to be properly tested. Last Winter several of the members of the Orchid Society of New South Wales visited Stowers in Newcastle, and as a result of this Visit two new enthusiasms developed, namely the potting of certain Orchids in a medium of nothing but sphagnum moss, and the growing of Cypripediums in a compost composed princi- Pally of clay. So far as can be judged, neither of these Methods has proved really successful in Sydney. At the last several meetings of the Orchid Society of New South Wales, discussion has been Confined very largely to the merits or otherwise of tanbark and much has been said both in its favour and in opposition to its use. These dis- Ussions apparently arose from the fact that ne grower had been discovered to grow Cypri- Pediums in pure, fresh tanbark only, with seem- in - gly miraculous results. It has always been the policy of this “Review” ‘o stimulate research and experiments in Orchid 8towing, Progress can never be made otherwise, Ut we have often stated and we now repeat, that it is quite futile for all purposes to rush headlong to a new method before it has received * Proper “laboratory” trial. It must be remembered that Orchid growing as been a popular hobby now for many years, and reading of old time Orchid periodicals and text books clearly shows that practically nearly all the “new” methods of culture have been tried before, and subsequently abandoned. Make experiments by all means. We go fur- ther and urge you to do so. At the same time, however, we ask that -your experiments be con- ducted along quasi scientific lines at least. Make tests. Apply the new ideas to one or more plants growing under the same conditions. precisely as other plants grown by other methods, and then judge results, A month or a year are not long enough to judge the results from your experi- * ments, They must be continued over a lengthy period, Put aside your standard plant and then grow the others the subject of the new methods against it. In this way your experiments will have some value and from the more mercenary point of view there is a considerably reduced risk not only of disappointment but of serious loss. We repeat our plea for the conducting of experiments and tests in the hope that something really new and useful can be developed; but remember how often it is that the quiet old grower sticking to the old, universally accepted, methods obtains most gratifying results with his plants whereas the grower who constantly changes _ his cultural ideas leads an unhappy existence of constant ups and downs. “Hasten slowly,” is a motto which one does well to bear in mind in his everyday life: and he would act wisely and with foresight to apply its principles to his hobby of Orchid growing. PAGE S:XTY-FOUR AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 Orchids and the Man PART 3—ROMANCE J. MURRAY COX, Brisbane, Queensland This series of articles by Mr. J. Murray Cox, of Brisbane, has been one of the most popular features appearing regularly in the “Review.” Mr. Murray Cox now begins his third part, entitled “Romance,” @ The strange combination of elements and sentiments which, in the pestle and mortar of evolution, has been compounded into modern man, has given to each of its products one thing in common—an appreciation of the romantic. The keenest business man has this soft spot in his armour, and the toughest crimi- nal has it also. It is legendary that a New York gangster in the midst of his favourite pastime of putting a victim “‘on the spot”? was so moved by the sudden rendition, through his car radio, of “That gin-sodden mammy of mine” or some similar American contribution to musical art, that he said, between sobs, “Say, guy, I’m real sorry to keep yuh waitin’, but I can’t do it while that dame’s singing.” For most of us Romance is a safeguard which helps to protect us from the impact of our worries—it helps us to sink the reality of our personality into the ideal—to see ourselves not as we are, but as we would like to be. We grow many kinds of Orchids in our bush houses and glass houses and give little thought as to how they came to be known to Orchid growers in the first instance. Yet very often there is a story behind our acquaintance with some of these plants which would provide the plot for a thrilling romance. In order to provide Orchid growers with sup- plies of their favourite plants, men have gone into the trackless jungles of Burmah and Siam, of India and Brazil, and into the four corners of the earth; have braved the hazards of hunger and heat, of privation and cold, the claws of the wild beast and the poisoned arrow of more savage man. Mr. Burdett, in his interesting book, ‘“‘The Odyssey of an Orchid Hunter,” gives us an excellent picture of the vicissitudes these men experience. He was a mining engineer by profession, and in the course of his duty he was exploring one of the Philippine Islands in search of a deposit of manganese when he en- tered a valley whose sides were white with Phalaenopsis Rimestadtiana, till then a rare plant. He was -not interested in Orchids at the time, but some months later was approached by an overseas Orchid house and asked to collect Orchids for them. His first shipment of the Phalaenopsis he had so accidentally found was worth some thousands of pounds, This started him off as an Orchid collector in real earnest. His story of his search for the scarce Vanda Sanderiana is enthralling, and we can picture his despair when having, after months of un- availing search, found and collected a large number of plants of this Orchid, he lost them all by reason of the rough seas occasioned by a cyclone storm breaking over his frail craft as he sailed back to civilisation. Fortunately, he and his native assistants escaped with their lives, and were, at a later date, able to find a further quantity of Vanda Sanderiana. Not so happy was the fate of one Captain John Hopkins, known as “Ruddy” Hopkins (presumably because he had auburn hair). This man was a sea-faring gentleman who owned 4 small ketch named “The Swallow” and used her to pick up such unconsidered trifles as might be had. He was a black-birder, a pearl-seeker and probably a pirate, when it suited him, He was not interested in Orchids as Orchids—in fact, he had a profound contempt for anyone who grew flowers of any sort. But he knew that sometimes almost fabulous prices were paid by certain kinds of fools for a new kind of Orchid. Now “Ruddy” had on his ketch a Murray Islander whom, in place of his unpronounceable native name, he called Joe. Being what he was, Hopkins treated Joe with all the brutal despot- ism of the bully—and being what he was, Joe swallowed the insult and the injury and looke with reverent admiration at the red-haired skull of Captain Hopkins. During the course of 4 stay at Thursday Island, Captain Hopkins came in contact with a gentleman from England who questioned him concerning his possibility 0 obtaining Orchids from some of the rather ungetatable places which ‘The Swallow” visited from time to time. The gentleman gave him pictures of various Orchids and explained just what an Orchid is and how it may be distin- guished’ from Lesser flowers. He mentioned figures which made Ruddy’s hair figuratively stand up. Back on board Hopkins submitted his crew to a rough but intensive interrogation regarding the existence of Orchids in their homé AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 places, All but one of them expressed com- plete ignorance of the subject—there might be flowers like that, but if there were, they hadn’t nown anything or cared anything about them. h € exception was Joe. With great eloquence € described how in the Island of Merwe—in aK own village, indeed, there was an Orchid far Passing any of those whose pictures were shown by Captain Hopkins. It was, he ex- MILTONIA LYOTH Enthusiasts report very varying success with have been advised by growers. prefer bush house culture. very liable to attack by Thrip, Plained, a beautiful blue in colour—something ike the curtains round the captain’s portholes. And it grew up in the hills and the people of 18 village used to grow it in the skulls of the ee they had captured, He was willing € ead Captain Hopkins to his village and sured him there would be no difficulty in Setting a number of plants. So Ruddy set sail val Merwe and in due course arrived at the aed escorted by Joe and four others of his this The last thing Ruddy Hopkins saw in ife was a pile of human heads, from each With some of us, PAGE SIXTY-FIVE of which grew a weed with a blue flower like that of our common ageratum. Before long Ruddy’s own skull and those of his bodyguard (except: one, who by some miracle escaped the massacre and regained “The Swallow’) also served for the ornamentation of the village. An Orchid of great beauty which was intro- duced into Europe early in the Seventeenth Century by the Spaniard Hernandez was Laelia Miltonias; and a number of different methods Some find Miltonias succeed best in glass houses, while others Miltonias fail under all conditions. and must be sprayed regularly. They are majalis, a native of Mexico. This lovely species of the Laelia genus was used by the ancient race of Aztecs in their great religious festival of “The Bridal of the Sun.” For romantic tragedy I suppose no other religious ceremony ever ex- ceeded this function. The festival took place every third year upon mid-summer day. Twelve months before the ceremony was due, a convo- cation of the Chief High Priests met, and. de- cided, after consulting an oracle, which of the eligible maidens of the nation should be elected to the high honour of “Bride of the Sun.” No a PAGE SIXTY-SIX family of noble rank was exempt, and even the daughter of the King himself might be selected. The first intimation that a girl had been chosen was the appearance, at her house, of a company of the officers of the Temple under the charge of a High Priest, who placed upon her head a light golden coronet graven with the image of the Sun. She was then mounted on a litter and borne to the Temple of the Sun. Here during the next few months she was treated with the adoration of a goddess. Gifts were showered | f DENDROBIUM GATTON SUNRAY This outstanding Dendrobium hybrid was obtained by Sir Jeremiah Colman through crossing D. chrysotoxum with D. Dalhousieanum. The flowers are as large as the last named species and their colour is a beautiful apricot-yellow. It is one of the most beautiful orchid hybrids of its kind ever raised. Grown by Sir Jeremiah Colman. Photographed by G. H. Slade. upon her and her family. The fruits of harvest and hunt were given her. On the days dedicated to the worship of the Sun God, she was seated upon a golden throne beside the high altar, thronged about with attendants clad in white robes, and she received the obeisance of the Priests and the people. The festival was pre- AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 ceded by two days of riotous feasting and re- joicing. The streets of the city were hung with garlands and every building was decorated with gay cloths and streamers. At dawn on the day itself the “Bride of the Sun” was roused by specially appointed attendants, and, after being bathed, she was arrayed in a long robe of spotless white and round her breasts were fastened two gleaming gold suns. Her face was painted with a golden paint, and upon her head a great golden crown was placed, gleaming with rubies and other precious stones from the hidden mines of the Aztecs. She was given to drink a goblet of native wine in which, mercifully, had been placed a drug which lessened for her the terror of the day. As the sun rose over the hills she was lifted on to a great wheeled litter drawn and pushed by a score or more of white clad priests. In her right hand was placed a sceptre whose head was a golden image of the sun, richly jewelled. In her left hand she carried a bouquet of this Laelia majalis, which they called Chichiltic Tepetlavhxo Chitl. On each side of the litter walked two rows, each of ten attend- ants, each of whom bore a bloom of the same plant in cach hand. Slowly the procession marched round the city, accompanied by the beating of cymbals, the blowing of horns and the screeching of whistles in wild barbaric tunes, and then ascended the hills to the Sun God’s Palace. In the main hall of this large building the roof was built so that, through a nicely calculated slit in the canopy, the sun’s rays entered in a stream a few minutes before noon, and proceeded, like a finger of light, towards a door at the western end, The procession was timed to reach the main entrance hall just as the rays broke through the aperture so that they shone upon the painted features of the bride, pallid under the tints, as she entered the hall. Slowly the doomed girl was wheeled to the fatal docrway until, just as the sunlight struck it, she was lifted through the opening into a small chamber which contained nothing but a large golden bed and a table with two rolls of bread and a jar of wine. The priests placed her gently upon the bed and withdrew backwards from the chamber. The heavy door was closed and two priests sealed it with a seal that would not be broken for three years. The attendants piled their Laelias against the door and the procession then re-formed and wended its way back to the city as the rays of the sun lengthened from the west, leaving the “Bride of the Sun” in her wedding tryst with Death. A USTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 PAGE SIXTY-SEVEN Cool: House Culture and Notes for Beginners T. H. JAMES, Longueville, N.S.W. rae Berice of ease for Orchid growers, if ae puc a thing, has passed, and during the cant praca ths our Orchids will take up much ime. Are they not worth it? in GO develops somewhat later in the hanette glass house and bush house than in the a A pees but by the end of September all mere: ould be well in evidence. With many . ema ae the new growths will be well ished.) 4h efore the flowering shall have iin- consider ree new growths will have attained intl ff e length before rooting begins, sO, ee ee water very sparingly. There is a these see to pour on the water when ti ae ng shoots appear, but there is plenty rele e in the old bulbs to carry on the new he ale a srasidetable period. When root action will re nitely started, your bush house Orchids hn mae plenty of watering—possibly every bo a a glass house. frequent watering will any age A it is impossible to formulate 3 Gade € direction. So much depends on whethe, ner, conditions of the house generally, your pla In pots or baskets, etc. Do not give Sane just a sprinkling each day. That ant oak, results in a wet top, a dry interior, ailing plants, cary ding composts, I have decided to dis- Resin > entirely, and will use it only as a top . re uring the growing period. It will not they ae new roots have appeared and will bere e Ree green. In the bush house that may Remenc lem, but not impossible. On my bush Tee Seg o Orchids I managed to keep the but Ieee last summer. I may be wrong, quick] elieve that the moss decomposes too re when mixed in the compost, and tends ome soggy. Du 1 . t . . 4 in thee a wet winter exotic Orchids grown Wouls Dush house with moss in the compost ma surely suffer injury and may lose all their F atte only my epiphytic Orchids I am using fibre ae Osmunda or black Todea, not thz intend Todea) with some Peat Moss. I also lst te to try some with Tan Bark which I shall Present in case there should be any tannic acid Lig, 844.1 am firmly conyinced that too many growers are wedded to heavy blinds or, what to my mind is even worse, permanent or semi- permanent wooden slides over painted glass. This shady treatment may induce bigger bulbs with beautiful green foliage, but the flowering will be a failure. The majority of epiphytic Orchids, particularly Cattleyas, grow naturally on the tops of trees and on rocks; not in shady places. Like other sun-loving plants, they will not flower satisfactorily in shady conditions. My own house, at the beginning of last spring, was lightly painted: and I made blinds of the most open scrim (not hessian) J could obtain; st resembles a coarse veil. These blinds were used only on very hot days, and even then for portion of the day only. There was never any evidence of burning. Certainly the foliage of the Cattleyas was not that dark, rich green so beloved by many; it has a slightly yellow tinge, but is tough and leathery. Some of the most luxuriant Orchids I have ever seen were grown under painted glass with no other shade what-, ever. Ventilation —\_ have ‘noticed that many growers, even in summer time, close their ven- tilators at night time. Why? In nature all plant life is accustomed to lower temperatures at night and, further, during the night require more oxygen than during the day time. Closing the ventilators at night, therefore produces un- natural conditions which ultimately must ad- versely affect the Orchids. I even noticed one house early in the winter with every crack and cranny carefully blocked and the stove going. My own house has no ventilators in the ordi- nary sense; the air gets in from all points, Its * A gcod test for Tannic acid is the Ferric Chloride test. This is done by taking a sample of the tan bark, boiling it for 4 minutes with water, then pouring off the clear liquid to which is then added a few drops of Ferric Chloride Solution. Tannic acid will cause a black colour to develop (ink); the density of the precipitate will serve to measure the amount of Tannic acid present. As even old tan bark may contain a small amount of Tannic acid, and also because this test is very delicate, it would be advisable to test, firstly the new sample; and secondly a proven sample of tan bark, in order to cor- rectly judge the condition of the sample being tested.—Ed. | | q q | ] 1 ! | | | ! | | ] : | | PAGE S...TY-EIGHT function is mainly to protect the plants from rain and winds, except those from the north and north-east, which blow in through the open door. For several weeks prior to writing this article, the temperature in my house has varied from 39 to 43 degrees. Once it reached 34 and once 37 degrees. Nothing appears to have been affected except a newly acquired Vanda Sumatrana and a Phalaenopsis amabilis, The latter, I am giving up; in my conditions it will not thrive, although Phalaenopsis Schilleriana grows moderately well. Vanda teres.—I have been growing this Vanda for several years in the glass house. Whilst it grew luxuriantly it refused to flower, About August last I hung it outside against the north side of the house, right out in the full sun. It now has three flower spikes. It is growing in pure moss peat. Growers who have not been successful with this Vanda and also Vanda Agnes Joaquim might treat their plants similarly and may cbtain flowers. Epidendrum O’Brienanum. — This Orchid should be in every collection. I have a plant The Comradeship @ We have received the following letter from Mr. W. B. Worth, of 4 Ward St., Willoughby, N.S.W., with reference to our Editorial in the June issue. Readers are invited to forward their names and addresses to the Editor, as suggested by Mr. Worth. “May I congratulate you on your very excellent ‘Friendship’ Editorial in the June issue; it so accurately portrays the spirit that pervades the Orchid growing community, no matter what station the individual occupies in life. “How often has our President (Judge Markell) made it plain that his collection is available to interested members who journey his way to view it. A very fine gesture in- deed, and one that members have availed themselves of, and an example that others have been pleased to emulate, for there are few who do not welcome visitors as friends, show their possessions and chat over successes, fail- ures and experiences with them. No matter how small the collection, how few flowers or how simple the cultural methods, the Orchid enthusiast will meet a friend and of a cer- AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 in an 8 inch pot which, for the last 18 months, has had never less than 8 to 10 flower sprays: Twelve months ago it filled a 6 inch pot. It was then transferred to its present pot, and now will shortly need to have a larger vessel. It is growing in a mixture of fibre and peat moss, but is not very particular as to compost provided it is light and is well drained. Given those conditions and a sunny sheltered position, it will grow well 2s a garden plant. It will not flower in the glass or bush house. Other species are available. Thunias.—Several growers of my acquaint- ance have again failed to flower this Orchid. Possibly the plants were given too much watef in the early stages of growth. They will gen- erally start growing about the end of August, and when the. new shoots are about 14 inches long repot into a rich, light mixture, but watef very sparingly until shoots are about 8 inches long. By that time, if they intend to flower, the buds can be felt by gently pressing the top: From that stage, water copiously. Too much water before that period will usually result in growth without flowers. Place your plant right out in the open sun until the flower spike emerges, and then place under shelter. of Orchid Growers tainty find something to interest and enlighten him. “One Sunday morning not long ago, 4 gentleman strolled in on me with “You are an Orchid grower, I won’t apologise for call- ing—I know I am welcome.” <A_ strange! then, but we have seen a lot of each other since, and together have visited a number 0 growers, “This friendship is not confined to our ow? State of N.S.W., by any means, for during 4 recent holiday spent in Brisbane, the Norther? people proved themselves just as friendly an helpful and quite as willing to show a yisitof round their collections, “Journals and other literature are useful to the culturist, but are very supplementary to actual personal contact, and a sight 9 what others are doing is the only way t? really get the best out of our reading. “So, Sir, might I suggest that our Journal render a further service for those members who are diffident about visiting other amateut growers without an invitation, by receiving and publishing a list of those of us wh? welcome a visit from mutual enthusiasts.” AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 PAGE SIXTY-NINE Two Angraecums from Kenya E. P. FIRTH, Fort Ternan, Kenya Colony ANGRAECUM KOTSCHEE bg Spread across tropical Africa and on the Island of Madagascar, one finds a great number of Angreecums and their allied species, Aerangis. I believe that the majority of the true Angrae- cums come from low levels, for as far as | know None are found in Kenya above 5,000 feet, and alc Majority at lower elevations. CYPRIPEDIUM IN racems 36in. long each bearing 15-20 flowers, or two 24ft, in diameter. The flowers, when they first open, are not pure white. The sepals are tinged with green; the petals white and the large crinkled lip 1s white; the column is white, but round its base a shade of pink. The remark- able twisted spur, often 8in.-9in. long, is pink. \ SIGNE -_ This Cypripedium is more easily cultivated than perhaps any other of the “slipper orchids.” It is well represented in most collections, but this plant grown in Brisbane is a perfect specimen. It succeeds best when grown in the bush house or in a sheltered position out of doors, and is an orchid to be recommended to every beginner on account of its showy nature and ease of culture. Grown by J. Waltisbubl. Photographed J. Bailey, by courtesy, “The Telegraph,” Brisbane. nad Kotschii occurs at about 4,000 feet in seal E. Africa, growing on limestone or rough socks or on the branches of certain s 4 arked trees along the banks of rivers. Aaa prefers having shade and the moist such Phere arising from the water, and under conditions I have seen plants carrying three After a few days the sepals become white like the petals and lose their waxy look; at night the flowers are fragrant. I should not call Koftschii by any means a common Orchid, It is extremely local, and I have only so far found two places in Kenya in which it grows. PAGE SEVENTY AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 ANGRAECUM MIRABILE MAJUS @ This Orchid appears to be extremely rare, and I doubt whether this species has ever been seen in England or outside Africa, There appear to be two species at least, possibly more. The first is small, and to distinguish it from Majus I shall call it Minor. A. Mirabile Majus, of which only two plants have been found, was growing on a tree in heavy shade over a waterfall at 5,000 feet. As it hung over the 100ft. fall of rushing water, no native would venture to climb that tree, no doubt fearing that the extra weight on it would cause it to topple over and crash into the pool at the foot of the falls. The sight of those five racems of white flowers spread out like an opened fan, was tantalizing; it was quite out of reach, being akout 12ft. out over the falls. Something had to be done about it and risk had to be taken. A thin pole about 16ft. long was cut, and with the aid of wire a kind of grapple was fixed on to the end; then the fun began, or rather the anxious job of trying to dislodge the Orchid from the tree on the end of the cumbersome fishing rod without letting it fall into the water. Luck was with me, and after about ten minutes’ Watering effort I managed to grapple it and land it un- damaged, save for broken roots. It was a beauty. Two plants were entwined together, one had three racems and the other two, each about 15in. long and spread out in one plane, like the outstretched fingers of a hand. Every raceme bore 12-16 flowers arranged on either side of it; the flowers were roughly lin. to 14in. diameter. Sepals and petals creamy white, the lip much larger than the petals, and the column brilliant scarlet; each flower bore a slender spur lin. long. I have now divided the plant into two and hope next season to be able to send a photo of it in bloom to the ‘Australian Orchid Review.” Pressed flowers were sent to Messrs. Sanders of St. Albans, recently, and Mr. Cooper wrote me stating that to the best of his knowledge the flowers were identical with those of the one plant they possessed years ago, but that plant had died and its habitat in Africa was unknown. Whether the plant possessed by Messrs. Sanders was a niinor with white petals and sepals, or 4 majus with cream coloured flowers, I do not know. Cattleyas Mrs. M. P. CAMPBELL, Brisbane. @. @-When watering Catfleyas there are one or two things to remember. In the winter, water in the morning, and in the summer, water in the evening. Be careful not to allow water to fall on the leaves when the sun is shining upon them or you will cause nasty spots. It is a great advantage to now and then sponge the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves, using a very small soft piece of linen—or cotton rag—dipped in cold water. The pseudo-bulbs, too, may be cleaned and any old loose hanging pieces of the covering membrane may be removed. These are liable to conceal and harbour a small scale pest. Should any of this scale be visible, put a very small teaspoonful of kerosene in the water, but be careful to keep the kerosene sus- pended in the water by constantly stirring the water so as not to have it lying in a film on the top, which would burn the leaves. Never strip the covering membrane from the eyes nor pull it off the pseudo-bulbs if in any way adherent. You may use the hose for watering the kenches and paths and the outside parts of the rafts for the purpose of creating a humid at- mosphere on hot dry days. Otherwise the watering should be done by hand with a long spouted can. In watering a raft, turn it round so that it is equally moistened on the four sides. When watering a Cattleya in full growth be sure to give sufficient water thoroughly to dampen the compost. It is misleading just to keep the top moist whilst underneath the top layer the plant may be suffering from drought. Discourage the growth of alien mosses on the compost, no matter how pretty they may be. Just a little hint when about to fix an Orchid —not Cattleyas this time, but some native Orchids—on a tree. Place it on the south side. You will notice how moss grows on the south side of trees in scrubs and forests, and I believe it is true that the part of a house facing south is always the first to show signs of weathering: Naturally we should give the Orchids our moisture-giving aspect and not face them to our dry north-east. ee AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 PAGE SEVENTY-ONE Orchid Growing as a Hobby This is the second instalment of this interesting article, of which the first section appeared in our last issue. FE. C. ATHERTON, Honolulu e In a natural environment insects often cross Pollinate the flowers, and seed pods form, It takes from six months to a year for most seed Pods to develop. When they do, they produce an enormous number of seeds. In fact, it has €en estimated from an actual count of a smail Portion of the contents of a seed pod, that numbers of them contain as many as 400,000 or they naturally grew. Towards the end of last century, however, several growers in Europe began experimenting with the germination of seeds, These, as stated, are so minute that in spite of all efforts, they proved very difficult to grow. Finally it was found that they could ke germinated when sown on the compost about the base of the plant, but satisfactory results CATTLEYA TRIANAE This was the orchid which a ce have held ever since. Cattleya Trianae is the found in the most modern collections and is always a showy subject. sup2rior to others—this is a particularly fine specimen. of varieties of the plant, many greatly entury ago did much to stimulate the interest which orchids parent of thousands of hybrids and is still There are a great number Grown by E. S. Dav:dson, Newcastle, N.S.W. Photographed by E. Mellor. 20,000 seeds, They are like tiny specks of dust, , pal that in their natural jungle homes prob- fief but few of them lodge in exactly the right Media, germinate and become mature plants. fee many decades all the plants were col- ed and imported from the countries where were not easy to obtain. After many more years of careful study, and trial of various methods, a man by the name of Burgeff in Germany and another by the name of Bernard in France in 1909 began to publish the results of their studies. They had come to the conclusion that | | | ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee a ee ee ee PAGE SEVENTY-TWO the majority of Orchid seedlings were destroyed by fungi and insect pests. They had discovered that there was one particular type of fungus that seemed essential in the germination of Orchids, and they succeeded in isolating a Rhizoctonia or parasitic fungus from the roots of Orchid plants which they considered neces- sary for the infection of the embryo of the seed before germination would take place. Even this, however, did not insure a uniformly successful EPIDENDRUM MEDUSAE Probably no’ genus is so polymorphic as Epiden- drum. They range from small bulbous plants to large varieties like E. O’Brienianum. The photograph shows one of the most remarkable of the whole genus, it has sinister looking ‘lowers of a dull purplish colour more intense on the lip than in the petals. The flowers remain on the plant for some two to three months, and this cool growing species would probably be found easy to grow in Australia under bush house con- ditions. The plant is about 6 inches long, has fleshy leaves and stems and terminates in two or three flowers. Grown by Sir Jeremiah Colman. Photographed by G. H. Slade. germination, Following the announcement by these men of the results of their work, a Mr. Joseph Charlesworth, a grower of Orchids in Sussex, England, in co-operation with a Dr. J. Rambsbottom, started to raise Orchids com- mercially by this fungus method. They first sterilized a mixture of peat and inoculated it with fungus. The fungus gradually permeated the compost and the seed was sprinkled on it with very favourable results. This firm went into growing Orchids on a commercial scale and continued this method for many years until a better was found. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 During the year 1922 a Dr. Lewis Knudson of the Laboratory of Plant Physiology of Cor- nell University became convinced that fungus was not a necessary requisite, It was his belief that the real difficulty in germination was due to the inability of the embryo to produce its own food, and that since it was not supplied with such a reserve it must get its food from the outside. He found that by supplying the embryo with sugar the seed would germinate without the presence of fungi. Dr. Knudson used agar-agar as a base in later experiments and dissolved in it a minute quantity of nitro- gen, potash, phosphoric acid, calcium magnesium and sugar. This preparation is first thoroughly sterilized and then placed in glass bottles from three to six inches wide at the base and with a neck opening from one to one and a half inches. On this is placed a small quantity of sterilized seed, there being just enough moisture on the agar to float the seed fairly evenly over the surface. The neck of the glass is tightly stopped with about two inches of sterilized cotton and over this is placed an inverted tumbler, All this must be done with the utmost care, as otherwise detrimental fungus will gradu- ally find its way into the glass jar and destroy the seed. This procedure is now in general us? by commercial growers and also by many ama- teurs. It is referred to as the asymbiotic method of germinating Orchid seeds. There is still another method which has been used to some extent. Chopped osmunda fibre with broken charcoal is placed in a pot on broken crock and over the fibre is placed a piece of damp Turkish towelling. All of this is carefully sterilized and on this moist cloth the Orchid seed is sprinkled. Over the pot is placed a glass jar, which helps to maintain the moisture and 4 fairly even temperature. The seeds gradually germinate and are ready for transplanting in 4 few months. It usually takes from three to six months for the seed to germinate on the agar-agar 1n the glass jars and to reach a size large enough to be transplanted. The tiny plants are then removed and from 20 to 30 planted in osmunda fibre in two or two and a half inch pots. In the first six months they have grown about an inch and a half and are so close together they are ready to be transplanted. Each is then given its own individual pot. They graduate to a larger sized pot each six to eight months. One naturally asks why not place the small plant in a large pot at once and let it remain there until it is fully grown? Such a procedure does (Continued on page Seventy-four) | | | 1 | AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 PAGE SEVENTY-THREE Calanthes G. HERMON SLADE, Manly. N.S.W. ) Various species of Calanthes are spread over Practically the entire Eastern Hemisphere from apan to Australia. C. veratrifolia was one of the first Orchids noticed in this country; where It extends from Victoria through to Northern Queensland; always inhabiting the rich humus Orchid.” The flowers are white with yellow marking on the lip. More popular than the evergreen Calanthes are the deciduous section. They have character- istic large pseudo-bulbs and large plicate leaves CALANTHE HARRISI free flowering winter plants; they are easily grown but seem Ititudes. They are very amenable to culture: a successful method is to pot in a Cymbidium mixture. Grown by G. H. Slade. Photographed by H. J. R. Overall. Deciduous Calanthes are popular, to succeed better near the sea than at the higher a aes brush forests. The distribution of C. ‘thro Ree is remarkable, as it occurs from India vane to Australia, and shows practically no he meee over these huge tracts of land. It me pica of the evergreen type of Calanthe, and Caae: up its flowering spike about Christmas , so that it has earned the name ‘Christmas which last about 10 months; the leaves then fall off and the flowering spike appears; by the time the flowers are open the leaves have withered and fallen off. A good flowering spike will reach a height of 2 to 3 feet, and in the number of hybrids which have been produced, there are varieties covering all colours ranging from pure PAGE SEVENTY-FOUR red to white, usually with more prominent col- ouring on the lip than in the petals. These plants appear to grow considerably mere successfully near the sea than in the higher regions, and are generally cultivated as terrestrial Orchids. The plant should be repotted every Spring as the new growth advances, and placed in~a«rich.. mixture -of -leaf..mould with a little fibre to keep it open. Contrary to most Orchids, Calanthes seem to like a neutral compost, 2nd a quantity of shell grit or cld mortar may be incorporated in the compost with advantage; care should be taken when the growth is young, that water docs not lodge in the delicate shoot, as it is liable to cause rot to set in; special care should be taken in this regard during cold changes which are liable to occur in late Sep- tember when the young growth seems specially susceptible to this complaint. By December the growth is complete, and from then on the plant produces a pseudo-bulb which by April will have become about 6 inches high and 2 inches across. By this time the flowering spike appears, and in early June the flowers are open and re- main in perfection until the middle of August. During the flowering time the plant may be taken indoors and requires no water whatsoever. Orchid Growing as a Hobby (Continued from page Seventy-two) not bring satisfactory results. In the first place, Orchids thrive best when under-potted rather than when over-potted. Second, the fibre must be pressed tightly about the base of the plant and this is not possible with a small plant in a large receptacle; and third, there must be good drainage, and large pots tend to retain moisture too long about the roots of the plant, with detrimental results. Some species will blossom within three years from the time the seed is sown, while it takes from five to seven years for others to reach maturity. Thus it requires much time and patience to raise Orchids from seeds. But the keauty of the flowers and their lasting qualities will repay all the time and effort one is willing to devote to them, The life of an Orchid plant is indefinite. It goes on producing new leaves or shoots at regu- lar intervals, and the various species reproduce themselves as already described. Orchids must ke re-potted about every two years. This process requires care and should be done only when new growth is in evidence; otherwise the plant is much retarded. It is usually removed from the pot and most of the AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 old peat and decayed rocts discarded. The con- tainer must not be too large and is usually half filled with broken crock to ensure good drain- age. Sometimes a little charcoal is added to the broken crock. The plant is placed in such a position that it will take from one to two years for the new growths to reach the edge of the receptacle. The moss is carefully picked over and arranged in vertical layers so that the water will drain well. It must be packed very tightly around the roots and rhizome. Very little water is given the plant for several days after re- potting, which is quite different from the method followed with most other plants at such times. With some species it is better practice to carefully pick out most of the old moss around the plant without disturbing the roots any more than necessary, replacing the old with fresh moss or fibre. Some Orchids require a resting period after bleoming, while others make their new growth and rest for a few months before flowering. While most Orchids flower annually, some blos- som twice a year and others are in flower almost continuously, sending out a new spike even before the old one has withered. Some are so regular in their habits they come into flower at almost the same time year after year. If one has a number of different species and hybrids, it is possible to have some flowers in bloom at all times. While I have said that Orchids depend largely on obtaining their sustenance from the moisture in the air, some species of terrestrial and semi- terrestrial Orchids thrive best when given fairly liberal applications of fertilizer. Cow, horse and chicken manure are the main kinds used and are mixed with the soil, decayed leaves or peat. Often the plants are watered with various kinds of liquid manure, especially during their grow- ing season. Many experiments in fertilizing Epiphytal Orchids have been carried on and scme collectors report rather successful results. However, while the plants seem to thrive for a time, they are apt to Lecome rather soft and (Continued on page Ninety) Consolidated Index @ With this issue is published the Consolidated Index for Volumes 1 and 2. Readers may now have these volumes bound; and enquiries by the Society indicate that Angus & Robertson Pty. Limited, of 89 Castlereagh Street, Sydney, will bind the volumes satisfactorily at a cost o approximately 8/-. The Society has already had a number of copies bound, and the result is quite satisfactory. | | a AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 PAGE SEVENTY-FIVE Some Native Orchids and their Habitats E. W. BICK, Curator. Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Q- ® The best known and probably the most at- 'ractive group of native Orchids is Dendrobium Ligibbum and its varieties; and the closely allied Dendrobium superbiens, The specific name ‘gibbum has reference to the double spur, or chin, of the flower. The “Queensland Flora” 8ives the habitat as from Cooktown north to the Islands of Torres Straits, of which Mount olphus is particularly mentioned—this is near the Quetta Rock, where the ill-fated steamer of that name was wrecked in 1890. the other, and any Orchids which may have originally been there had long since disappeared. My quest in many other islands, such as Nagi, Darnley, Murray, Mabuiag, Yam, and York, was fruitless. At Moa, known on the map as Banks Island, one of the two large islands of the Banks and Mulgrave group, I was told there were plenty of Orchids, but to my disgust they turned out to be Myrmecodia Antonini, one of the so-called Ants Nest Orchids, but which belong to Natural Order Rubiaceae. This plant THUNIA MARSHALLIANA : One of the easiest orchids to grow, it is a deciduous plant and the leafless stems are planted in rich soil about September, when the shoots rapidly grow to a height of -2 to 3 feet and terminate in the lovely white flowers. Mr. T. H. James’s article on “Cool house notes for beginners” contains useful information for the successful cultivation of this species. This plant was photographed in natural colour by the Agfa Colour process—for a description of the method see article on page 45 of previous issue. Ren on a visit to the Islands of Torres fees in 1910, I was particularly interested in m {ung Dendrobium bigibbum and its varieties, «Ch were generally spoken of in Brisbane as ooktown” or “Thursday Island Orchids,” but hes quickly disillusioned on reaching Thursday ac: It is a comparatively small island, and ~“S not take long to traverse from one end to Plant grown and photographed by G. H. Slade. was very plentiful on stunted paper bark ti- trees. Another so-called Orchid there was Dis- chidia, one known as D. Mummularia is called the Button Orchid; this was very plentiful. Also D. Rafflesiana, which is known as the Pitcher Orchid; but they belong to Natural Order Asclepiadea, to which the Hoya belongs. At Saibai, an island only a few feet above PAGE SEVENTY-SIX sea level, situated near the coast of New Guinea, no Orchids were located, nor in the Wellesly group, down in the base of the Gulf of Carpen- taria. The principal island is Mornington, of quite large extent, with a very varied vegeta- tion, including many large stands of Eucalypts, and at that time populated by natives who had not been in contact with civilisation. It was quite a nudist colony. On Bountiful Island in this group I was fo1- tunate enough to secure bulbs of Calostemma album, a plant collected by Dr. Robert Brown in 1802 and only collected again 108 years afterwards. From the Wellesley group we re- turned back up the Gulf towards Thursday Island, and within sight of Booby Island, on which is a lighthouse; and at practically the entrance to the Gulf of Carpentaria we landed on West Island, a comparatively small unin- habited island of apparently volcanic formation, and found Orchids in profusion. The island rises up in the centre to a height of from 80 to 100 feet; it is a mass of boulders, divided by deep fissures or cracks, just as though the mass had been devided into sections. Between the boulders grew small trees, chiefly of Tristania longivalvis, Most of you no doubt know Tristania con- ferta—the “Brisbane Box”—as being a host for Dendrobium aemulum and D. linguaforme in South Queensland. This tree, by the way, is being largely planted in the Southern States as a street tree. Tristania longivalvis is known as the “Buttercup” tree because of its beautiful clusters of buttercup yellow flowers. The leaves are bright, shining green above and somewhat paler underneath, and the branches are pendulous. From the sea there is a belt free from trees, but covered with boulders, between and over which is growing coarse grasses, which hampers walking, as there are pits from two to three feet deep between the stones to drop in. When the trees are reached, the grass is eliminated, as the shade is sufficiently dense to prevent its growth. The trees are of no great height, some are only shrubs, and others from ten to fifteen feet high. They were simply covered with Den- drobiums, and many plants had fallen off and were growing freely on the boulders. We were there in April, and a large number of plants were flowering luxuriantly, chiefly D. phalae- nopsis, also quite a good proportion of Dendro- bium superbiens, Evidently they seeded freely, as young plants in all stages were seen. On the outskirts of trees near the sea, plants of Den- drobium undulatum were noticed, but no great quantity on the portion where we landed, but AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 sufficient, I think, to show that Dendrobium superbiens is possibly a hybrid between Den- drobium bigibbum and D. undulatum. We were ashore about an hour, and had only collected as many as we could carry when the whistle blew, and we had to go back to the steamer, With a careful search of the island in the flowering season, no doubt many fine forms could be obtained, although possibly since our visit the number of plants have been greatly lessened. It being Crown Lands, collecting Orchids there is now prohibited, unless a permit is obtained, and these are only granted for 4 certain number. On this island conditions. of just sufficient shade, moisture and temperature were ideal for the growth of the Dendrobiums found there. On Prince of Wales Island—the largest island of the group near Thursday Island—many patches of Dendrobium bigibbum are found, also superbiens, but being easier of access, have been exploited more. We also visited Woody, Wallis and Possession Islands in the Endeavour Straits; the former has some quite dense-growing small forest growth, and some Orchids were found. At Possession also Orchids were found, but suitable vegetation for their growth was very patchy. A landing was made at Peak Point, Cape York. This is the terminus of the overland telegraph line, from which a submarine cable extends to Thursday Island. The telegraph line is controlled at Peak Point by an officer-in- charge and seyeral linesmen. Conditions at Cap? York are rather bleak, but Dendrobium undu- latum and Cymbidium canaliculatum grow welt: Inland other Dendrobiums are found; also, neat swamps, several species of Nepenthes, the true Pitcher Plant, grow freely. Dendrobium undu- latum is found all along the coast, usually quite close to the sea, from Cape York to Keppel Bay: It grows luxuriantly at Cooktown, also on the shores of Bowen Harbour, growing amongst rocks, with robust stems. Here also is foun Dendrobium undulatum var. Broomfieldi, which differs in colour of flowers, which are of a canary yellow. The stems also are more angular than those of the normal form. At Mackay, near the mouth of the Pioneet River, I saw undulatum growing freely, It is also found on the Islands of Whitsunday Passages and many other localities on the coast, also in New Guinea; and we have received specimens of it from the Solomon Islands. Free flowering, 0 robust growth, Dendrobium undulatum would no (Continued on page Eighty) AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 PAGE SEVENTY: TTLEYA GROWN IN THE COOL HOUSE This is a fine specimen of a Cattleya which has been grown under entirely cool conditions by Mr. T. H. James, of Longueville, N.S.W. Growers who are reasonably near the sea should try one or two Cattleyas under cool house or outdoor conditions; the success of such culture has been proved for at least some of the hybrids originating from the cool growing species. Grown by T. H. James. Photographed by ‘Sydney Mail.” PAGE SEVENTY-EIGHT AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 Orchids at the Floralies Gantoises, 19336 E. COOPER, St. Albans, England In view of the approaching Orchid Show in Sydney, mentioned on page 85 of this issue, readers will be interested in the following description of one of the foremost overseas exhibitions. @ The Ghent Quinquennial Show, founded in 1808 and repeated every fifth year at Ghent in Belgium, has just had its 21st repetition. A miss occurred during the years of the Great War, but it is again in full force—not, perhaps, as cosmopolitan and international as it was before 1914, but still attractive to visitors from all parts of Europe. Held from the 13th to the 24th April, the Show as a whole was far superior in effect to any previous. Instead of stages everywhere, the exhibits were placed on mounds of Belgian sandy soil, kept in position by water-worn stones. The exhibition is now held in the Palais. de Fete, otherwise the Sports Palace, a huge build- ing given to competitions, cycle riding, boxing, etc. It consists of a huge hall, with rectangular side halls. In previous exhibitions this hall has been given over entirely to Azalea indica, the cultivation of which is one of the principal industries of Belgium. Every brilliance of colour predominated, so much so as to almost dazzle the eye, but they were arranged in such a uni- form manner as to be rather monotonous. This year not one group was really flat. All were undulated and the commercial sized groups were interspersed with plants of varying sizes and shapes, pyramids, bushes, standards, all one mass of flower and splendid examples of culture. Holland had a section given over to its cul- tures, and this section was most effectively arranged, as the back walls were perspected in trees, shrubs, and landscape scenes. The Orchids, stove plants, etc., occupied an- other huge rectangle, artificially heated, and with, through the centre, a long narrow strip of water enclosed with blue walls, at the farther end a glass arrangement in which cascades of water continually kept the main part in slight motion. Stove and green house plants were, as usual, well represented, but the great feature was the Orchids. Differently arranged from the style so common in English shows, stages were altogether absent, and the groups were placed against a wall corner, forming in shape a huge letter ““L.” In the corner, extending to the wall, scme 20 feet high, Miltonia hybrids were arranged in what may be described a cur- tain, but intermixed with small ferns, it is doubtful if a better method could have been obtained for showing them. White to deep crimson flowers, intermixed with various shades, formed a living tapestry. To the right was a bold group of finely flowered Cattleyas, Laeliocattleyas and Brasso- cattleyas, each plant standing out and showing itself to perfection. Then came a recess and again a small mound of various coloured Odon- tiodas and Odontoglossums, flanking a tall rise composed of over 100 beautiful finely flowered Dendrobium hybrids, this again sloping down to various Orchids, finally terminating in a group of Cymbidiums, the extremity of which was placed on the ground. This group of Cymbidiums then came forward to the edge of the path in an irregular circle, broken by narrow paths which enabled sightseers to see the quality and variation of the plants. Finally, again by the path came scattered groups of selected Cymbidiums, a fine specimen of the rare Grammatophyllum papuanum set in the midst of a bed of Cypripedium Delanatii. Further on, colour was conveyed by some well flowered plants of Dendrobium Louis Bleriot. The King of the Belgians most heartily con- gratulated Mr. Sander on the wonderful effort his firm had made, and the group received the King’s prize for the most varied and meritorious group of Orchids, and many other awards. If not so large, perhaps more interesting, was the most attractive group sent by Sir Jeremiah Colman from England. It must be remembered that it is both costly and rather hazardous to send Orchids from England to the Continent, in view of the journey, transit, the tariffs, etc. A much smaller effort would have been praise- worthy, but Sir Jeremiah’s group included, space for space, more variety than any other group in the Show. Outstanding were four well grown, well flowered varieties of Brassocattleya Speciosa raised at Gatton. I don’t know which to say was the better, var. Lady Colman, Gatton Lily or Triumph. The latter was slightly larger and bolder, but all were that clear and soft white that, with the fringing of the lips, attracted attention, j Other Brassocattleyas were Digbyano-Mendeli, Cliftonii Magnifica, a fairly old hybrid, but one which still tolds its own on account of its shape and colour of the flowers. Caligula var. Majes- tica was represented by a noble plant and flowers; and Grand Monarch, The Globe, and Trimambilis are mentioned because they stood out a little more prominently than the others, but comparisons are more than _— difficult. (Continued on page Eighty) mn AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 An Extract from Vel. 2. SIR J. D. The following Extract of Sir J. D. Hooker’s own impression habitat, will probably be of great interest to orchid growers @ “We left Nurtiung on the 4th of October, and walked to Pomrang, a very long and fatiguing day’s work. The route descends north-west-~-of the village, and turns due east along bare grassy hills of mica-schist and slate (strike east and West, and dip north). Near the village of Lernai oak woods are Passed, in which Vanda coerulea grows in profu- sion, waving its panicles of azure flowers in the wind. <As_ this beautiful Orchid Is at present at- tracting great attention, from its high price, beauty, and dif- ficulty of cul- ture, I shall Point out how totally at vari- ance with its Native habits, is the cultivation thought — neces- Sary for it in England. The dry grassy hills which it inhabits are elevated 3000 to 4000 feet: the trees PAGE SEVENTY-NINE “Himalayan Journals” Page 321 HOOKER of the. way in which Vanda coerulea grows in its natural as Vanda coerulea is so difficult to cultivate successfully. temperature is a little higher than above, but in winter it falls much lower, and hoar-frost formson the ground. Now this winter’s cold, summer’s heat, and autumn’s drought, and above all, this constant free exposure to fresh air and the winds of heaven, are what of all things we avoid exposing our Orchids to in England. It is under these conditions, how- ever, that all the finer Indian Orchideae grow, of which we found Dendro- bium Farmer, Dalhousieanum, Devonianum , &c., with Vanda coerulea; whilst the most beauti- ful species of Coeclogyne, Cymbidium, Bulbophyllum, and Cypripe- dium, inhabit cool climates at elevations above 4000 feet in Khasia, and as high as 6000 to 7000 in Sikkim. On the fol- ate small, Snarled, and Very . sparingly leafy, so that the Vanda which grows DENDROBIUM AUREUM This plant grows in the more elevated regions of Ceylon and the Himalayas, and produces dark cream coloured flowers with a rich reddish lip every Spring, the flowers are particularly long lasting and produce a most beautiful perfume, somewhat reminiscent of violets. Grown and photographed by T. C. Harveyson, Brisbane. lowing day we turned out our Vanda to dress the specimens for travelling, and preserves the flowers for Cn their limbs 's fully exposed to sun, rain, and wind. There 8 no moss or lichen on the branches with the Vanda, whose roots sprawl over the drv Tough bark. The atmosphere is on the whole umid, and extremely so during the rains; but there is no damp heat, or stagnation of the air, and at the flowering season the temperature Tanges between 60° and 80°, there is much sun- S\ine, and both air and bark are dry during the ay: in July and August, during the rains, the botanical purposes. Of the latter we hal 360 panicles, each composed of from six to twenty-one broad pale-blue tasselated Aowers, three and a half to four inches across: and they formed three piles on the floor of the verandah each a .yard high. What would we not have given to have been able to transport a single panicle to a Chiswick fete! . . .” Readers are referred to Mr. G. E. Glissan’s article on page 89. PAGE EIGHTY Orckids at the Floralies Gantoises 1938 (Continued from page Seventy-eight) doubt be very popular if the flowers were of a brighter colour. I mentioned Cymbidium canaliculatum being found at Cape York. It is also common in many other localities, particularly at Cooktown. The flowers are very variable in colour, sometimes of a very dark purple and called the ‘Black Orchid.” In some instances the flowers are brown with Phalaenopsis Denevei, with its terete foliage and clustered flowers of honey yellow, red and white, stood beside Bulbophyllum Barbigerum, whose dancing lip caused a great deal of comment by the sightseers. Acacillis Cyanea, that rare, so- called blue flowered Orchid from the Amazon, stood on a pedestal. Neo-Morrea was represented by a fine plant, its stately palm-like foliage serving as a background to some choice Cypri- pediums, Coelogyne Sanderae, Coelogyne sparsa, etc. Among the Cypripediums was Chamber- lainienum var. Gatton Park, prettier and bolder than the type; and a fine specimen of Roth- schildianum, a species that always attracts with its bold habit, its floral colouration and the curiously attenuated petals. Polystachya Brac- feosa, with its quaint drooping and branched brown flower spike, stood beside its more humble but pretty yellow flowered ally, Lutescens. The Jatter has an erect spike, and though not carry- ing as many flowers as Bracteosa, the well- flowered plant was decidedly attractive. Miltonias were represented by Lycaena, Stam- perland, Belgica var. Nelly Sander, which is still prominent among the richly coloured forms, which also include Etta var. Gatton Park, a new hybrid between Lycaena Colossus and Memoria Ete. Pitt: The great feature of the group were the wonderful Lycastes. The Gatton Park collection is noted for the wonderful specimens of Lycaste Skinneri, and, to the envy of Orchid growers, it is also the home of numerous Lycaste seed- lings. The last year has seen several of these seedlings come to maturity, and at this Ghent Show a beauty was shown. It was Lycaste Sir Jeremiah Colman, between Lanipes and Skinneri Alba Magnifica. It is white, of a desirable silky sheen and intermediate in shade between the parents. Lycaste Skinneri King of the Belgians is also a home-raised cross, between Skinneri Purple Em- peror and Skinneri Mrs. Hamilton Smith, Is, too, exceeded any imported Skinneri in richness of colour. Lycaste Olivia, between Xytreophora and Locusta Sanders var., was pretty and attrac- AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 tive, but by one of these inexplicable mysteries of hybridisation the green colour expected was absent. True, green tints were present, but they were blended with flushes of white and olive brown. Still, it was a beautiful hybrid. Other beautiful Lycaséfes, all varieties of Skinneri, were Purple Emperor and Hellemense, two varieties which rival each other in depth of colour and prettiness of shape. Delicata, Ruby King, Pul- cherimma, Winsome and Dawn, all are names aptly given, as they more or less describe the soft colourings of the flowers. Lycaste Skinneri alba magnifica and Mrs. Hamilton Smith are well known. I believe the former has only been imported once, and this plant must be the descendant of the original, some 40 years old. Smaller than most of the other varieties men- tioned, it still attracts by the whiteness of the sepals and petals and the apricot tint of the lip. As there are few more attractive Orchids than well flowered plants of Lycaste Skinneri, 1 have only mentioned a few of the outstanding varieties. The Hon. H. S. Tufton, from Eaglefield Green, sent a few choice Cymbidiums. Mag- nolia, a variety of Dorchester, white and shapely, gained the prize for the finest Cymbidium. Messrs. Charlesworth and Messrs. Stuart Low were amceng other English exhibitors. The former showed Odontoglessums and Odontiodas, while the latter staged a mixed group of Cuaftleyas, Odontoglossums, Cymbidiums, etc. Mens. Maurice Roussau, an amateur from near Ghent, included some very fine Cymbidiums in his attractive group, as did F. R. Von Doorslaer, who varied his group with some fine Ansellia Africana, Cy pripediums and Cyrtopodium punc- tatum, The latter series was well represented in the Flandria group. Some Native Orehids and their HMabitats (Continued from page Seventy-six) green margins, others yellow blotched with red, and the labellum dull white spotted red. The so-called tea-tree Orchid of Mackay is Den- drobium canaliculatum, a beautiful Orchid which lends itself to basket culture. Growing naturally, it is often found on the paper bark tea-tree, on which it simply revels. At Cairns I have heard it called the Onion” Orchid, owing to the shape of its pseudo-bulbs. It is also com- mon near Cooktown, and when masses of it are flowering, the plants may be located by the delightful perfume of the flowers, the colour- ings of which are somewhat variable, consisting of tones of white, yellow and rich mauve. | —————EE t ] AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 PAGE EIGHTY-ONE Catasetum Macrocarpum MURRAY L. MOODIE, Mosman, N.S.W. ® If you are looking for an Orchid which is decidedly different, and yet quite easy to grow, try a few of the genus Cafasetum; you will be Surprised to notice that probably the second Ume of flower- ing the blooms will be quite different from those previously obtained, Catasetums ave a peculiar habit of having three types of OWers; firstly, there are those Which are nor- mal and are both €rtile as male and female, and these Botanists call Hermaphro- dite; there are others which “nction only as males. Equally Temarkable is the fact that the flowers of €ach of these " Tee types are Vite distinct and different. °r instance, the °wers illus- trated are male, and each of a 8olden ~ yellow CATASETUM MACROCARPUM A spike of male flowers about natural size, the colour is a not the least, perhaps, was a lady whose curiosity prompted her to smell a little too closely, which resulted in the pollen masses being fixed very effectively and firmly to the end of her nose. The strength with which the masses are thrown out, and the avidity with which they hold on to any sur- face with which they come in contact, needs to be seen to be fully appreci- ated. The plant, even if it’ only possesses sombre flowers, is well worth growing in order to study these peculiar habits. Local Orchid dealers have supplies of Catasetums, and they are quite within the fin- ancial reach of all Orchid enthusiasts in- terested in this unique type. The plant illustrated was grown on the sunniest side of cool green- a ae apple green Slour, spotted With brown; greenish-yellow with purplish markings. This is an easily the female flow- e Ts, apart from Sing — different grown orchid, but great care must be taken during the winter months to see that the plant is kept almost perfectly dry, as they are very liable to rot off otherwise. G:own by M. Moodie, Mosman. Photographed by H. J. R. Overall. house by Murray L. Moodie, 37 MacPherson St., Mosman. meee, are of a purplish brown colour. Equally the rkable with Catasetums, is the fact that Tide ees a sensitive portion on the column ane if touched, will result in the pollen Sses being thrown out with great force onto € object causing the irritation; more than one : aed fancier has been suddenly surprised by S peculiar action when examining the flowers; Back Numbers @ Back numbers of the ‘Australian Orchid Review” are still obtainable. If enquirers are unable to procure them from their bookstalls, the 1936 issues may be had from Mr. T. H. James. Subsequent issues from the office of the ‘Australian Orchid Review,” 2nd_ Floor, 13-5 O’Connell Street, Sydney. PAGE EIGHTY-TWO AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 The Genus Cleisostoma in Australia Rev. H. M. R. RUPP, Raymond Terrace, N.8S.W. @ Following the lead of such distinguished Orchidologists as J. J. Smith and the late Dr. Schlechter, the majority of botanists no longer recognise Blume’s genus Cleisostoma as a valid genus. Species formerly included in it are now for the most part distributed among various CLEISOSTOMA ORBICULARE, Rupp This illustration shows the natural size of a well grown plant. Its locality is Mount Dryander, Queensland. Photo. H. M. R. Rupp. other genera. Apparently, however, no one has yet been able to deal satisfactorily with the Australian species—probably owing to the lack of adequate material for critical examination. There does not appear to be any sound reason for retaining Cleisostema, and it is undesirable that we should do so against the general consensus of botanical opinion. To the present writer the genus appears to have been made use of as a kind of dumping-ground for the provisional reception of certain Orchids of doubtful affinity. I cannot claim any special qualifications for attempting the task of re-classifying a number of small epiphytes whose generic home is being demolished; but if readers of the “Review” will be so kind as to respond to the general appeal which I shall presently make, we may be able to accomplish something in that direction. At least eleven Australian species of Cleisos- toma have been described, viz.:— C. tridentatum Lindl, Queensland, N.S. Wales, Victoria. Beckleri F.v.M. N.S. Wales. erectum Fitzg. Lord Howe I. Keffordii Bail. Queensland. MacPhersonii F.v.M. Queensland. brevilabre F.v.M. Queensland. Nugentii Bail. Queensland. Armitit F.v.M. Queensland. orbiculare Rupp. Queensland. purpuratum Rupp. (C. gemmatum Rupp.) N.S. Wales. congestum Bail. Queensland. (Continued on page Eighty-six) CLEISOSTOMA CONGESTUM, Bailey. This illustration shows the plant in about half natural sizc; the small flower in the lower right hand corner is approximately natural size. Its locality is Cairns district, in Queensland. Photo. H. M. R. Rupp. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 PAGE EIGHTY-THREE Insects and Other Pests Affecting Orchidaceous Plants A. N. BURNS, Blackburn, Vietoria This is the second and concluding part of a most instructive and helpful article on Orchid pests, by A. N. Burnes. Several members have communicated their success in combating Thrips, and other pests, after having studied Mr. Burne’s article, and knowing the life history of these obnoxious insects. ® Aphis.—As mentioned earlier in this article, these insects usually gain entry to the houses from outside. Winged females fly in through Vents or doors, and deposit their eggs on young Parts cf the plant. These produce nymphs which go through several moults before again Teaching the adult stage. Feeding is by means of a piercing and sucking tube through which the sap is extracted from the plant. These Insects have long secretory tubes situated semi- dorsally and posteriorly; through these they xude a transparent sweet fluid which is very much prized by ants—which are nearly always M attendance. A series of generations are run through in a year, so a complete life cycle may last from 2-3 weeks or extend over a period of several weeks. This is determined by the Season of the year. At certain times, a series of asexual or parthenogenetic generations occurs; ater one or two sexual generations may occur, followed by more a-sexual ones. Overwintering 1S carried out in egg stage—in early spring these seeds hatch into nymphs which produce wingless adult females which lay further eggs (partheno- 8enetically), and so give rise to a number cf Parthenogenetic generations consisting of wing- less females. Later, a generation of eggs is Produced which gives rise to winged males and €males. The next generation is sexual and gives ‘ise to further a-sexual ones producing only emales, Just before winter, another generation Consisting of both sexes is produced, so that the overwintering eggs, being non-partheno- Senetic, have more fertility and thus are endowed with great powers to overwinter. This is the State of affairs in the open garden, so it is quite likely that in a heated glass house the appearance ®t a sexual generation would be much rarer, and Propagation would be carried on by longer series parthenogenetic female generations. On *Ccount of the complexity of the life cycles °F various types of aphids which now are found ‘o be similar, entomologists were cngaged for Many years in working out these life cycles. fore one can undertake a control campaign ‘8ainst any pest, it is essential first to have a ‘Norough knowledge of its life history and feed- in8 habits. Any Nicotine compound is particu- arly effective against aphids, so one good appli- “ation of Nicotine sulphate, or Black Leaf 40, will usually rid a house of these insects, In the open garden aphids are naturally controlled to a certain extent by minute parasitic wasps. So effective are these wasps, that they have actually been introduced into countries where aphids are doing serious injury, and with quite good re- sults. This opens up a very important phase of pest control known scientifically as “Bio- logical Control.” So far as this type of control has been carried out, it has, in some cases, given excellent results. Much more research work and study, however, is. required in this connection. Cater pillars—These pests, fortunately, are not plentiful in glass houses, at any rate on Orchids. A caterpillar is the larval stage of either a moth or‘a butterfly, and as such is essentially a leaf eating insect, not a sap sucking one, therefore control measures are easy. Should caterpillars appear ever in numbers too large to control easily by hand picking, spraying the affected plants with a solution of Lead Arsenate and water, half-ounce of Lead Arsenate to one gallon of water is sufficient, and will not injure. foliage. The same kind and method of control is used against caterpillars in the open garden. Red Spider—As previously mentioned, this often-times quite serious~pest is not an insect but an Acarine, i.e. it is closely related to the true spiders. Here, it might be well to express the difference between an insect and a spider: An insect has three parts—head, throat and abdo- men—from the throat are carried 6 legs in 3 pairs, and either one or two pairs of wings. Of course, wings may be quite absent. A spider has but two parts—head and throat, fused to form what is called a Cephalathorax (this carries 8 legs in 4 pairs), and an abdomen. Warm and dry conditions greatly favour the prevalence and development of Red Spider in glass houses. On account of its small size, it frequently gets quite a hold before being de- tected, Injury to plants is caused by sucking the sap from the affected parts; this in time causes a definite yellowing and “‘silvering” of the foliage; closer examination may reveal the presence of numbers of these minute organisms crawling about beneath a very light and frail webbing. Red ones will be seen—these are the adults—and with them, little pale yellowish spiders—these are the young or nymphal forms. (Continued on page Eighty-cight) PAGE EIGHTY-FCUR AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 p-H. — its Scientific Meaning Dr. C. H. JAEDE A discussion upon the requirement @ Hydrogen in concentration, or as the scientist has it, pH—what is it? To the layman, or even to those of us who have a smattering of scien- tific knowledge, a correct explanation would leave us more puzzled than even before we started. So let us try to explain in simple and understandable language, so that, if you like, you can try and employ its principles in the culture of Orchids. First of all, a fluid or solution which is neut- ral, neither acid nor alkaline, has a pH of 7. Don’t ask why 7—just take it for granted. Now the fluid which is acid has a pH value less than 7; 1f it has a pH more than 7 it is alkaline; and the amount of acidity increases as the number decreases, i.e., a pH of 2 is more acid than a pH of 5; whilst a pH of 14 is more alkaline than a pH of 8. The next point is that the degree or amount of acidity or alkalinity expressed in pH is extremely small. Now pH 6 means, in plain language, 1 part acidity in a million litres of water * (1 litre—1.2/3 pints); and a pH of 5, 1 part of acidity in 100,000 litres of water. Again, a pH 8 means one part of alkalinity in 1 million litres of water, and a pH 9, 1 part in 100,000 litres of water. Thus it is realised what small degrees of acidity or alkalinity are present when we speak of pH 5, or pH 9. Now let us get down to the practical effects of these degrees of acidity. First, let us take human blood—its average pH is about 7.25; i.e., it is alkaline. Its variation in health is ex- tremely minute, varying not more than .05 of pH; death is imminent with a pH of 7.0. Again, in the growing of germs on artificial culture media, a constant pH is essential, and more to the point, eminent experimenters like Knudson and Burgeff have found for the culture of the Orchid fungus a pH of 4.8 is required. I sug- gest, therefore, that for the healthy growth of Orchids the potting medium and the water should have a constant pH, such pH to be of such a strength as to be the optimum for healthy growth. This should not be allowed to vary much; the amount of variation permissible is extremely small. Probably this explains why epiphytal Orchids are as a rule found only on certain trees—Dendrobium Falcorostrum is found only on the negrohead beech trees; Den- drobium teretefolium on swamp oaks, and so on; and G. H. SLADE of correct acidity in Orchid Composts. for rain and/or dew running down the bark acquires a certain pH, such pH being the opti- mum for the germination and growth of the seeds, @ It has been found by a number of experi- mentors, notably Burgeff of Wurzburg, that the optimum pH value for cultivation of Orchid seedlings is 4.8. Admittedly the plants are grown under somewhat unnatural conditions; they are fed with sugar in place of their natura fungus, and are grown as seedlings; however, it is interesting to note that they grow perceptibly better at pH between 4.8 and 5 than at any other. For experimental purposes, therefore, it should be fairly safe to try our acidifying tests with special solutions of pH value of 4.8, which scientists have discovered and have termed “buffer” solutions. Buffered solutions are solu- tions of certain chemicals, and they have 4 definite pH value. They can be concentrated or diluted within reasonable limits with rela- tively very small alteration in the pH value; further, limited quantities of acids and alkalies may be added to them, and even under these conditions, the pH value alters only slightly, whereas the pH value of “unbuffered” solutions would be completely changed. In order to make up a “buffered” solution having a pH value exactly 4.8, one should add 12 parts of pure Acetic Acid (glacial, 100%) and 41 parts of pure Sodium acetate to 1,000 parts of water. This solution being well “buf- fered,” it can be used as stock, and for first experiments it would be advisable to add, say: an ounce of such a solution to a gallon of waters and test one or two plants for results, Plants could be watered with this solution, say, once a week. Before testing, it would be advisable to follow the ideas enumerated in the Editoria entitled, ‘‘Hasten Slowly.” * Or more exactly—one gram weight equivalent of active hydrogen ions in one thousand million grams © water (or, in one million litres of water). Errata Page 35.—By a mistake in the typesetting; the grower of the fine spray of Cymbidium Ethel was not correctly mentioned in the last issue. Matron: Burt, of Woollahra, was the grower 0 this plant, and not G. H. Slade as mentioned. Page 59.—The illustration of Dendrobium MecCarthiae was illustrated upside down. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 The Annual Show © ‘Three years ago the Orchid Ociety of New South Wales de- cided upon the holding of an Annual Show of Orchids. Little did the members realise then, that Within such a small space of time, this Show would have become of Sreat public interest, to be wit- nessed and enjoyed by thousands of People, and would occupy one of ee most prominent places in gees This year the Show will held at Farmer’s Blaxland Gal- ees and will last for two days, the 8th and 9th September. Ad- Mission will be free. Elaborate preparations are being we by the Committee to ensure that the Exhibition will be a greater Success than ever before; but to 8uarantee this, every member Should strive to exhibit at least ®ne Orchid. Arrangements have en made to have suitable printed re reguons on every plant, and es Peek are therefore asked to aks in particulars as set out in . © questionnaire following and yee it to Mr. T. H. James, Chief arcels Post Office, before 26th Raat at the latest. The Hon- Tary Secretary will then see that Suitable cards accompany every Plant, The “Blaxland Galleries” is a large hall 80 ne x 50 feet, and the plants will be effectively taged on low platforms or tables in order to re suit the individual requirements of the pants exhibited. There will be a daily exhibition : the finest specimens in picked windows on € ground level. ‘ Your Society appeals to you for your help © make this Exhibition an outstanding success. ants will not be subjected to extreme tem- Prtatures, and every care will be taken to see fy are not handled. Questionnaire 1, md mae exhibitors Namescn, ahs genome. cee onte PAGE EIGHTY-FIVE CYPRIPEDIUM FESTIVITY A fine example ‘of. first-class Cypripedium hybrid, the flower was 4} inches across the petals, and 4 inches deep, showing the circular outline which modern hybridists are attempting to accomplish. Photo Black & Flory, Slough. 3. Number of Exhibits .....cccccecssenesemsiete 4, Names of Plants occ Be alle ee aE Ee, (5, INGO NR hea men ant aitieenneenen mec 7. Hot House, Bush House, or Open Garden Grown? g. Any other information bearing on its habitat of specific interest to Orchid Growers and thes GeneralisPublicuemmsenee teams (Growers who are doubtful as to the native habitat may omit this information and the Committee will fill in the necessary particulars.) | PAGE EIGHTY-SIX The Genus Cleisostoma in Australia (Continued from page Eighty-two) Of these, I have seen living flowering plants of all except C. Armitii, C. Nugentii, and perhaps C. MacPkersonii—I am doubtful of the identity of a plant which may have been this last-named. I do not think there can be any reasonable doubt that these eleven species ought not all to be placed within one genus. Even were Cleisos- toma to be retained, the removal of several would be called for, The North Queensland C. congestum, a remarkable little Orchid of which some account is given below, seems to me.only remotely related to any of the others; and the diminutive C. Beckleri of New South Wales does not appear to be very happily placed. The difficulties presented by many of th2 species formerly included in Cleisostoma may be gathered from the way in which they were transferred from genus to genus by various botanists. The uncertainty of their affinities— which doubtless often had to ke judged from imperfect or scanty material—impelled these peregrinations until, as suggested above, Cleisos- toma appears to have been selected as a con- venient and sufficiently elastic receptacle. Now that it is no longer available, what are we to do with our Australians? One at least has been dealt with, by the not- able Dutch Orchidologist, J. J. Smith. Dr. R. S. Rogers, whose generous assistance to Orchid students knows no limits, recently sent to me his own MSS. translation of J. J. Smith’s treatment of Sarcanthus and related genera, in “Natuur. Tijdschr. Nederland—Ind.” xxii, 1913. Here it is seen that so far back as 25 years ago this author reduced Cleisostoma to a synonym of the older genus Sarcanthus. He also maintained that a number of species placed by various authors in Cleisostoma must be removed elsewhere; and this judgment is never likely to be challenged. The only Australian species he was then able to deal with was F. M. Bailey’s North Queensland C. Keffordii, the largest plant of the Australian group, with robust stems reaching a length of several feet. Dr. Smith removed this to the genus Camarotis. Mr. W. F. Tierney a few years ago sent me flowering speci- mens and a healthy plant, but the latter died within twelve months. We should now recog- nise this Orchid as Camarotis Keffordii. If during the flowering season I can obtain a fair supply of flowering specimens of other Australian species, and also specimen flowers AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 belonging to allied genera, it may be possible to place at least some of the former where they rightly belong. I therefore venture to appeal to readers of this “Review” to assist, if possible, by sending me (a) flowering specimens of any Australian Orchid hitherto known as Cleisos- toma; (b) a few flowers of any Orchid belong- ing to the following genera: Sarcanthus, Pelacan- theria, Pomatocal pa, Trichoglottis, Schonorchis, Saccolabium, Robiquetia, Aerides, Microsaccus, Thrixspermum, Dendrocolla, As none of these are at present represented in Australia by recog- nised indigenous species, I dare to hope that perhaps some of our readers overseas may feel disposed to help. Australian growers may be able, however, to provide flowers of Sarcanthus, Saccolabium, and Aerides, Where it is impracticable to send fresh flowers in the living state, they may be sent in alcohol cr in a weak formalin solution; or they may be pressed (not too heavily) until dry, and packed between two pieces of cardboard. The address at the head of this article is sufficient. Some notes on the plant named by F. M. Bailey Cieisostoma congestum may fittingly con- clude this article. My present impression of this dainty little Orchid is that it may prove to belong to Blume’s genus Dendrocolla, which comprises upwards of 20 species in Burmah, Ceylon, and the Malay Islands. Specimens col- lected by Mr. G. Bates between Cairns and Innisfail, North Queensland, were sent to me by Dr. H. Flecker of Cairns in November, 1935, and one plant produced flowers at intervals for over six weeks, It is a small epiphyte with a short stem (the longest sent was about 4in.) and aerial roots, The leaves are strap-shaped, rather thick, alternating round the stem. The peduncles are erect and rather numerous, equal to or longer than the leaves, and terminating in a “head” of acute floral bracts. From the shelter of these bracts one or two buds (more com- monly one) emerge and develop into ‘lowers in a single night. The flowers, which have a strong tuberose perfume, last only 6 cr 7 hours, but are followed at intervals by others develop- ing similarly, The flower is on a well-developed pedicel, and there is something akin to magic in the rapidity with which it matures and expands on this pedicel overnight. Flower white, seg- ments widely-expanding—the whole about tin. in diameter. Lip saccate at the base, forming a short spur (this feature is not, it must be ad- mitted, characteristic of Dendrocolla as described by Ridley in ‘‘Matcrials for a Flora of the Malay. (Continued on page Ninety) AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 ’ PAGE E!GHTY-SEVEN Cymbidiella Rhodocheilum Dr. H. POISSON ® Some ten years ago going back to France, I card on the ship that the Orchids of Madagascar are all white and without much interest. This Wrong opinion is easy to disprove if one takes the trouble to examine during the year either the terrestrial or epiphytical Orchids, or those ckeilum. This plant has a story worth telling. It was criginally found by a traveller naturalist by the name of Warpur in 1901 in the Eastern forest of Madagascar, and taken to the Royal Gardens of Kew, in the hot houses of which it bloomed. It was described by Rolfe in the PHALAENOPSIS LEUCORHODA Phalaenopsis require more heat and moisture than the other popular orchids; probably the most outstanding examples are to be seen at Wurzburg in Germany, where a great number of Phalaenopsis hybrids have been raised; there they are grown in a house devoted entirely to them where the air is kept constantly saturated, and the temperature rarely falls below 70°; under these conditions most other orchids do not succeed, so the house is devoted entirely to Phalaenopsis and Anoectochilus, which also grow magnificently. Grown by L. town in the Botanical Zoological Park of Stmbazaza of this island. One could easily admire one of the most curi- ‘te and ornamental entered by several florists ‘year at the exhibition—Cymbidiella rhodo- ~~ H. Newman. Photograph by H. J. R. Overall. “Orchid Review” (Book IX., 1910, page 10) and drawn by the same author in the Botanical Magazine in 1904, M. 7932-7933. Unfortu- nately it does not seem to have been able to survive in the hot houses of Europe, and it is Re PAGE E:GHTY-EIGHT no longer mentioned in the horticultural world. However, on December 3rd, 1935, the general secretary of the Horticultural Society of Tan- anarive, Mr. Randriantsiva, who is an amateur cultivator of rare plants, entered this Orchid in bloom at our monthly meeting, where I recognised it and identified it at once. I had occasion to know this species in 1912 when collaborating with his master, Mr. J. Constan- tin, Professor of Culture and General Study of Orchids at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. I had seen its drawing in colours in the Botanical magazine and had spoken on_ this subject in my. thesis on the Meridional Flora of Madagascar (page 181). This species was so well forgotten by the botanists that R. Schlech- ter, who described the Orchids of Madagascar, and Perrierde la Bathie, who drew up the catalogue of that family, did not mention it. On February Ist, 1936, the eminent biologist wrote to me about this plant. [I omitted it in the catalogue simply because I had doubts about its generic position, doubts which did not originate from me but from Schlechter, who was not sufficiently elucidated by Rolfe’s descrip- tion. Schlechter did not give much credit to the horticultural descriptions, which it must be admitted have not generally the precision of systematic botanical works. Since then, our native horticulturists have carefully looked for this plant, and it has been occasionally seen again. Cymbidiella Rhodocheilum blooms from Octo- ber to January. The mode of living of this Orchid is not less curious than its history. It is an epiphyte on epiphytes. It lives with a particular kind of fern (like our local Stag-horn fern (Platycerium Madagascariense). It develops on the dead foliage of this fern, which lives as an epiphyte on the branches of the Albizzia fasti- giata, near the rivers, on the tall trees in the forest. These trees grow at a medium height of 600 to 800 metres above sea level. The floral stem is very ornamental, petals and sepals are of a beautitul pale green, the former stained with black, the latter of a uniform col- ouring; the labellum is of a remarkable red, spotted with black. It is under the primitive name of Cymbidium that Rolfe described this species. This was a botanical error, for as Perrier de la Bathie justly remarks in the aforementioned letter, the true Cymbidium does not exist in Madagascar. The Cymbidiums are Orchids from China and from India, mostly in the Himalayas (Nepal, Sikkim, between 1500 and 1800 metres above sea level), from Ceylon and Japan. Some species also exist in Australia and New Caledonia. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 Insects and Other Pests (Continued from page Three) The eggs are laid beneath the webbing spun by the adults; they are spherical, colourless and very small. In due time they hatch into little larvae or nymphs, much like the adults in shape, but with 6 instead of 8 legs; in colour they are pale yellow. Several moults are passed through, the final one producing the 8 legged red coloured adult. Fortunately, this pest is quite easy to control by means of any Sulphur-containing spray, the most efficient of which is Lime- Sulphur mixed in the proportion of one teaspoon- ful of spray to 1 pint of water. The only objec- tion with sulphur sprays is that they tend, on drying, to leave white flocculent spots on foli- age, so in applying, if very finely atomized above the affected plants, the same good result will ensue. Sulphur is very deadly to Red Spider- Superficially the injury caused by these pests 35 very similar to that done by Thrips—in both cases the affected plants get yellowed, and the leaves get silvered or marbled, but in the case of Thrips, one always finds black spots on the leaves, usually on the underside of the leaves: This is the excreta of the insect, One never finds this condition with Red Spider. Slugs and Snails—Though not insects, these are a constant source of annoyance to the Orchi grower; if my own experience may be taken as typical, I am afraid I have frequently been in the position when words failed to express my feelings towards these abominable creatures. The setting of poison baits is to some extent useful, though it is not by any means a way of com- pletely eradicating these pests from a glass house. Poison baits which I have found effective may be made of Bran, Calcium Arsenite and Molasses. Add a level teaspoonful of Calcium. Arsenite to a handful of bran, then mix with molasses till the mass can be shaped into little lumps which — will hold together. These baits are also muc liked by Slaters, so when placed on the benches they are of considerable use. Another good bait for slugs and snails is to dip lettuce leaves in 4 solution of Lead Arsenate (1 teaspoonful to 2 quarts of water); let the solution dry on the leaves, then place them amongst the Orchid pots on the benches. Still another method for protecting blooms from the ravages of these curses of the glass house, is to place a ring 0 cotton wool around the stems of any budding pseudo-bulbs; if kept dry, slugs and snails will not cross a cotton wool barrier. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 VANDA COERULEA One of. the-best-known and most beautiful Vandas; it is a plant which has excited a great deal of comment as to the most successful means ‘of cultivation since few growers have been satisfied with the results they have obtained. Mr. Glissan’s article on this page, and the extract from Sir J. D. Hooker’s “Himalayan Journals”. on page 79, contain information which may lead to more successful cultivation. PAGE EIGHTY-NINE Plants are easily obtained from local dealers. Grown by G. E. Glissan, Balgowlah. Photographed by E. A. Bradford, Roseville. Vanda coerulea G. E. GLISSAN, Balgowlah. N.S.W. ®@ In reference to the successful cultivation of anda coerulea, recent discussions at the Ociety’s meetings have shown such a wide Iversity of opinion regarding the correct Method to be adopted, that the following notes may be of interest to those contemplating grow- ing a few of these delightful plants. Tn an endeavour to discover the most suitable Method, | experimented in several different ways. € first was to place six plants in a fern house lattice, the strips being 2 x } hardwood, ‘Paced from 24 to 3 inches apart, with the sides 4Cing east and south more exposed than the penets. I placed the plants in pots containing Rect crocks to about half the depth, then Mixture of fibre and moss, in which the latter Predominated slightly. I suspended three of the ie six inches above a fish-pool, whilst I hung € others from the roof, over a number of Imbidiums. Both lots appear to be growing 0 well, and one in each trio is now showing a bud. The next plant, which was growing on the original piece of wood to which it attached itself in the jungle, I placed in an unheated glass house, about six inches from the roof. In order to conserve moisture, I put a little fibre and moss around the base of the stick. The first year I was rewarded with 17 blooms about three inches across, and this, the second year, two sprays gave me 30 blooms, each 34 inches across, making a fine show, as you will see from the above illustration, Two other plants I placed in pots filled to within an inch of the top with a mixture of broken crocks and coke packed well around the roots, and they each produced six large blooms 44 inches across. These were grown about 18 inches from the roof, but close to the side glass, and, again, in an unheated glass house. PAGE NINETY Orchid Growing as a Hobby (Continued from page Seventy-four) not flower so freely. During the last few years a Dr. Eversole, a retired medical man living in South Pasadena, has been carrying on some experiments, particularly in fertilizing young seedlings, and has succeeded in stimulating their growth so that some varieties are obtaining mature size in half the time it ordinarily takes. Whether these plants will continue to thrive and bloom freely remains to be seen, but the outlook is promising. I had the privilege of visiting his hothouses about two years ago. He AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 has two good sized houses air conditioned s0 that he can regulate the temperature and mois- ture at will, and some believe that the rapid growth he has obtained in his plants is largely due to the fact that he is thus able to maintain ideal growing conditions at all times. By an electrically operated cooling system, thermo- statically controlled, he maintains one house at a temperature between 58° and 70° throughout the year, in which he has growing species of the Odontoglossum family, and these are flowering very well. (To be continued) Sluss and Snails A NEW An extract from @ In the course of the past year good results have been recorded on the use of a mixture of bran and ‘“‘Meta” fuel for destroying slugs and snails, The chief constituent of “Meta” fuel is metaldehyde, a polymerised form of acetylde- hyde. A record of trials of this bait is given by C. T. Gimingham and H. C. F. Newton in the last issue of the Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture (June, 1937, p. 242). The bait was prepared in the same manner as a Paris green bait. Sufficient water is added to the bran to make it moist without causing the flakes to stick together, the powdered ‘Meta’ or metal- dehyde is added, and the whole thoroughly mixed, The mixture may be made up dry, if preferred, and can be used without the addition of water if the ground is moist. Various propor- tions were tried, a convenient amount to use on a small scale. being 4 gm. to about 1 quart (8 oz.) of bran. The “Meta” fuel is easily ground to a fine powder; metaldehyde is obtain- able as a fine crystalline powder. The bait may be broadcast, but it is perhaps most effective. if placed in little heaps about 1 ft. apart. The bait is very effective, it remains attractive to slugs for a considerable time if protected from heavy rain, and it is worth arranging some simple form of covering. Wild birds, apparently, Outstanding Subscriptions for 1937 and all payments for Subscriptions from now on should be made to: ‘The Australian Orchid Review,” Box 2582E, G.P.O., Sydney. POISON BAIT “Fhe Pharmaceutical Journal of Great Britain’ de not eat it, though on one occasion poultry did so, withcut harm resulting, ‘“Meta” and metaldehyde are, however, dangerous to the health cf human beings if eaten, and it 1s essential to take all reasonable precautions 1 preparing the bait and using it. The Genus Cleisostoma im Australia (Continued from page Eighty-six) Peninsula”); upper surface of lip very densely, beset with fine white cilia, Column thick and very short. This imperfect description will serve to show the marked dissimilarity between this and all the cther Australian Orchids hitherto included in Cleisostoma, The accompanying illustration of a single flower almost suggests a Dendrobium. Acknowledgement for the photographs of Cryptanthemis Slateri, appearing on pages 32 and 39, is due to the Linnean Society of N.S.Ws which kindly made the photographs ‘available. Agents for the “Australian Orchid Review” in Great Britain Messrs. B. F. Stevens & Brown Limited, New Ruskin House, 28-30 Little Russell Street, LONDON, W.C.1., are carrying stocks of current and back numbers of the ‘Australian Orchid Review.” Readers in Great Britain should communicate with them regarding theif supplies. PAGE iv AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 QUALITY’S HIGHEST STANDARD, Steadfastly holding to our initial aim of creating good work alone, we have built a reputation in colour engraving and all branches of process Wolken nen none claim to make better . none actually are consistently as good. PHOTO- ENGRAVING ART COMPANY LIMITED HALF-TONE AND COLOUR PLATE SPECIALISTS CENTRAL BUILDINGS, 89 WILLIAM STREET, SYDNEY pe TELEPHONE F1151-2-3 PAGE V ORCHIDS We hold an immense stock of FINE HEALTHY ORCHIDS A Wonderful Selection of HYBRID CATTLEYAS LAELIO-CATTLEYAS CYPRIPEDIUMS ODONTOGLOSSUMS MILTONIAS Plants of flowering size. Over 35 years’ experience in export packing to Australia Prices very reasonable. Write for our CATALOGUE without obligation. MANSELL & HATCHER Limited Dept AOR. RAWDON, LEEDS, England PSPS ei SR eR RP AEE TSO Splendid stock of CATTLEYA, CYMBIDIUM, CYPRIPEDIUM, ODONTOGLOSSUM and PHALNOPSIS hybrids. Over 3 acres of newly-built houses devoted to Orchids FLANDRIA BRUGES (Belgium) AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 ORCHIDS OF SIAM Sent to all parts of the world in any quantity Only strong and healthy plants supplied Lists free on application The Bangkrabue Nursery 24kh. Phaya Klahom’s Lane BANGKRABUE, BANGKOK, SIAM INDIAN ORCHIDS Fine collections of showy Orchids for £1, £2/10/-, and £5. Packing and Postage free to any address. G GHOSE & CO. Exporters of Orchids, Liliums and | Himalayan Flower Seeds. TOWNEND, DARJEELING, INDIA SANDERS St. ALBANS ORCHID GROWERS, HERTS., ENGLAND OVER 50 YEARS’ EXPERIENCE AT YOUR SERVICE TO SUIT. SUIT ALL HOUSES ORCHID ee CLIMES WRITE FOR Special Offers—Latest Price Lists : and “Cultivation of Orchids” An illustrated and interesting Book free on appli- cation to Members of the Orchid Societies of New South Wales and Queensland. @ SANDERS ORCHID GUIDE A complete work on all best known species 1927 EDITION—POST FREE—21/- Mention the “Australian Orchid Review”—it identifies you AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 PAGE Vi ORCHIDS Cymbidiums — Cattleyas — Dend- robiums — Cypripediums, &c. You get Good Plants at Keen Prices from Armstrong & Brown Tunbridge Wells, England ® All orders received shall have our very best at- Write for Price Lists. tention in packing and selection of the plants. ORCHIDS Cymbidiums, Cypripediums, Dendrobiums, Etc. Established Plants Inspection invited. Open daily, excepting Thursdays. Sundays by appointment. Telephone: XU2774 GERALD E. GLISSAN “Lisieux,” Scales Parade (off Lewis Street) BALGOWLAH, SYDNEY, N.S. WALES Queensland Polopodium and Osmunda Fibres best for all Orchids Write for particulars to A. GLINDEMAN 3 Doncaster Street, Hendra, N.E.2, BRISBANE The Scarlet DELPHINIUM Nature’s gift to Garden Lovers—the Flower of the Future Tall growing, free flowering, well branched habit. True Scarlet in colour, hardy, easily grown, long lasting. Plant now. 4/- each. 6 for 21/-. Posted free IFAFA LILIES Hardy, free flowering in 5 distinct shades. White, Yellow, Red, Apricot and Pink. One of each, 6/- Philip Montague Bulb Specialist Frankston, Victoria By Appointment to the Sikkim Government ° ORCHIDS 50% Cheaper than Australian Prices AERIDES Longicornu, Multiflorum, Odoratum and Racemeformis: 2/6 each. CALANTHE Alismaefolia, Biloba, Brevicornu, Herbacea and Masuca: 2/- each. COELOGYNE Cristata, Elata, Flaccida, Fus- cescens and Ochracea: 1/6 each. CYMBIDIUM Cochleare, Eburneum, Ensifolium, Gammieanum, Giganteum, Grandiflorum, Longifolium, Mastersii and Whiteae: 3/- ea. CYPRIPEDIUM Bellatulum, Fairrieannum, Hir- sutissimum, Venu. um and Villosum: 3/- DENDROBIUM Amoenvm, Chrysanthum, Densi- florum, Farmerii, Fimbriatum, Var Ocula- tum, Formosum, Heterocarpum, Picrardii, Hookerianum, Longicornu, Moschatum, Nobile and Transparense: 2/- each VANDA Amesiana, Coerulea, Cristata, Kimbali- ana, Parviflora and Teres: 2/- each. AN INTRODUCTORY OFFER OF 12 ORCHIDS IN CYMBIDIUMS, CYPRIPEDIUMS, DEND- ROBIUMS AND VANDAS, 25/- All Post Free. Descriptive Catalogues free. Cash, please. L. B. PRADHAN & SONS Post, Pakyong, Sikkim, India Mention the “Australian Orchid Review”—it identifies you AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 DENDROBIUM FALCOROSTRUM Three Bushel Sack occ 15/- Bushel and Half Case 00000000... . 10/- (on Rail Dorrigo) DAVID CLARK Deer Vale, Dorrigo, N.S.W. SIAMESE ORCHIDS 12 Cypripediums in 6 sorts for 40/-; 12 Grand Dendrobiums for 35/-; 20 different showy orchids for 40/-; 12 Vandas in 6 sorts for 35/-; 6 Anthurium andreanum in variety for 60/-. CARRIAGE AND PACKING FREE Good Discount to Wholesale Customers PHRA MAHA VICHAI 822 Prajadhipok Road, Bangkok, Siam PAGE vii INDIAN ORCHIDS WE CHALLENGE THE ORCHID MARKETS IN QUALITY AND LOW PRICE Only fresh and vigorous ones offered in large natural clumps. We collect psrsonally. Liberal discounts to quantity purchasers. Every order accorded fair and honest treatment. Get our splendid £3 post-paid collection. Also enquire for Liliums and Seeds. THE STANDARD NURSERY Rkenock, Sikkim (India) EAST AFRICAN ORCHIDS Angraecums, Ansellias, Cytorchis, Terrestrials, Etc. Collections of £1/10/-, £2, £4. Special Terms for larger quantities. Posted free. Health certificates of the Department of Agriculture sent with all consignments. Price List free on application. THE NYANZA NURSERY Fort Ternan, Kenya Colony Manager: E. P. Firth SECURE YOUR REQUIREMENTS NOW if you want really good plants of Indian Orchids, Fresh Alpine Seeds, Bulbs, etc., at an unrivalled low price. Apply to D. SHAMSHER POST PAKYONG, SIKKIM, INDIA For Wholesale Price Lists No one will serve you better. ORCHIDS OF INDIA Wholesale & Retail CYMBIDIUMS, 6€ species 23/-; CYPRIPEDIUMS, 5 species 20/-; Gorgeous fl. DENDROBIUMS, 15 sorts 42/-; 12 sorts CALADIUMS, 12/-; post free. Illustrated catalogue of Orchids free for 2d. postage. Price Lists of Caladiums, Seeds, Bulbs, free. THE CHANDRA NURSERY P. O. Rhenock, Sikkim 83 (Bengal), India TAYLOR’S ORCHIDS Den. Phalaenopsis var. Schr. 5/-, extra fine, 7/6 Vanda Sanderiana (now very rare), fine plants from £3/10/- Cymbidium Hybrids, strong flowered plants, 22/6 to arrive late September T A Y L O R ? & Orchid Growers, Importers and Exporters 5 ACACIA STREET, BELMORE, NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA *Phone: UL1045 Mention the “Australian. Orchid Review”—it identifies you If you are a flower lover, become a member of the Orchid Society of your own State; and join in appreciation of the climax of plants’ evolution. Visitors welcomed at meetings. The Orchid Soeiety of New South Wales Meets every month on alternate last Tuesdays and Thursdays, in Room 507, Phillip House, Phillip Street, Sydney at 8 p.m. President: Hon. Secretary: His Honour T. H. JAMES 2 GE ee E bu uth 67 Arabella Street Kooyong,” Hastings Road , WARRAWEE, N.S.W. LONGUEVILLE, N.S.W. The dates of the next meetings of the Society are as follow:— SEPTEMBER TUESDAY, 27 NOVEMBER TUESDAY, 29 OCTOBER THURSDAY, 27 DECEMBER WEDNESDAY, 21 at Room 507, Phillip House, Phillip Street, Sydney A hearty invitation is extended to all interested in Orchids to attend Please address all communications regarding the Society to the Hon. Secretary e Queensland Orchid Society President: ; Hon. Secretary: M. P. CAMPBELL T. C. HARVEYSON Ruth Street, Wilston, N.W.1 Box 2002X, G.P.O. BRISBANE BRISBANE QUEENSLAND QUEENSLAND Meeting Place: MINIATURE RIFLE RANGE BUILDING Boundary Street BRISBANE Meetings held on Second Friday of each month Visitors are Welcome Printed and Published in Australia by the Orchid pp of New South Wales G. Hermon Slade, Hon. Editor Wholly set up and printed in Australia by Shepherd & Newmen Pry Ltd., Yurong Street, Sydney. AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, SEPTEMBER, 1938 Australian Orchid Review Subscription | A pplication The Manager, ‘Australian Orchid Review,” Box 2582E., G.P.O., Sydney. Dear Sir, Please enter subscription in the name and to the address mentioned hereunder, for which I enclose 6/-, in payment for issues for one year. NamelofeSubscribe roma cette tater tated erst itera recor Ryan amir sc cata ct PA AT ESS welt ht icc eR co ed Raat AMS Sele ORCHIDAL This Orchid fertilizer is entirely different from the inorganic stimulants ordinarily sold for plant fertilizers. When used according to directions it will cause active and sudden growth of roots, even from plants which have previously rooted only with difficulty. When applied once or twice a week, the foliage becomes noticeably darker and the plant gains in strength. Spring months are the most advantageous for the use of this orchid fertilizer. PRICE: 6/- per ounce £4/./- per pound, post free loz. makes approximately 30 gallons of fertilizer Sole Agents: W. Hermon Slade & Co. Pty. Ltd. Manufacturing Chemists, ROSEBERY AVENUE, ROSEBERY Se ee ———e—————eeeeee ie = Oficial @rgan of | The @rchid Societies of New South Wales & Queensland ¢ pacuet AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1938 TAYLOR’S ORCHIDS (15 years actual experience in Orchid Cult.) SPECIAL HYBRID DENDROBIUMS — WELL ESTABLISHED PLANTS We carry large stocks of all the most popular Orchids in endless variety, rare species and Hybrids Our prices are reasonable and the plants the finest, being well grown and established T A WY L oO R ? S Orchid Growers, Importers and Exporters 5 ACACIA STREET, BELMORE, NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA *Phone: UL1045 ° e WELL SUITED TO COOL, INTERMEDIATE Indi an Or chids AND WARM DISTRICTS OF AUSTRALIA SPECIAL OFFERS, POST-FREE, for Members of Australian Orchid Societies 6 Species Aerides 0 eccmnenmunn 12/0 12 Species Cymbidiums 6 39) Calanthes:— 12/- 12990 Dendrobiums _... 6 99 Croelogymes neesccesaseeneeun 12/- 6 4 Phaiuses ........ 6 » Cypripediums ... ene Of = Gites NERS rs seperenerentiier 25 Best Flowering Species 50/- Cash with Order. Each of the above selections contains one strong, healthy flowering size plant of each species. L. B. Pr adhan & Sons Post Pakyong, Sikkim, India ORCHID SPECIALISTS By Appointment to the Sikkim Government. ORCHIDS Have you received a copy of the finest illustrated Catalogue on Orchids? If not, write to John Bissett, enclosing 3d. stamps. Now is the correct time to secure your Orchid plants I offer a wide range in Indian and Burmese Orchids at 2/6 and 4/- per plant or clump. Why import yourself when you can select your plants at the above prices? Orchids now on hand include— Dendrobiums, Aureum, Crystallinum, Crassinode, Dalhousianum, Fimbriatum and Var. Occulatum, Aggregatum, Chrysotoxum, Dixanthum, Infundibulum, Nobile, Thrysiflorum, Crepi- datum, Chrysanthum; Aerides, Falcatum, Crassifolium, Odoratum; Vandas, Coerulea, Coerulescens, Roxburghii, Parishii, Teres, Agnes Joachim; Cypripediums, Charlesworthii, Bellatulum, Parishii. All of these at 2/6 and 4/- plant or clump. I also have a fine range of Cymbidium Hybrids in every range of colours from 4-5 years old seedlings at 12/6 and 15/- to larger plants 25/- and 30/-. The Nursery Is open for inspection every day excepting Sundays, and you will see the largest commercial collection of Orchids In Australia. ‘ JOHN BISSETT "Phone, Drum, 1124. 48 WAREEMBA STREET, ABBOTSFORD, N.S.W. Mention the “Australian Orchid Review?—it identifies you AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1938 East Indian Orchids 100 Cymbidium Eburneum, 100 Whiteae. 100 Giganteum, 150 Aloifolium, 150 Pendulum, 100 Simonsianum. 100 Mastersii, 170 Longofolium, 170. Lancifolium. 200 Elegans, 150 Devonianum, 100 Ensifolium, OTR OMLowlanUme ccmcamelatieters ieee #£15/15/- 100 Vanda Coerulea or Coerulescens, 200 Teresor 100. Grandiflorum, Oran SOMParvifloragevemennmresters teense £17/-/- 12 Cypripediums in 4 species .......... £2/15/- 12 Different showy Cymbidiums ........ £1/17/- 12 Different showy Dendrobiums ........ £1/8/- 12 Coelogynes in 6 species ............ £1/2/- L2aVandasainuGashectesmer ee ne eres #£1/10/- L2rAeridese in 4uspeclésy a4 es cee 24 Best Himalayan showy Orchids, 12 vari- 6tles eR ete cee eee £2/10/- 24 Calanthe, 20 Phaius, 16 Arachnanthe andPArundinag@emencrs pene ee £2/5/- 10 Pleione or 6 Sacco!abium or 6 Thunia or 5 Phalaenopsis or 4 Eulophia or 7 Cirrohopetalum@ererye sete entree 16/- Pure Tibetan MUSK, £2/12/-; per Tola. CASH WITH ORDER. LISTS FREE We collect all the best varieties of Indian Orchids, Bulbs, Etc., in huge quantities, on re- ceipt of large order. We will send plants having 10 to 55 shoots in one clump in Cymbidiums. D.K. KASAJSU Post Rhenock, Sikkim State N. BENGAL, INDIA VK. TH. J. NYLAND 6 Tampomaslaan, Bandoeng Java, Neth. East Indies can supply you all popular Orchids of Java at reasonable terms. Write for prices. Also willing to exchange. Notice to Advertisers All enquiries as to Advertising, space in this “Review” should be addressed to the publishers:— Shepherd & Newman Pty., Ltd. YURONG STREET SYDNEY N.S. W. PAGE ii Orehids of India For most satisfactory results, buy from us. We assure you the best value. Cymbidiums—6 gorgeous varieties 2 12 ” ” Cypripediums 6 Dendrobiums 12 Vandas 6 Coelogynes 6 Aerides 5 12 gorgeous Orchids 25 + Pe mn SYR xn ee a: Ronee ee £5/10/- Packing, Postage all free We allow very high discounts to the trade. Send for Price List and discount Royal Nursery POST PAKYONG, SIKKIM NORTHERN INDIA Agents for the “Australian Orchid Review” in Great Britain Messrs. B. F. Stevens & Brown Limited, New Ruskin House, 28-30 Little Russell Street, LONDON, W.C.1., are carrying stocks of current and back numbers of the ‘Australian Orchid Review.” Readers in Great Britain should communicate with them regarding their supplies. Outstanding Subscriptions for 1937 and all payments for Subscriptions from now on should be made to: ‘The Australian Orchid Review,” Box 2582E, G.P.O., Sydney. * Mention the ‘Australian Orchid Review”—it identifies you AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1938 Smart’s Garden Service for Cymbidium Species and Modern Hybrids | Our collection of Cymbidiums — both species and hybrids — is worthy of growers’ attention. | All mature, healthy, and vigorous specimens, our stock contains the very latest and best | | varieties procurable from the leading overseas growers, as well as the proved old favourites. fy FOR SIZE AND QUALITY WE ARE UNEQUALLED 1] PRICES: From 25/- to £5 | | ni a PAGE iii ‘| i We also cater for every kind of garden shrub and plant. Seedlings of Special Quality. AZALEAS and HYDRANGEAS in great variety. Prices competitive. i Visitors always welcome. Stroll round our grounds and choose plants to your requirements. i Situated on the left-hand side of Pacific Highway, between Gordon and Pymble. SS \ Smart’s Garden Service | 819-857 PACIFIC HIGHWAY, GORDON, N.S.W. i| Phone JX3052 Stock Nursery: H. E. SMART, Sobraon Road, Eastwood. Phone: Epping 1439 BLACK & FLORY SLOUGH | ENGLAND Cablegrams: “Orchids Slough” | | ° i Cypripediums in modern hybrids as available H Cymbidiums—on first flowering, for shipping in April— H strong plants Brassocattleyas and allied hybrid genera Odontoglossum hybrids, Miltonias, Odontiodas, etc. 4 _ se All by special offer at moderate prices, according to strength and quality. Mention the “Australian Orchid Review”—it identifies you | | PAGE NINETY-ONE AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1938 AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW Volume 3 December, 1938 No. 4 Contents INDEX TO ARTICLES Building up a Collection—Editorial ee eee Cee ee 93 GoolliHouses Cul tire siiseeenty aie mee nenmmrr anu. Sunder cap coon 97 Dendrobium phalaenopsis 99° cum mee te tees arts tees tts 94 Is Dendrobium superbiens a Hybrid? dab een Pe ee Bc, veg VE? ; Letter from Rio de Janeiro flee a koa pects een De saiet ano 9) Nitrogen bacteria and Orchid selene see tale i ae 2 Stee 109 Notes from my Bush House ee ses Oks eee ee ame. 111 Orchid Growing as a Hobby (ee sree te = le Sy 110 Orchid Hunting in Burma hl ee se ee! eR te 103 Orchid Pots and Rafts i, 9 cane seme sees 8 pe ees OE wer, 102 Orchids*andathes Manin mys) Mec nou re Sa ae) Ms Se 107 Queensland Orchid Society’s Annual Sirs ye ee, Vina ct 0M 100 Raising Orchids from Seed iowa Tiel A 5 cord weed fe een 105 Some Native Orchids and! their- Habitats © 0 en sunt Brest 104 The More Popular Cattheyas 9 ec wn wert nntne tt 117 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS ‘Angraccumakotchyie: « wette Serre Meera row Seruamm siciye wie) pe 115 Angraecum mirabile VS Me ee ey Le eee BM ie | te 115 Brassocattleya Cluny ee ee ee ae a | Rey 98 Coelogyne Massangeana ai te Ce ee nt Oe Oe saber 111 Dendrobium delicatum NE CL dee Geto ett, I ated it 101 Dendrobium falcorostrum ue nee rh nthe ttt 92 Dendrobitimmaestratiotes sn mami stick mnt cimmmnnD o/c: OU cass ce 107 Phalaenopsis Schilleriana 920 mn. eet Mg ta toe 117 Promae nent Gol tiara t2 anes einen 2 95 Saccolabium Bigantcuin pes 6 Ree ng ee eee ce ac pains ae 109 Sarchochilus Fitzgeraldii_ ...... Ay gh MR aM Rol hae eR 97 Metbibreraletny ua) cae) ge ed et an ba 114 Vanda Sanderiana (colour block) pi en ere eee te ee 105 Subseription: 6/- per year, post free AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1938 PAGE NINETY-TWO 1174240 “NY “[ *H 4&4 peydrs30104g "11"H ODO -M “M Aq umos3 Jurjg ‘stvaf Jo Jaquinu ve soz Atm sty ATprp -uajds papasosons sey ‘90132 yovad ve fo youriq & uo UdaUTIdads [nzrinvoq sty], ‘suapie3 urqinqns Fo Joquinu qvoid & UL paqATI[ND st pue onjjnd o1 da{quuawE AIBA st w44s010I]P{ UNIGoOLpusIq 22} NOOSE MOTEq Ajrvr ‘sommurnb asuawww1 ur uaiszo ‘yoaeq proyorsaNy uo Surmos3 Ayaatsnjoxa asowye punoF st ay “sae AY yinog MAN YUqeyUT YoryAr suuniqorpuaq ay1 FO [Nzrnvaq jsour yi sv popavSo1 st ..prysiO yYoe0g,, UI, WOYWLSOYOOTVA WOILOUGNAG AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1938 PAGE NINETY-THREE Australian Orehid Review Editorial Building up a Collection @ The ultimate pleasure we growers derive from Orchids is a composite one, embracing many fields of interest. The fascination of the building- up of a collection in a gradual way from a first Plant is one of the keenest enjoyments the enthusiast experiences. This beginning, which fortunately for most of us is more or less endless, results in our finding ourselves always striving for new plants with ever increasing ardour. For It is this collecting which largely satisfies our acquisitive instinct, rendering us so much pleasurable satisfaction. While collecting one’s plants it is logical to seek a means which will provide the greatest amount of pleasure for the grower; and in this, the man with extravagant ideas and unlimited credit may surely envy others who obtain their Orchids one by one, so that they obtain a con- stant source of new pleasures as each newcomer is welcomed into the family. The latter grower, who must needs strive to enlarge his collection and obtain the plants he desires, shares much enjoyment and _ satisfaction which the com- placent grower, who at one stroke of a pen buys a complete collection, never appreciates, Money has really not an important bearing on the pleasure associated with the building up of an Orchid collection. Would not most of us feel envious of enthusiasts who could go into the field and collect the Orchids they desire on the spot? This seems to us as city dwellers impossible, yet we may share much the same form of pleasure in a slightly different way. Thus a most fascinating manner to build up one’s collection would be to obtain a couple of first-rate species or hybrids and to cross them with foresight and with a view to obtaining something interesting and popular, and sub- sequently raising the plants from seed, with an object of exchange. Scope in this field in Australia is tremendously wider than in Europe, where climate and cultural conditions are so different, and so much work has already been done to suit European conditions. The careful crossing of two selected plants may result in the production of millions of seeds, and from these, by methods outlined in this issue, it is possible to raise many hundreds of plants, which at the end of 18 months or 2 years will be of a size that will make another Orchid enthusiast’s mouth water. These seedlings seem to possess some special fascination; for one thing, it is never known what may result from them, and they form a first-class means of exchange for other plants. Not only then, does the original grower claim the pleasure of acquiring plants he desires, but also gives equally great pleasure to others by giving them something which they equally value, thus he reaps the pleasures of giving as well as receiving. Another easily available means of acquiring 4 collection is by the direct exchange of local plants with enthusiasts overseas. Our natives to them, have a value which can only be measured in the terms in which we value their plants; generally enthusiasts of this kind are very liberal in the number of plants they exchange, since both sides are apt to under-estimate the value of their local plants. A number of us have built up important sections over our collections by ‘this means, and as a measure of the pleasure which is given to both recipients, are the letters of interest and appreciation which result. The pleasure of growing and eventually flowering “unknown” plants is one which one needs to experience to realise. The value of a plant to a grower is only to a very limited extent repre- sented in terms of every-day money; one of us may not accept any monetary recompense for a certain plant, while another would regard it as practically valueless; it is the romance and the story behind the acquisition of these members of our collection, which establishes their real value in the mind of the collector; it is thus quite understandable why a collector, who has consistently built up his collection one by one, by different sources and means, will most ardently cherish his plants and derive the maximum amount of pleasure from them. PAGE NINETY-FOUR AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1938 Dendrobium Phalaenopsis HEINRICH VOSS, Naumburg, Germany Translated by Wilhelm Schmidt from an article in “Orehis” by permission of the publishers. @ As one of the most beautiful Orchids, one may doubtlessly consider Dendrobium phalae- nopsis Schroederianum. Whoever has had the opportunity of seeing a hot house with this species in full flower in the autumn months will surely never forget this sight. There is hardly any other species which could offer such mag- nificent blooms as Dendrobium phalaenopsis Schroederianum, And yet, how few realise what ‘endless trouble and thought it has cost until one learnt from these magnificent children of the Tropics their needs for producing this lavish splendour of blooms in our hot houses. In regard to this I might mention some memoirs from my youth. When I, as a young man, went out to see other countries and other people, [ came to an Orchid nursery, which was, at that time, the oldest in Germany. With great enthusiasm I devoted myself to the new and never dreamt of miracles of flowers of another world. Besides all the Orchids for cut flower sale up till that time, I was particularly inter- ested in the Dendrobium nobile, which were cultivated here in immense quantities. Just imagine a structure of more than 50 metres in length full of Dendrobium nobile and having a cultural yield of 13,000 blossoms with their enchanting dark blossom eyes. Unforgettable, and this at the beginning of the new century. Wherever could one find anything similar? Certainly not anywhere in Germany. After a few years I left this place, so interesting and instructive, in order to get more experience in my profession, and thus came to the Capital without a position. It was easy to find one in spring, but it so happens in life that once your interest is awakened in one thing you have to follow it up. It was the same with me. I had already heard of the large new Orchid nursery which was to be established in Berlin Marien- felde. I made up my mind, went there, presented myself and asked for permission to have a look around, The head gardener showed me round. One word followed another and the final result was that, unwillingly, I again found myself in another Orchid nursery. As my success in the Dendrobium culture in my former position had preceded me here, I was appointed to take over the Dendrobiums also—here Dendrobium phalaenopsis Schroederianum, instead of Den- drobium nobile. The newly imported 4,500 plants had already arrived the previous autumn, were cleaned, potted, wired and had been poorly arranged, pot next to pot, in one of the existing culture houses. The new special house was about to be constructed and would be available at the beginning of July. Immediately after com- pletion we started moving in so that the plants could fully develop by the autumn, and could produce the first blossoms which we so eagerly expected, But to our disgust we discovered that together with the import a noxious insect, the Dendrobium beetle, Xyleborus morigerus, had been brought in, and neither the chief, nor the head gardener, nor the foreign specialist, who had cleaned, potted and wired the imports, had noticed it. It was now discovered with all its destructive effects, Some plants showed 60-70 spots of activity and went mercilessly into the boiler; others, not so badly affected, were re- lentlessly cut down to the unaffected part, and so out of the large import of 4,500 plants only 2,800 remained, which had in parts been very severely cut back. What a sad start in the new home! Then came the second disappointment. Autumn had come, the flower stems had fairly developed and the flowering so eagerly expected had begun. But what was this? Three or four blooms were hardly in flower when the first began drooping and dying like summer flowers after a heavy thunder storm. Unsale- able! But what is science for? Professors and Doctors were called in for investigation, and soon a fungus was discovered, even two different types, which were most likely causing the dam- age. A fungus is very soon found, but how to fight it very often remains a difficult question. It was found that the fungus could only live in moist, warm air. A very poor consolation! The plants need warmth under all circumstances; the moisture was reduced as much as possible. The flowers on the plants were more beautiful and opened better when the weather was bright and dry for long periods, but one or two days of rain and fog, and the picture was sadder than ever. So it lasted the whole autumn and you saw only sad faces caused by this unexplainable disappointment. And myself, having taken over the nursing of these plants with so much hope and enthusiasm, had hardly any courage left. Nevertheless we could sell about 8,000 blooms, as Dendrobium phalaenopsis Schroederianum as AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1938 PAGE NINETY-FIVE PROMAENEA COLMANIANA Promaeneas are closely allied to Zygopetalums, and are plants which should be easy to cul- tivate under bush house conditions in Sydney. This plant is a hybrid raised by Sir Jeremiah Colman and the seedlings have shown a great amount of variation in the amount of spotting both on the lip and on the petals. The flowers are bright lemon-yellow, the illustration is approximately natural size. Plant grown by Sir Jeremiah Colman. a newly imported plant still produces very many flower spikes from the back bulbs. But my decision was made, In spring when the sun is higher I shall leave this unpleasant place, which only brought disappointments, Through indis- Cretion my chief heard of my plans. He per- suaded me to stay and promised to give me later on a well paid position. As I was a poor garden assistant without money, there was no need to repeat this proposition, and so I stayed on, At the same time I felt rather uncomfortable about the next flowering of this Dendrobium, and all my thoughts were concentrated on this one Point, I had heard that in a neighbouring Orchid nursery, there was also a_ small number of these Dendrobiums and that here this disastrous flower dying had not occurred, although the nursery was situated quite close to one of the many Havel lakes and that therefore, the air moisture should be Present here in larger quantities than in our Case, If they succeeded here and we did not, there must surely be a mistake with us, even if not conceivable, but where? With these thoughts in my mind, the flowering of the Den- drobiums was coming nearer and nearer. I tried everything possible to find out how the Den- drobiums were handled in the neighbouring Nursery. The whole position, during this time, Photographed by G. H. Slade. in regard to Orchids made certain observations easier to me, In those times in Germany hardly any garden hands knew anything about Orchids, and therefore we, as well as the other Orchid nurseries, employed more foreign than German Orchid specialists, and these foreigners were frequently meeting among themselves. Every time I heard of one of our foreign gardeners going over to the neighbouring nursery I joined him in order to spy. I was less interested in the magnificent hybrids already existing there, or the growing seedlings, but in the first place I was interested in the Dendrobiums, which took up only a small place there. It was remarkable that there they flowered considerably earlier than with us. They were flowering gaily with- out shade in glaring sunshine with ventilators wide open, and therefore in very dry air, with- out showing any signs of flower decay. The next visit confirmed this observation, but an- other observation was also made. Apparently the watering of the pots had been almost stopped, for the planting material had sus- piciously loosened itself from the rim of the pot, but at the same time plants were in most magnificent bloom. Encouraged by these ob- servations, we also started anew. Explanations could not be given to us from over there, as they did not experience the dying of the flowers PAGE NINETY-SIX or better, they did not want to know it: Observe and try to help yourself! With this idea in mind, the second stage of blossoming came along. As our plants could not flower simultaneously, I carried the plants on which the flowers were showing to the end of the glass house, which was 35m. long, and gave them plenty of air, whenever the weather permitted us doing so, with as little shade as possible. To let all the plants open their flowers without almost any shade was not possible, as we had to take into consideration the many plants still in the stage of development, and that the house had a sliding mechanism. At night oilpaper was placed over the plants in flower, in order to protect them against the falling vapour. I practically stopped watering, and if watering was necessary, oilpaper was also placed over the pipes running underneath the benches; the pipes were encased back as well as front, so that practically not a drop of water could get on to them. The trickling water was caught by the oilpaper and ran down along the wall of the glass house, where it was absorbed by the earth. The flowers developed splendidly under this treatment; it was really a great pleasure. One day my boss said to me: “Listen, Voss, I really do not want to reproach you. The plants are flowering splendidly and so far we have not had any losses, but I cannot compre- hend why plants flowering plentifully and for a long period should be kept so dry. I am un- easy about my plants; they might use up too much of their strength, which undoubtedly will happen if you go on keeping them so dry.” I told him what I had observed at the opposition nursery, and that the plants there had already shown the same development for quite a number of years. In spite of that, I could, however, not entirely deny his objections, and followed his advice by keeping the plants a little moister, There were not many noticeable losses. The blossoms began to develop even more splendidly. But there is no eternal partnership with the powers of fate. One Monday morning all the flowers were drooping, a picture of dejection. I had left the house on Saturday night when everything was in first-class order. There was, of course, great upheaval! What had those in charge done? There was a very severe inquiry, but nothing came of it. According to my instructions they pretended to have aired, shaded as ordered, covered with oilpaper, not watered, not sprayed, but no clue could be found as to the cause of this catastrophe. The AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1938 bad flowers were removed, the plants were inter- mixed with newly flowering ones in order to conceal the defects from the visitors. The flowering continued and after a short time the casual observer could no longer see anything of the catastrophe. For weeks this beautiful sight delighted us. Then all of a sudden one Monday morning everything was again destroyed. Whereas at first there were only hundreds of flowers destroyed, now there were thousands. The first loss was deplorable, but the next was absolutely dreadful. Just at the height of flowering the longest and best sprays died! The same as previously, but how did it happen, The same negative result! And the reason for this could not be ascertained. The person in charge of cutting and dispatch- ing the flowers said, “I do not believe that you could blame the persons who were in charge; on Saturday late in the evening I had to cut flowers for a rush order, when many of the flowers looked strange ot me.” And I myself had‘ treated the flowers with the same care as in the previous weeks. And yet, 24 hours after infection by the fungus one should see the first traces of damage—so we are taught by science —and there was no other explanation unless I myself had unwillingly and unconsciously done something to cause the catastrophe. I thought it over for days, but no solution was found. The flowering went on, but I was fearful as to when the next catastrophe would occur. Every morning my first walk was to the Dendrobium House, and my first look, under the oilpaper to see whether the flowers were still all right. Then all of a sudden came the inspiration. I got it! What did I do? It was the beginning of November and the nights were already a little bit frosty, while during the day the sun was shining warmly from a cloudless sky. ‘Tem- peratures went soaring up in the unshaded Den- drobium House, and therefore the ventilators near the flowering plants had been wide open; plants are so thankful for sunny November days. But at the other end of the house where those plants were hanging, which were still in the developmental stage, it became seriously dry so that I was afraid that the youngest buds would be hampered in development and would turn yellow, whereby considerable damage would result. So I made up my mind when there was hot sunshine, to spray pipes and heating pipes at this end of the house. The heating pipes were very warm; this was brought about by the necessity for increasing the heat during the night. The spraying pipe water was cold, so (Continued on page 120) AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1938 Cool House Culture and Notes PAGE NINETY-SEVEN for Amateurs T. H. JAMES, Longueville, N.S.W. @ Now our Orchids are in full growth and consequently need constant attention, Those who have discarded moss in their composts should top their pots or baskets with live moss and, where baskets are used, push moss into the side spaces. Use the hose freely on both con- tainers and foliage. The fibre will not hold too much moisture these summer days, even if hosed well each morning. Outside in the bush house, if the day be hot and windy, a light watering should be given in the afternoon, On hot days the plants in the glass house would welcome a light spraying of the foliage in the afternoon. In both glass house and bush house, if possible, grow ferns, begonias, etc., on the floor, which will tend to preserve the moisture and develop that bush atmosphere. Keep the moss on the pots and baskets growing as much as possible, If moss has been mixed with the fibre in the compost more discretion in watering will be needed, as drying out will not be so rapid. These remarks refer, of course, to epi- phytic Orchids, Terrestrials will also require plenty of water these days, particularly the Cymbidiums, which will also appreciate regular doses of weak liquid cow manure, i.e., the colour of weak tea, applied about every ten days. My Cypripediums get hosed copiously each Morning and seem to relish it. Those who have ..Odontoglossums should place them in the coolest spot available in Moderate shade. They should never be allowed to become dry during the warm months. As advised in a previous article, many of my Dendrobiums and Cattleyas were exposed to the sun during last autumn, The Dendrobiums flowered much better than last year and they, and also the Cattleyas, commenced their new growth earlier than usual. In fact, several were ahead of most of those grown in heated houses. Some of my Cattleyas were grown outside under very light ti-tree all Jast summer and autumn, including the plant which forms the inside colour block in the last number of the “Review.” The bulbs made on the Dendrobiums grown Outside were so much more luxurious than those Previously made under glass that as many as Possible of both Dendrobiums and Cattleyas will this summer be placed outside as soon as Tooting has become active. Being planted in fibre only, no amount of rain will injure them CIRRHOPETALUM MINIATUM Members of this genus are found throughout the Indo-Australasian belt and are closely related to Bulbophyllum. C. miniatum has pretty, but small showy flowers of a red-lead colour. It is the latter allusion which led to its specific name. Photo shows flowers natural size. Grown by Sir J. Colman. Photo. G. H. Slade. and the mineral salts thus obtained should be of great benefit. I would strongly urge even those who use artificial heat during the winter to try some of their Cat#leyas out of doors during the summer, but not if there is moss in the compost, as continuous rain might cause injury to the roots. Be sure that protection is given from the cold southerly winds. There is one matter which caused me some disappointment. A few Caftleyas opened their flowers during the winter. Those flowers were unsatisfactory. They were small and lasted but a short time: The late flowering may “have been due to causes which can be controlled or may disappear as the plants become ‘more accustomed to the cool house treatment. The early start this year may mature the bulbs sooner than during the past year and so produce flowers before the cold weather sets in. Two plants which developed sheaths late in the autumn were, when the flower buds showed about the end of June, kept dry and placed in the coldest and airiest place in my house. I succeeded in retarding the development of the buds until September and October. One plant produced two beautiful blooms eight inches across and the other three blooms about 6 inches wide, Mossiae and Trianae and their hybrids carry their sheath all the winter and flower in the early spring. PAGE NINETY-EIGHT Those readers, therefore, who propose trying the growing of Cattleyas without artificial heat during the winter, should, to avoid dis- appointments, endeavour to obtain, to begin with at least, those that flower either in the summer or early autumn. BRASSOCATTLEYA CLUNY Brassocattleyas are the most favoured of all the Cattleya group as they seem, under Australian conditions, to be more readily cultivated than the other Cat#leyas. The colour is clear and well defined with lilac sepals and petals, and rich crimson on the lip with a saddle-shaped blotch of bright yellow. Plant grown by H. Taylor. Photographed by H. J. R. Overall. Vandas.—In a previous article I stated that I intended to remove the moss from my Vanda pots during the winter in an effort to prevent the spotting which had occurred in some plants during the previous winter. This I did. I saved the spotting almost completely, but the plants suffered in varying degrees in another direction. The removal of the moss, in my airy house, induced a too rapid drying out, and apparently some of the plants were unwittingly allowed to become too dry. No effect appeared during the winter, but as soon as the new life began AUSTRALIAN ORCHID REVIEW, DECEMBER, 1938 to move in the spring many leaves turned yellow and fell off. This will always occur with Orchids which do not form pseudo-bulbs_ if allowed to become too dry in winter, Next winter I must adopt some other plan. Curiously enough, one plant of Vanda coerulea was placed on a shelf high up against the glass on the west- ern side of the glass house, which also has glass sides. On this plant the moss was kept growing by copious watering. Not a spot developed and the plant looks really luxurious. I shall experi- ment further next winter. Whilst on the subject of Vandas, a friend recently made a casual remark concerning the obvious liking by those plants for shell grit. When the aerial roots reach the grit their growth appears to accelerate and the roots thicken and travel long distances. This grit is naturally alkaline, and Vandas, being epiphytes, would naturally be supposed to require aci conditions. Some experiments along this line might be helpful. Actual experience has shown however that shell grit is deadly to Cattleyas. pH Values.—For the information of readers, some tests were recently made for me of the various materials used for Orchids, the result being: Sphagnum Moss Slightly acid, about 6.5. Black ‘Todea do. §.75 to 6.5. Brown Todea Neutral (one lot found slightly alkaline). Peat Moss Acid, about 5.50. Tan Bark Acid, about 6.00. Charcoal Alkaline, about 8.00. Sand Neutral. Cow Dung Neutral. (Neutral is 7.00.) The alkalinity of the charcoal means that it will be definitely passed out by myself as far as Orchids are concerned. Scale.—I have generally left the dry leaf sheaths on my Caftleyas, but in future they come off. I thought I saw signs of that small white scale on