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HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY

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FROM THE BBQUEST OF

JOHN AMORY LOWELL

CLASS OF 1813

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THE

HANDBOOK OF JAMAICA

FOR

19 0 3,

ooicPBisiya

OONOBRNING THE ISLAND.

TWENTY THIBD YEAR OP PUBLICATION.

OOUPIhRD tROM OWnOIAL AND OTHMR RKUBLE RSOORDa,"

BT

JOS. C. FORD

AMD

A. A. 0. FIN LAY

(OF THB JAMAICA CIVIL SBRVICB). > ♦ » # <

* This Handbook, though in part compiled from official reooxds, is not i official publication.

LONDOK EDWAMD 8t1«VOBO, aO AM1> 27 OOOKSPUm Stebit. 8. W.

JAMAICA Ootw^MUMMT BtamiMQ OvnoB, 70 Dues Snin Kwowoe.

1908.

fiL - (■) :-

^a.T(tu^f^

PKINTKD AND PUBLIPHED

11

JAMAICA

BT THS

GOVSKKMBKT PBIirTINQ OPFIOB,

79 Duke Stbkbt, Rtnoston.

PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF 1903.

The Editors in issuing the Handbook of Jamaica for 1903 gratefully acknowledge tlie valuable assistance rendered by the Officials of Societief and Institutions in the Island, and by Officers of the Civil Service in the collection and correction of the varied information now brought up to date in this work.

The necessity for compression calls each year for curtailment in many of the articles, but we have endeavoured to avoid sacrificing fullness and clearness of information to conciseness and brevity, and for the most part the eliminated matter will be found in previous issues.

Every effort has been made to eliminate errors and to supply omissions, but the Editors will gladly receive corrections of any errors that may be detected by readei-s and will welcome suggestions for increasing the use- fulness and accuracy of the volume.

Jos. C. Ford.

A. A. C. Fihlay.

Kingston, 27th Feby., 1903.

CONTENTS.

PABT I.

OAXiBNDAB, ASTBOHOMICAL AND 1I8TB OBOLOGIOAL NOTEct—

Oalendar

The Moon'B PhaseB Equation of Time Sunrige and Suniet

s on the coasts of Jamaica

F^e.

Miigtietic Declination Meteorology

. PART II.

3

9

%

9

10

11.510

TICB BOTAL FAMILY, THB MINIBTBT, BBITIBH AHBA8SADOBS, ftO.—

The Kinff and Royal Family . 14 MinisteiB and Offlcen of State . 15 Colonial Office Staff . .17

Heads pf Principal Nations of the

Wbrld . .18

Colonial PossessionH . . 19

GoTemors of British Colonies . 20 Ambassadors 21

Foreign Consuls in Jamaica • 22

PABT III. DB80BIPTI0H OF JAMAIOA, Popula-

tUm^etc. . .23

PABT IV.

HIBTOBICAL SKBTOH ASD POLITICAL OOMSTITUTION

36

PABT V. OOTSBVMBNT, CIVIL SSBVICB, AND PUBLIC DBPABTMBVTB—

GoTemor of Jamaica . 88

Senior Member of Privy Council 88 The Privy Council . 88

Former Governors of Jamaica . 89 Admission into the Civil Service 90 Hours of Attendance at Public

Offices . 9i

Official Correspondence . 96

Holidays at Public Offices . 96

Travelling allowances to Public

Officers .96

Regulations as to Leave of Absence 96 tensions and Gratuities • 99

Table of Precedence • 106

Colonial Secretary's Office . 106 Public Works . . 106

Crown Lands .111

Audit Office . . .118

Treasury .114

Govt. Savings Bank . . 115

Stamp Department . 118

Bzcise Internal Revenue and

Customs . • ,123

Poet Office . . .139

Telemphs . . • JS

Medical Department . .175

Yiotoria Jubilee Lying-in Hospital 185 Police • . .186

Page.

PABT v., emtd, -

Prisons and Relormatories • 190

Industrial Schools . • 192

Education • 19i

Registration Department • 196

Island Record Office . . 201

Public (hardens and Plantations 206

Immigration • • 206

Registration of Titles . . 20i

Government Printing Office . 206

The Institute of Jamaica . 206

Board of Supervision . . 212

Government Laboratory 214

PABT VI JUDICIAL AND LIflQAii—

Supreme Court of Judicature

Barristers-at-Law

Advocates

Solicitors

Court Fees .

Holding of Circuit Courts

Appealsfrom the Supreme Court

Honduras Appeals rrom the Su<

preme Court Incumbered Bstates Court Admiralty Court Administrator-General's Offioe Bankruptcy . Notaries Public Resident Magistrates* Courts Courts of Petty Sessions The Magistracy Judicial Statistics

216 217 218 218 220 225 226

226 226 227

229 231

248 266

PABT VII. JAMAICA FINAVCCS^

Revenue and Expenditure • 260 Debt of Jamaica 260, 262 Comparative Table of Revenue • 266 Do. do. ofBxpenditure 268 Details of Miscellaneous . 271 Property-Tax . 271 Return of Poor Rates oollected. 272 Taxpayers in the Island • 273 Parochial Road Tax . • 276 Trade Licenses . . 276 Spirit Licenses . 276 Number of Horsekind, Cattle, Car- riages, &c. . 27t Imports and Bxports . . 278 Classification and Value of Imports 280 Classification and Value of Bxports 284 Tonnage, Crews, ko. . . 288 Currencv of Jamaica . 890 Colonial Bank . . 291 Bank of Kova Scotia . •' im Foreign Moneys and their English Equivalents • • 298

PABT VIII. BDUCATIOK-*

Elementary Education • 294

Board of Education . . 296

The Schools Commission . 298

Wolmer*s Free School . • 299

VI

OONTBNTS.

P*ge.

PART VUI., eofdd.

Lady Mioo'B Charity . . 901

TitcMeld TruBt School . 902

Mnnro and Dickeiuoii's Free School 303

304 304 306 306

SOB 308

309 309 311

Merrick's Charity BoBea'B Free School . Beokford and Smith*B School . Vere and Manchester Free Schools Lndbford's Bequest Manning's Free School University of Cambridge Local

Examination Jamaica Scholarships . Jamaica College • •

Moravian Female Training School 314 Calabar Institation or Jamaica Bap- tist College . . 316 Jamaica Church Theological College 316 St George's College . . 316 Convent of Im. Con. (Franciscan) 316 Convent of Mercy, St. Mary's . 316 St. Claver's Orphanage, Spanish

Town • .

Beading A.gricultiiral College . Belmont Orphanage and Indus- trial School Hope Industrial School Montego Bay Secondary School Church of England Deaconess Home

317 317

318 318 318

319

PA&T IZ. ■00LB8IABTIGAL A17D B£LIQI0U8—

Church of England in Jamaica . 320 Church of Scotland . . 326 Boman Catholic Church . 326 Baptist Mission . . 327 Jamaica Independent Social Bap- tist Union . . 328 Presbyterian Church . . 329 Congregational Union . 391 West Indian Methodist Connexion

in Jamaica . 331

United Methodist Free Churches 382

Christian Church . . . 384

Moravian Church . . 334

Jewish Congregations . . 336

PABT X. PAROCHIAL INFOBMATION—

The Parishes . . .337

Parochial Boards . 361

Acreage of Cultivated Lands 366

Acreage in Wood and Buinate 366

PABT zi. AOBIOULTUBAL AND PASTOBAL—

Imperial Agricultural Depart- ment . . . 366 Public Gardens and Plantations 366 Cultivation . . .367 Sugar Estates in Cultivation . 370 Classification of Landholders . 376 Coffee Cultivation in Jamaica . 376 Banana and Cocoa Cultivation . 877 Board of Agriculture . 381 Jamaica Agricultural Society . 883

PABT zIm amid.

Cattle Trespass Act Pound Law . Dividing Fences Law Cattle Quarantine

Page.

386 385

887 887

PABT ZII. MABITIME—

Steam Communication • 388

Boyal Mail Steam Packet Company 388 Jamaica Coastwise Service 389, 390 Imperial Direct West India Steam- ship Co. . . .390 Elders & Fvffes Shipping Limited 390 Leyland Line of steamers (West

India and Pacific Branch) . 390 Hamburg-American Line . 881

United Fruit Company . 392

Kerr k, Co.'s Steamers . 392

Halifax and West India Steam- ship Co. . . .392 Cuban Steannship Co., Limited 898 Underwriters Agents in Jamaica 393 Marine Board . 893 Harbours and Harbour Masters 896 Beoeivers of Wreck . . 397 Light Houses . • 896

PABT ZUI. ADHINISTBATiyE BODIES, &0.—

Bio Cobre Irrigation Canal • 400 Kingston Qeneral Commissioners 402 Kingston Gas Works . . 408

Kingston and Liguanea Water

yfoTkB . . .404

Markets . .407

Kingston Slaughter House 409

Kingston Improvements . 410

Spanish Town Water Works . 411 Old Harbour Water Works . 411 Linstead Water Works . 412

Falmouth Water Works . 418

General Water Supply . 414

Milk River Bath . . 415

Bath of St. Thomas-the-Apostle 417 May Pen Cemetery . . 418

Civil Service Guarantee Association 420 Security of Public Officers . 422

PABT ziv.

BBNBYOLBNT AKD TBUST FUNDfi AND INSTITUTIONS—

Civil Service Widows and Orphans*

Fund . . .423

Bectors'Fund . . 424

Island Curates' Fund . . 425

Widows and Orphans of the Dis- established Church . 426 Pension Fund of Disestablished

Church . .426

Fletcher's Trust, Kingston . 426 Sarah Morris' Trust, Kingston . 427 D'Sspinose's Bequest, Kmgston 427 Wood's Beguest, Kingston . 427 Gregory's Charity, Spanish Toti^ 428 Fletcher's Charity, Spanish Town 428 Grav's Charity, St. Mary 428

Guthrie- Davidson's Bequest, St. James . 429

OONTBNTS.

VII

Page.

PAST ziT., eontd.

Ooroaa Society, St. ICiohfterB

Church, Kingston . . 429

DoroEB Society, St. George's Church,

Kingston . .429

Hebrew Benevolent Society, King

ston .490

Night Refuge and Parochial Dispen-

sary, Kingston . . 480

Jamaica Masonic Benevolence . 490 City Dispensary, Kingston . 491 Women's Self-Help Society . 482 Kingston Sailors' Home . 498

Kingston and St. Andrew (Jnion

Poor House . 484

Discharged Prisoners Aid Society 434 Kingston Charity Organization

Society . .486

PART XV. rUBLIO OOMPAHIBfr—

Kingston Benefit Building Society 436 Jamaica Permanent Building

Society . . .437 Victoria Mutual Building Society 437 St. Thomas Mutual Benefit Build- ing Society . . 488 St Ann Benefit Building Society 438 Westmoreland Building Society 438 Trelawny Benefit Building Society 439 St. James Benefit Buildinff Society 439 St. Elizabeth Benefit Building

Society . . .440

St. Catherine Building Society . 441

West India Electric Company . 441

People's Discount Company 442

Hotels Companv in Jamaica 442

St. Catherine Hoteln Company 442

Moneague Hotels Company 442

Kingston Ice-Making Company 443 Jamaica Electric Light and Power

Companv . 448

The J amaica Telephone Company 444

Cable Communication . 444 \\ est India and Panama Telegraph

Company . • 444 The Direct West India Cable

Company . » .445 Fire IniBurance Companies 446 Jamaica Co-operative Fire Insur- ance Co., Limited . 446 Jamaica Marine Insurance

Companv . 447 Jamaica Mutual Life Assurance

Society . . .447

Life Assurance Offices . 448

PAST ZVI. OLIJB8, BOOIBTIBi^ &0.—

FnemasoniT • 449

Ancient Order of Forresters . 462 Independent Order of Oddfellows,

Manchester Unity . . 462

Grand United Order of Oddfellows 463 €kN>d Samaritans and Daughters of

Samaria • 464

Loyal Order of Ancient Shepherds 464

Page.

PABT ZVI., etmtd.

Independent United Order of

Mechanics 465

OoodTemplary • . 466

Touuff Men'R Christian Assodation 466 Jamaica Club . 465

St. Andrew Club . 466

Boyal Jamaica Tacht Club 467

West Indian Club . 468

West India ' ommittee 469

Jamaica Society of Agriooltore

and Commerce . • 469

Kingston and St. Andrew Hortiool-

tural Society . 461

Jamaica Union of Teachers . 462 Jamaica Christian Bndeavoor

Union . .462

Cricket in Jamaica . • 468

Medical Association • . 464

Medical Council of Jamaica • 466

• PART XVII. MBARS OP OOMMI7NIOATIOH—

Travelling in Jamaica 466

Railway . . * . 467

Mail Coaches. . . 477

Livery Stfibles . . 481

Lodging- Houses, Taverns, fto. . 485

Tram Cars (seu West India Electric

Company) . . 441, 487

Omnibuses or Cabs . 487

PABT XVIII. MILITABT AND NAVAL—

Military on the Station

Navy on the Station Militia

PABT XIX. MISOSLLAJTBOUB INPOBMATIOH*

491 494

Naturalization of Aliens, ko, 495

Passports 496

Letters Patent for Inventions . 497

Land Surveyors . 496

Petroleum . .600

Calcium Carbide . . 602

Gunpowder and Rxplosives 602

Birds and Pish Protection . 603

Blue Mountain Peak . . 604

Bleotion Information . . 604

Weights and Measures . 607

The Metric System . 608 Table of number of days from any day in one month to same day in

any other month . . 609

Cattle Slaughtered . . 609

Newspapers . . .610

appendix.

Dbpbndenoies op Jahaioa^

Turks and Caicos Islands Cayman Islands Morant and Pedro Cays Events of 1902 Addenda

611 614 617 618 622

HANDBOOK OF JAMAICA 1903,

RESPBOTFULLY DEDICATED

10

9r<0 •xrfllmes fbit aii8ii0tii0 mwiam latBMn ^tmminif

Oaptaxn-Outbral and Qotibkok-iit-Ohibt

or JAMAICA Ajn> m DiraiDnroxn,

Bt rib OBBDEBNT 8BBVAVT8,

THE COMPILERS.

SOLD BY

Mr. Edward Staiifoxd, Ohaiing Cron, London, S. W.

Measn. GilleBpie Brothers & Co., 4 Stone St. , New York.

Mr. Arthur Hylton, 128 Harboar Street, Kingston.

Messrs. Aston W. Gardner A Co., 127 Harbour Street, Kingston^

Mr. Justin McCarthy, 8 King Street, Kingston.

Messrs. DeOordova & Co., 61 Port Royal Street, Kingston.

Mr. Mortimer C. DeSousa, 7 Church Street, Kingston.

Messrs. L. D. Baker & Ca, Port Antonio.

Messrs. Kerr & Co., Montego Bay.

AHDAT

The Government Printing Office, 79 Duke Street, Kingston, Jamaica.

Published Price 68. ; Cloth, gilt, 78. 6d.

THE HANDBOOK OF JAMAICA,

PABTL

CALENDAJEt, AS TIU)NOMIOAL^AND^ETBORO LOGICAL NOTES. OALBNDAB FOB 1908. JAirVABT.

Day of	NOTM.	Mean Time of	■aoAtioii of Tim*.
M.	W.	Sunrise.	Sunset.
			hr. min.	hr. min.	mm.
1 8	Th. F.	Public General Holiday.	6 34 6 34	6 34 6 34	ADD 4
8	S.		6 35	6 36	6
4	8u.	2mi> Suhdat aftbb Ohbistmlaa.	6 36	6 36	6
6	M.		6 36	6 37	6
6	T.	The Bpiphabt. Moon's Fint Quarter.	6 36	5 37	6
7	w.		6 36	6 38	6
8	Th.		6 36	6 39	7
9	F.		6 36	6 39	7
10	8.		6 36	6 40	8
11	So.	iBT Sunday ▲ms Bpiphavt.	6 36	6 41	8
12	M.		6 36	6 42	9
13	T.	Full Moon.	6 36	6 42	9
14	W.		6 36	6 42	9
16	Th.		6 37	6 43	10
16	F.		6 37	6 43	10
17	8.		6 37	6 44	10
18	8u.	2S1> bUNDAT AVTBB BPIPHAHT.	6 37	6 46	11
19	M.		6 37	6 46	11
20	T.	Moon*B Last Quarter.	6 37	6 46	11
21	W.		6 37	6 47	12
22	Th.	Aocession of King Bdward YII.	6 37	6 47	12
28	F.		6 36	6 48	12
24	8.		6 36	6 48	12
26	8u.	3bd Sunday aftibb Epiphany.	6 36	6 49	13
26	M.		6 36	6 60	18
27	T.		6 36	6 60	13
28	W.	New Moon.	6 36	6 61	13
29	Th.		6 36	6 61	13
80	F.		6 36	6 62	14
81	8. ^	6 36	6 63	14

		VBBXUASY.
1	8u.	4th Sunday afthb spiphahy.	6 36	6 63	ADD
2	M.		6 34	6 64	14
8	T.		6 36	6 64	14
4	W.		6 34	6 66	14
6	Th.	Moon's First Quarter.	6 34	6 66	14
6	F.		6 33	6 66	14
7	8.		6 38	6 66	14
8	Su.	SXPTUAOBSIMA.	6 33	6 66	14
9	M.		6 32	6 66	14
10	T.		6 32	5 67	14
11	W.	E'ull Moon.	6 32	6 67	14
12	Th.		6 31	6 68	14
18	F.		6 31	6 69	14
14	8.	St. Valentine.	6 30	6 69	14
16	8u.	SEZAaSSIHA.	6 29	6 69	14
16	M.		6 29	6 0	14
17	T.		6 29	6 0	14
18	W.		6 28	6 1	14
19	Th.	Moon's Last Quarter.	6 28	6 2	14
20	F.		6 27	6 2	14
21	8.		6 26	6 3	14
22	Su.	QUINQUAGBSIMA. iSAfVW SmuUn^.	6 26	6 3	14
23	M.		6 26	6 3	14
24	T.		6 26	6 3	13
26	W,	ABH Wbdnhbday. Public General HoUday.	6 24	6 3	13
26	Th.		6 23	6 4	13
27	F.	New Moon.	6 28	6 5	13
28	S.		6 22	6 5	13.

HANDBOOK OF JAXAIOA.

Day of i	VOflM.	Mean Time Of	Sanation ofttaMT
M.	w.	Sunrise.	Sunset.
			hr. min.	hr. min.	min.
1	Sn.	IBT SUITDAT IH LBHT. 8t. DmM,	6 20	6 6	ABD
2	M.		6 19	6 6	12
8	T.		6 19	6 6	12
4	W.		6 18	6 6	12
6	Th.		6 17	6 6	12
6	F.	Moon's First Quarter.	6 16	6 6	11
7 .	S.		6 16	6 6	11
8	8a.	2SD SUNDAT IK LSHT.	6 16	6 6	11
9	M.		6 16	6 7	11
10	T.		6 18	6 7	10
U	W.		6 18	6 7	10
12	Th.		6 12	6 8	10
18	P.	Full Moon.	6 11	6 8	10
14	S.		6 10	6 8	9
16	Su.	8BD SuHDAT nr Lkht.	6 10	6 8	9
16	M.		6 9	6 9	9
17	T.	8t. Patrick,	6 8	6 9	9
18	W.		6 7	6 9	8
19	Th.		6 6	6 10	8
20	P.	Moon's Last Quarter.	6 6	6 10	8
21	8.		6 6	6 10	7
22	Su.«	4th Sustdat in Lbnt.	6 4	6 10	7
28	M.		6 3	6 10	7
24	T.		6 2	6 10	6
26	w.	Quarter Day.	6 1	6 11	6
26	Th.		« 1	6 U	6
27	P.		6 0	6 U	6
28	8.	New Moim.	6 69	6 11	6
29	8a.	6TH SUKDAT IN LXNT.	6 69	6 11	6
80	M.		6 68	6 12	6
81	T.		6 57	6 12	4

APBIL.

1	W.		6 66	6 12	ADD
2	Th.		6 66	6 12	4
8	F.		6 64	6 12	3
4	8.	Moon's First Quarter.	6 63	6 13	8
6	8u.	Palm Sunday.	6 63	6 13	3
6	M.		6 62	6 13	2
7	T.	«	6 61	6 13	2
8	W.		6 61	6 13	2
9	Th.		6 60	6 14	2
10	P.	Good Pbidat.	6 49	6 14	1
11	S.	Pull Moon.	6 48	6 14	1
12	8u.	Eastbb DAT.	6 47	6 16	1
18	M.	Public General Holiday.	5 47	6 16	1
14	T.		6 46	6 15	0
16	w.		6 46	6 16	BUBTB.
16	Th.		6 45	6 15	0
17	P.		6 44	6 15	1
18	8.		6 43	6 16	1
19	Su.	IBT Sunday after Kabtbb. Moon's Last	6 48	6 16	1
20	M.	TQuarter.	6 42	6 16	1
21	T.		6 41	6 17	1
22	W.		6 40	6 17	2
23 24	Th. P.	St. (George.	6 39 6 39	6 17 6 17	2 2
26	8.		6 39	6 17	2
26	Su.	2nd Sunday aftbb Bahtbb.	6 38	6 18	2
27	M.	New Moon.	6 37	6 18	2
28	T.		6 36	6 18	3
29	W.		6 86	6 19	8
80	Th.		6 86	6 19	3

OALSNDAR.

MAT^

Day of

M.	w.
1	F.
2	S.
8	Su.-
4	M.
6	T.
6	W.
7	Th.
8	F.
9	8.
10	8ii«
11	M.
12	T.
13	W.
U	Th.
16	F.
16	8.
17	Su.
18	M.
19	T.
20	W.
21	Th.
22	F.
28	8.
24	8a.
26	M.
26	T.
27	W.
28	Th.
28	F.
80	8.
81	Su.

Horn.

Sunrise. Sunset.

Sbd Sunday ArrsB Babtbb. Jamaioa disoo* Moon's Pirst Quarter, [rered by Oolambus, 1494.

4TH Sunday aftsb BAseBB.

Full Moon. Jamaica ceded to the Bnglish, 1666.

RoQATioK Sunday. Moon's L'ist Quarter. Ascension day.

Sunday avtbb Asobnbion. Public General Holiday. New Mood.

Whit Sunday.

Queen Yletoria [bom, 1819.

Mean Time of

min,

36

85

84

34

81 81 81 80 30 80 80

27 27 27 27 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 25 25

hr. min. min.

6 19 BUBTH.

6 19 : 3

6 20

6 21

6 29

6 22

of Time.

22 28 24

6 24

6 25

6 ^

6 26

6 27

6 28

6 28 6 6 6

29 29 6 29

junb.

T-	M.	PubUc General Holiday.	5 26	6 30	BUBTB.
2	t;	Moon's First Quarter.	5 26	6 80	2
8	w.	Prince of Wales bom, 1866.	6 25	6 81	2
4	Th.		5 25	6 81	2
5	F.		6 25	6 81	2
6	8.		5 25	6 31	2
7	Su.	Tbinity Sunday. Barttaquake* 1682,	6 25	6 32	2
8	M.		5 25	6 83	1
9	T.	Full Moon.	5 25	6 38	1
10	W.		6 25	6 33	1
11	Th.		6 25	6 33	1
12	F.		5 26	6 34	0
13	S.		5 26	6 34	0
14	Su.	IST Sunday aktbb Trinity.	5 26	6 34	ADD
16	M.		5 26	6 34	0
16	T.		5 26	6 35	0
17	W.		5 26	6 36	t
18-	Th.	Moon's Last Quarter.	5 26	6 .36	1
19	F.		5 26	6 36	1
20	S.		5 26	6 36	I
21	Su.	2nd Sunday avtbb Tbinity.	5 26	6 86	1
22	M.		5 27	6 87	2
28	T.		5 27	6 87	2
24	W.	Quarter Day.	6 27	6 37	2
26	Th.	New Moon.	5 27	6 37	2
26	F.		5 28	6 37	2
27	8.		6 28	6 37	3
28	Su.	8bd Sunday aftbb Tbinity.	5 28	6 37	3 .
29	M.		5 29	6 87	3
80	T.		6 29	6 37	3

HANDBOOK OF JAMAICA.

JULY.

AUCKTBT.

Day of	Nona.	Mean Time of	;?5£ir
M.	W.	Sunrise.	Sunset.
			hr. min. hr. min.	min*
1	W.	Moon*B First Quarter.	6 30	6 88	ADD
2	Th.		5 80	6 88
3	F.		6 80	6 88
4	S.		6 30	6 38
6	Su.	4th Sunday aitbb Tbihitt.	5 80 6 38
6	M.		o 31	6 88
7	T.		5 32	6 38
8	W.		5 32	6 38
9	Th.	Full Moon.	5 32	6 88
10	F.		5 33	6 87
1]	8.		6 33	6 87
12	Su.	6TH Sunday aftbb Tbihity.	5 38	6 37
18	M.		6 83	6 87
u	T.		5 84	6 87
15	W.		6 34	6 37
16	Th.		5 36	6 87
17	F.	Moou^s Last Quarter.	6 85	6 87
18	8.		5 35	6 87
19	Sa.	6th Sunday aftbb Tbinity.	6 35 j 6 37
20	M.		5 86 6 86
21	T.		6 36 ! 6 86
22	W.		5 86	6 86
28	Th.		5 87	6 35
24	F.	New Moon.	5 37	6 35
25	8.		5 37	6 85
26	Su.	7th Sunday aftsb Tbinity.	5 38	6 84
27	M.		5 38	6 34
28	T.		5 3d 1 6 84
29	W.		5 89 6 S3
80	Th.		5 89 6 33
81 F.	Moon's Last Quarter.	5 40 I 6 32

1	8.	Aholition of Slavery in Jamaica, 1834. '	5 40	6 82	ADD
2	Su.	8th Sunday avtbb Tbinity.	5 40	6 32
8	M.	Puhlio General Holiday.	5 41	6 81
4	T.		5 41	6 31
6	W.		5 41	6 31
6	Th.		5 42	6 30
7	F.		5 42	6 29
8	S.	Full Moon.	5 42	6 28
9	Su.	9th Sunday aptkb Tbinity.	5 42	6 28
10	M.		5 42	6 28
11	T.		5 43	6 27
12	W.		6 43	6 27
13	Th.		5 43	6 26
14	F.		5 43	6 25
15	8.		5 43	6 25
16	Su.	10th Sunday aptbb Tbinity. Moon's Last	5 44	6 24
17	M.	[Quarter.	5 44	6 24
18	Tu.	Cyclone, 1880.	5 46	6 23
19	W.		5 45	6 22
20	Th.	Cyclone, 1886.	5 45	6 22
21	F.		5 45	6 21
22	8.	New Moon.	5 46	6 20
23	Su.	llTH Sunday aftbb Tbinity.	5 46	6 19	8
24	M.		5 46	6 18	2
25	T.		5 46	6 18	2
26	W.		5 46	6 17	2
27	Th.		5 46	6 16	1
28	F.	Great Hurricanes in 1712 and 1722.	6 46	6 16	1
29	S.	Moon's First Quarter.	5 47	6 15	1
30	Su.	12th Sunday aftbb Tbinity.	5 47	6 14	1
31	M.		5 47	6 18	0

QALBin>AB. BSmMBSB.

Pay of	Nona.	Mean Time of	offTlm*.
H.	W.	Sunrise.	Sunset
			hr. min.	hr. min.	min.
1	T.		6 48	6 12	8UBTB.
8	W.		6 48	6 12	0
8	Th.		6 48	6 11
4	F.		6 48	6 10
6	8.		6 48	6 9
6	8a.	13th Sunday aftbb Tbivitt. Full Moon.	6 48	6 8
7	M.		6 48	6 8
8	T.		6 48	6 7
9	W.		6 48	6 6
10	Th.		6 48	6 6
11	F.		5 49	6 4
13	8.		6 49	6 3
13	8u.	14th Suvdat ArrBB Tbih itt.	5 49	6 8
14	M.	Moon's LMi Quarter.	5 49	6 1
15	T.		6 49	6 1
16	W.	•	6 49	6 0
17	Th.		6 49	6 69
18	F.		6 49	6 68
19	8.		6 60	6 67
90	8u.	16th Sunday AvrBB Tbinity. New Moon,	6 60	6 66
SI	M.		6 60	5 66
9S	T.		6 61	6 66
88	W.		6 60	6 64	8
84	Th.		6 51	6 53	8
86	F.		6 61	6 53	8
86	8.		6 61	6 52	9
87	Sa.	16TH 8UNDAY AFTBB TBINITY.	5 61	5 61	9
88	M.	Moon»8 First Quarter.	5 62	6 60	9
89	T.	Michaelmas Day.— Quarter Day.	6 62	6 49	10
80	W.		6 52	5 48	10

OOTOBBB.

1	Th.		6 52	5 48	8UBTB,
2	F.		6 52	6 47	11
3	8.		5 52	5 46	11
4	8n.	17th Sunday avtbb Tbinity.	6 52	6 45	n
6	M.		6 52	5 44	18
6	T.	Full Moon.	5 53	5 43	12*
7	W.		5 54	6 42	12
8	Th.		6 54	5 42	12
9	F.		5 54	5 41	13
10	8.		5 64	5 40	13
11	Su.	18th Sunday aftbb Tbinity.	5 54	5 40	13
12	M.		5 54	5 39	13
13	T.	Moon's Last Quarter.	5 54	5 38	14
14	W.		5 54	5 38	14
15	Th.		5 55	6 37	14 '
16	F.		5 56	5 36	14
17	8.		5 55	5 35	15
18	8u.	19th Sunday aftbb Tbinity.	5 56	5 34	15
19	M.		6 56	5 34	15
20	T.	New Muon.	6 56	5 34	16
21	w.		5 57	5 33	16
22	Th.		6 57	5 33	15
28	F.		5 57	5 32	16
24	8.		5 67	5 31	16
26	8u.	20th Sunday aftbb Tbinity.	5 58	5 30	16
26	M.		5 69	5 29	16
27	T.		5 59	5 29	16
28	W.	Moon's First Quarter.	5 59	5 29	16
29	Th.		6 0	5 28	16
30	F.		6 1	6 27	16
31	8.		« 1	5 27	16

HANDBOOK OP JAMAICA.

irorviABB.

DmyolJ	Hont.	Mean Time of	^?i2r
M.	W.	Sunrise.	Sunset.
	~^** ^^		hr. min.	hr. min.	min.
1	fin.	AU SaiMU' Ikvy. 2l8T SUHDAT AFTBB TUHITT.	6 2	6 26
2	M.		6 2	6 26	16
8	T.		6 2	6 26	16
4	W.		6 2	6 26	16
5	Th.	Full Moon.	6 8	6 26	16
6	F.		6 8	6 26	16
7	8.		6 4	6 24	16
8	Su	22KD Sunday aftbb TBurirr.	6 4	5 24	16
9	M.	King Edward YII, born, 1841.*	6 6	6 28	16
10	T.		6 6	6 23	16
11	W.	Moon's Last Quarter.	6 6	6 23	16
12	Th.		6 6	6 22	16
18	F.		6 6	6 22	1»
14	8.		6 7	6 22	16
16	Su.	23BD 8UNDAY AVTBB TBINITT.	6 8	6 22	16
16	M.	•	6 9	6 21	16
17	T.		6 9	6 21	16
18	W.		6 9	6 21	16
19	Th.	New Moon.	6 10	6 21	16
20	F.		6 11	6 21	14
21	S.		6 11	6 21	14
22	8a.	24th Sunday aftbb Tbihity.	6 11	6 21	14
28	M.		6 12	6 21	14
24	T.		6 12	6 21	13
26	W.		6 13	6 21	IS
26	Th.		6 14	6 21	13
27	F.	Moon*B First Quarter.	6 16	6 21	12
28	8.		6 16	6 21	12
29	8u.	IBT Sunday in Adybnt.	6 16	6 21	12
80	M.	St, Andrew.	6 17	6 21	11

1

2 8

4

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

18

14

.16

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

28

24

26

27

28

29

80

81

T.

W.

Th.

F.

8.

Su.

M.

T.

W.

Th.

F.

8.

Su.

M.

T.

W.

Th.

F.

S.

8u.

M.

T.

W.

Th.

F.

8.

8u.

M.

T.

W.

Th.

Full Moon.

2nd Sunday in Adybnt.

Moon*s Last Quarter. HBD Sunday in Adybnt.

New Moon.

4th Sunday in Adybnt. 8f, Thomat,

Chbistmab Day. Quarter Day. Public General Holiday.

iSUNDAY AFTBB GHBIBTMAS.

	6 17	6 21
	6 18	6 22
	6 18	6 22
	6 19	6 22
	6 20	6 22
	6 20	6 22
	6 21	6 28
	6 22	6 28
	6 23	6 28
	6 23	6 28 .
	6 23	6 28
	6 24	6 24
	6 24	6 24
	6 26	6 26
	6 26	6 26
	6 26	6 26
	6 26	6 26
	6 27	5 27
	6 27	5 27
	6 28	5 28
	6 28	6 28
	6 29	6 29
	6 29	6 29
	6 30	6 W
	6 30	6 SO
Moon's First	6 31	5 31
[Quarter.	6 31	6 31
	6 32	6 SI2
	6 32	6 32
	6 83	6 38
	6 33	6 88

BUBTB, 10 10 10

9

8

7

6

6 6 4

4 8 8 2 2 1 1 0

ADI> 1 1 2 2 3 3

• me Klnri Birthday is to be kept h a Public Qeneiml Holiday oa » day to be appointed by the GoTenor.

rtDlBB OS THS OOASIS 07 JAMAICA.

THB KOON's PHASIB, &0.

The times of New Moon, First Quarter, Full Moon, and Last Quarter, are given in the Calendar to the nearest local civil day. Thus if Mew Moon occurs on any day between midnight and 6 hr. 7 min. a.m., Greenwich time, the New Moon is referred to the previous day in the above Calendar.

■QUATION OF TIMB.

The equation of time is a correction which must be applied to apparent time or time obtained from observation of the Sun, in order to obtain fnean iime^ or the time shown by a properly regulated clock.

The last column in each month of the Calendar above gives this correction for every day in the year. Care must be taken to add or to subtract the correction according to the precepts.

For instance on Jan. 4th we must add 5 min. to the time shown by a good Sundial in order to obtain the clock time ; but on Oct. 4th we must subtract 11 min. and so on.

BUKBISB AND SITFSST.

The mean time of sunrise and sunset for every day in the year, given in the Calendar above have been computed for the latitude of Kingston and include the correction for refraction.

TIDES ON THB COASTS OF JAMAICA.

As the rise and fall of the Tides round Jamaica do not exceed 10 or 11 inches we clearly do not require the times of High and Low water for nautical purposes ; but sometimes we want to know, however roughly, when it is High or Low water.

Now from Mr. Charlton Thompson's observations in Kingston Harbour it ap- pears that there are two kinds of tides on the coasts of Jamaica. The first and more important kind are Diurnal, giving High and Low water once in every 24 hours ; they occur when the Moon's Decimation is greater than 9' North or South. The second kind are SemidiiMmal, giving High and Low water twice in every 24 hours ; they occur when the Moon's Declination is 9^ or less. North or South.

For the Diurnal Tides, when the Moon's Decl. is North, the time of High water does not greatly differ from the time of the Moon's Lower meridian passage ; and when the Moon's Decl. is South, the time of High water does not greatly differ from the time of the Moon's Upper meridian passage.

For the Semi-diurnal Tides the times of High water do not greatly differ from the times of the Moon's Upper and Lower meridian passage.

Semi-Diusnal Tidbb.			DlUBKAL TIDK8.
Moon*B Decl. Small.		MoonB Decl. more than 9° North
Moon's	First High	Second High Water.	9^	High	Low	'I d.	High Water.	Low
Age.	Water.	Water.	Water.	Water.
d. d.	hr.	hr.	d.	hr.	hr.	hr.	hr.
0	16	Hi a.m.	Hi p.m.	0	124 A-m.	3 p.m.	16	124 p.m.	24 a.Qi.
1	16	12 Qoon	•••	1	I	34 "	16	1 «i	3 -
2	17	12\| a.m.	12\| p.m.	2	14 "	4	17	2	4
3	18	1 "	I "	3	2	5	18	24 "	44 '•
4	19	11 *•	2	4	3	6	19	34 "	64 •*
5	20	2i "	2) ••	6	4	7	2U	44 "	64 "
6	21	3	ul tl	6	6	8	21	64 "	74 *'
7	22	4	44 •' 64 **	7	6	94 "	22	7	9 •'
8	23	5	8	74 ••	U4 "	23	8	10 •»
9	24	6	64 41	9	84 •*	111 "	24	9	11
10 11	26 26	71 " 84 "	8 9	10 U	94 " 10 "	12 mnt.	26 26	94 •• 194 "	114 '* 124 p.in.
12 13	27 28	i ."	10 104 "	12 13	104 " 111 "	^?j ••?•	27 28	11 114 "	1 " 24 »«
14	29	11	U	14	12 noon	2	29	•••

• Wheatho Moon's D«L is aoatli.

10

HANDBOOK OF JAMAICiU

COBBBCTIOirs to BB iJ^]^LIED TO THB ABOYB TiMBS FOB THB AkMUAI. lNBQ0ALtTT.

Semi-diur. Diurnal. 8emi-diar. Diomal.

January	^	Ihr.	—	1 hp.	July	+	2hr.	+	1 hr.
February	—	U"	—	1 "	August		0 "	+	1 "
March	—	4"	—	U*'	September	—	4"	+	1 ••
April	—	4"	+	4"	October	+	I "		0 "
May	—	4"	+	4"	November	+	1 "		0 "
June	+	1 "		0	December	—	4"	—	4"

In Kingston Harbour the range of the Diurnal Tide is only 8 inches ; and the range of the Semi-diurnal Tide is only 3 inches ; but these small ranges are fre- quently obscured by larger irregular fluctuations in the ocean level which cannot be attributed to the action of the Sun or Moon. Further particulars will be found in Weather Report, No. 227.

ECLIPSES 1903. I. An annular Eclipse of the Sun, March 29th, invisible in Jamaica. II. A partial Eclipse of the Moon, April 11th, partly visible in Jamaica : —

Kingston Mean Time.

h. min. The Moon will rise, April llth, 6.14 p.m., under

partial Eclipse. Middle of the Eclipse, April 11 th 7 6.8 p.m.

Last contact with the shadow, April nth 8 44.4 "

III. A total Eclipse of the Sun, Sept. 20th, invisible in Jamaica

IV. A partial Eclipse of the Moon, Oct. 6th, invisible in Jamaica.

THE MAGNETIC DECLINATION.

(Or Variation of the Magnetic Needle in Kingston. J

The following table is taken from Weather JRaport, No. 182, where a full expla- nation will be found.

Year.

1700 1710 1720 1730 1740 1760

Ded. E.	Year. 1760	Decl. E.
0 « . 6 30	o / 6 22
24	1770	24
18	1780	27
16	1790	32
18	1800	30
. 6 21	1810	. 6 29

Year.

1820 1830 1840 1860 1860

Decl.E.	Year.
o t
6 22	1870
6 9	1880
6 49	1890
6 23	1900
4 60	1910

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HANIMnOK or JAMAICA

DiOBBAsa or Tbmpiratubb with Elbyatiov. The Meteorologioal resnlts found for Kingston are generally mpplicable to all tl&e 1 ow-lying land round the shores of Jamaica ; bnt of course the temperature decreases on the hills and mountains in the interior. The rate of decrease is much the same as in other countries, namely : about 1^ F. for every 300 feet of elevation ; bat as Max., Mean and Min. temperature, have to be considered, it will be as well to g^ve the following table : —

	Eleva- tion.	Bar. Pressure.		TffMPBKATUIlB.
Station.	Max.	Mean.	Mm.	Elan^e.
Kingston	Ft. 50	In. 29.96	o 87.8	o 78.1	o 70.7	o 17.1
Eempehot	1.778	28.20	80.6	72.7	68.0	12.5
Cinchona PI.	4,907	26.27	68.6	62.6	67.6	11.
Portland Gap	6.477	34.71	69.0	69.7	64.6	14.4
Blue Mt. Peak .	7.428	2E14	71.1	66.7	46.3	24.8

But whether this table be consulted in the interest of agriculture or in the estab- lishment of a health resort, it must be remembered that all the surroundings have Sjnt to be considered ; and then when any site has been proposed as suitable, its Max., Mean, and Min. temperatures may be easily deduced &om its approximate elevation.

Thb Island Rainfall.

The Rainfall is now fairly well registered in Jamaica, but unfortunately the gauges are very unequally distributed over the island. To meet this difficulty the island is divided into four Divisions, and month by month the Rainfall is deduced for each Division, the Island Rainfall being simply the mean of the four Divi-

THB RAINFALL OVBE BACH DIVISION FROM 1870 TO 1899.

	Rainfall DivisioDS.
Year.	N.B.	N.	W.C.	S.	The Island.
First decennial period: Means 1870 to 1879 . Second decennial period : Means l8b0tvJ8M* .	In. 91-04 84-96	In. 57-34 50-96	In. 70-73 75-74	In. 50-53 54-51	In. 67-41 66-51
1890 1891 -892 1893 1894 1896 1896 1897 1898 1899	75-09 110-56 101-56 106-50 90-56 97-38 95-42 93-96 10^-92 112-10	48-29 66-71 58-10 63-17 54-04 56-35 64-90 58-25 52-44 61-31	89-91 l()0-50 82-05 1*8-66 95-93 85-38 78-31 95-46 84-26 101-28	44-41 61-03 60-29 67-65 61-01 47-36 45-79 62-67 55-67 68*62	64-42 84-70 7300 86-49 75-39 71-62 68-61 77-69 73-82 85-82
Third decennial period: Means 1890 to 1899 .	98-60	57-36	92-17	56-45	76-15

mstboeomoy.

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14 HANDBOOK OF JAMAICA.

PAETH.

THE ROYAL FAMILY, THB MINISTRY, BRITISH AMBASSADORS, &c.

The Sovebeion. Hi8 Most Excellent Majesty Albert Edward VII, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and of all the British Do- minions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India, as- cended the throne at the death of his mother, Queen Victoria, 22nd January, 1901 ; crowned at Westminster Abbey, Aug. 9, 1902. — ^Bom Nov. 9, 1841 • married March 10, 1863, to Princess Alexandra (bom Dec. 1, 1844),'Qitekn CoNSOBT, eldest daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark.

Ghildrm of the King, Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence, bom Jan. 8, 1864; died Jan. 14, 1892. Geobgb Fbedbbiok, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, Duke of Corn- wall and York, bom June 3, 1865 ; married July 6, 1893, Princess Victoria Mary (May) of Teck (bom May 26, 1867) and has issue — Edward, bom June 23, 1894; Albert, bom December 14, lh95; Victoria Alexandra, bom April 25, 1897 ; Henry William Frederick Albert, bom March 31, 1900 ; George Edward Alexander Edmund, bom December 20, 1 902.

Louise, bom February 20, 1867 ; married July 27, 1889 to the Duke of Fife — tissue, Alexandra, bom May 17, 1891, and Maud, bom April 3, 1893. Victobia, bom July 6, 1868.

Maud, bom Nov. 26, 1869 ; married 22nd July, 1896, to Charles, second son of the Crown Prince of Denmark.

Alexander, bom April 6 ; died April 7, 1871.

Surviving children of Her late Majesty Victoria.

I. Peinoess Helena, bom May 25, 1846 ; married July 5, 1866, to Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, bom January 22, 1831, Offspring of the unionstill livingare three children : — ^Albert John bom February 26, 1869. Victoria bom May 3, 1870. Louise, bom August 1872 ; married 6th July, 1891, to Prince Albert Joseph Alexander of Anhalt .

IL Pbinoess Louise, bom March 18, 1848 ; married March 21, 1871 to John Douglas Sutherland Marquis of Lome, K.T., G.C.M.G., bom August 6 1845, eldest son of the eighth Duke of Argyll. ' .

ni. Pbinoe Abthub, Duke of Connaught, bom May 1, 1850 ; married March 13, 1879, to Princess Louise of Prussia, bom July 25, 1860. Offspring of the union are three children : — 1. Margaret Victoria Augusta Charlotte Norah bom January 15, 1882. 2. Arthur Frederick Patrick Albert, bom January 13, 1883. 3. Victoria Patricia Helena Elizabeth, bom March 17, 1886.

IV. Pbinoess Beatbicb, bom April 14, 1857 ; married July 22, 1885 to

Prince Henry of Battenberg. Offspring of the union are four children':

1. Alexandra, born 23rd Nov., 1886. 2. Victoria Eugenie Julia Ena, bom Oct. 24, 1887. 3. Leopold Arthur Lewis, born 21st May, 1889. 4. Maurice Victor Donald, bom Oct. 3, 1891. Prince Heniy of Battenberg died in 1896. •

THE TWO LAS r ADMINISTRATIONS. The following is a comparative List of the Administration of Lord Salisburv at his retirement in 1902, and the present Administration of the Rt. Hon. A. J Balfour.

THB TWO ADMINISTRATIONS.

15

LORD SALISBURY'S MINISTRY AT HIS RETIREMENT IN 1902.

Prime Minister

First Lord of the Treasury

liOrd Chancellor

Lord President of the Council

Lord Privy Seal

Chancellor of the Exchequer

Home Secretary

Foreign Secretary

Secretary for Colonies

"War Secretary

Indian Secretary

First Lord of the Admiralty

Lord- Lieutenant of Ireland

Lord Chancellor of Ireland

Chief Secretary to Lord Lieut, of Ireland

Secretary for Scotland

Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster

President of the Board of Trade

President of the Local Government Board

President of the Board of Agriculture

Postmaster-General

Vice-President of the Council

First Commissioner of Works

Junior Lords of the Treasury

Financial Secretary to the Treasury Patronage Secretary to the. Treasury Paymaster-General Judge-Advocate-General

Naval Lords of the Admiralty

Civil Lord of Admiralty

Secretary to the Admiralty

Home Under Secretary

Foreign Under Secretary

Colonial Under Secretary

War Under Secretary

Indian Under Secretary

Vice- President of Irish Dept. of Agriculture

Secretary to the Board of Trade

Secretary to the Local Government Board

Financial Secretary to the War Office

Attorney-General

Solicitor-General

Lord Advocate

Solicitor-General for Scotland

Attorney-General for Ireland -

Solicitor-General for Ireland -

Lord Steward

Lord Chamberlain

Master of the Horse -

Treasurer of the Household

Comptroller of the Household

^ioe- Chamberlain

Lords-in- Waiting

Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard Captain of the Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms

* Marquis of Salisbury. ♦A. J. Balfour.

*£arl of Halsbury.

* Duke of Devonshire. *Marquis of Salisbury. *Sir M. Hicks Beach, Bi ♦Mr. Ritchie. ♦Marquis of Lansdowne ♦Mr. Chamberlain. ♦Mr. Brodrick.

♦Lord Geo Hamilton. ♦Earl of Selboume. ♦Earl Cadogan. ♦Lord Ashbourne.

Mr. G Wyndham. ♦Lord Balfour of Burleigh. ♦Lord James of Hereford. ♦Mr. Gerald Balfour ♦Mr. Walter Long. ♦M. Hanbury.

* vlarquis of Londonderry. Sir J. B. Gorst. K.C.

♦Mr. Akers Douglas. L Mr. Anstruther. \ Mr. Hayes Fisher. ( Mr. Ailwyn Fellowes.

Mr. Austen Chamberlain.

Sir W. Walrond, Bt.

Duke of Marlborough.

Sir F. Jeune. ( Vice-Adml. Lord Walter T. Kerr, K.O.B. 1 Rear-Adml. Lucius Douglas S Rear-Adml. W. H. May. I Capt. John Durnford.

Capt. Pretvraan.

Mr. Amola Foster.

Mr. Jesse Ceilings.

Viscount Cranbou ne.

Earl of Onslow.

Lord Raglan

Earl of Hardwicke.

Mr. Horace Plunkett.

Earl of Dudley.

Mr. Grant Lawson.

Lord Stanley.

Sir R. Findlay, K.C.

SirE. Carson, K.C

Mr. Graham Murray, K.C.

Mr. C. Dickson, K.C.

Mr. Atkinson.

J. H. M. Campbell, K.C.

Earl of Pembroke, G.C.V.O.

Earl of Clarendon, K.C.

Duke of Portland, K.G., G.C.V.O.

V. C. W. Cavendish, M.P.

Viscount Valentia.

Sir A. Acland-Hood, Bt., M.P. f Lord Bagot.

{Earl of Denbigh. Lord Churchill. Lord Harris. Earl of Kintore. Lord Lawrence. Earl Howe. Earl Waldegrave. Lord Belper.

Thtt names marked thus * are thoae of the Members of the Oabinel.

i«

)^AKbBOOK OF ^UkAIbA.

MR. BALFOUR'S MINISTRY,

FORMED JTTLY. 1902.

Prime Minister

First Lord of the Treasury

Lord Chancellor

Lord President of the GooBoil

Lord Privy Seal

Chancellor of the Exchequer

Home Secretary

Foreign Secretary

Colonial Secretary

Secretary for War

Indian Secretary

First Lord of the Admiralty

Lord Lieutenant of Ireland

Lord Chancellor of Ireland

Chief Secretary to Lord Lieutenant of

Ireland Secretary for Scotland Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster President of the Board of Trade President of the Local Goyernment Board President of the rtoard of Agriculture Postmaster-General Vice-President of the Council First Commissioner of Works

Junior Lords of the Treasury

Financial Secretary to the Treasury Patronage SecretarT to the Treasury Paymaster-General Judge-Advocate General

Naval Lords of the Admiralty

Civil Lord of the Admiralty

Secretary to the Admiralty

Home Under Secretary

Foreign Under Secretary

Colonial Under Secretary

War Under Secretary

Indian Under Secretary , ^ , . , "

Vice-President of Irish Dept. of Agriculture

Secretary to the Board of Trade -

Secretary to the Local Government Board

Financial Secretary to the War Office

Attorney-General

Solicitor-General

Lord Advocate , , ^ ,, .

Solicitor-General for Scotland

Attorney-General for Ireland

Solcitor-General for Ireland

Lord Steward

Lord Chamberlain

Master of the Horse

Treasurer of the Household

Comptroller of ihe Household

Vice-Chamberlain

Lords-in-Waiting

Caotain of the Yeomen of the Guanl

♦Mr. A. J. B/ilfour.

♦Mr. A. J. Balfour.

♦Lord Halsbury.

♦Duke of Devonshire.

♦Mr. A. J. Balfour.

♦Mr. Charles Thompson Kitohie.

♦Mr. Aretas Akers-Douglas.

* Marquis of Lansdowne.

♦Mr. J. Chamberlain.

♦Mr. Brodrick.

♦Lord George Hamilton.

♦Earle ol Selbourne.

♦Earl of Dudley.

♦Lord Ashbourne.

♦Mr. G. Wyudham.

♦Lord Balfour of Burleigh.

♦Sir William Hood Walrond, Bt.

♦Mr. Gerald Balfour.

♦Mr. Walter Long.

♦Mr. Hanbury.

♦Mr. Austen Chamberlain.

Sir J. E. Gorst, K.U.

Lord Windsor. \ Mr. Anstruther. < Hon. Ailwyn Fellowes. ( Mr. Henry Williani Forster.

Mr. Hayes Fisher.

Sir Alexr. Acland Hood, Bt.

Duke of Marlborough.

Sir F. Jeune. i Admiral Lord Walter T. Kerr, K:.G.B. ) Admiral Sir Jo tin A. Fisher \ Bear-Admiral W. H. Uay I Bear- Admiral John Dumford

C pt. Pretvman

Mr. Arnola Foster

Hon. Thomas Cochrane.

Viscount Crari bourne.

Ea.i of Onslow.

Earl of Hardwicke.

Earl Percy.

Mr. Horace Plunkett

Mr. Andrew Bonar Law

Mr. Grant Lawson.

Lord Stanley

Sir R. Findlay, K.C.

Sir E. Carson. K.C.

Mr. Graham Murray, K.C.

Mr. C. Dickson, K.C.

Mr. Atkinson, K.C.

J. H. M. CampbeU, K.C.

Earl of Pembroke, G.C.VlO.

Earl of Clarendon, K.C.

Duke of Portland, BL.G., a.O.V.O.

V. C.W: Cavendish, M. P.

Viscount Vaientia, C.B.M.V.O., M^,

Vacant. rEarl of Denbigh. I Lord Churchill, G.CV.O.

Earl of Kintore, G.C.M'G. ^ Lord Lawrence. I Earl Howe.

Lord Suffietd, G. C. V.O., K.O.B. (^Lord E^enyon.

Barl of Waldagrave.

COLONIAL OPFICB. 17

OOLONIAL OPPICB. BMreta/ry of 8taU.-~Tht Rt. Hon. J. Chamberlain, M.P.

Privaie Seorstofy.^Lord Monk Bretton.

AmtUuU Private Seer^twrirs.—Ti. H. Marsh, Hon. 0. Howard ; James Parker Smith, M.P. (Parliamentary): R. Kromley.

ParUamenia/ry Under Becretnry.—The Earl of Onslow, o.CM.O,

Privaie Searetwry.-^T. 0. Macnaghten ; Major Arthur Pakenham.

Permanmt Under Seeretary.— Sir M. F. Ommanney, K.O.B. Private Secretary. —Q. T. Davis.

Anittant Under Seoretariet. -^Fr^. Graham, O.B. ; 0. P. Lnoas, o.B. ; R. L. Antrobus, O.B., Hugh h. Cox (legal)

Chief Clerks—Sir W. A. Bailey Hamilton, K.aM.O., o.B.

{^erke in the Wett India Branoh.—k, A. Pearson, o.M.o. ; F. R. Round, o.]C.a. ; H. W. Just, O.B.; Sir J. Anderson. K.O.M.O. ; Chas. Alex. Harris, O.M.G. ; Oep. Fiddes, O.B.

Crown AgmOe.—^ix E. E. Blake, K.o.M.a., Major M. A. Cameron, B.B., o.M.a., W. H. Mercer, C.M.Q.

OoneuUing JBnMneers for JSai^M^ovt.— Messrs. Hawkshaw and Dobson, O.B.; Messrs. Gregory, Eyles ic Waring, O.B. ; Messrs. W. Shelford k Hon, o.B.

Skipping Ageuts.—'hleasn. J. Ac A. B. Freeland.

The Crown Agents transact financial, commercial and railway business in the United Kingdom for the Colony of Jamaica.

18 HANDBOOK OF JAMAICA.

RULERS OF THB CHIEF COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.

OouQtrj.

AbTMinla (or Sthlopht)

Af^haniiton

Argentine Republic

Aaskrift-Hanguy

Baluchiskan

Belgium

BoUria

BraxU (United Btetes of)

Bulgaria

Chile

China

Colombia

Congo Vree Btat«

Corea

CoBtaiUca

Crete

Cuba

Denmark

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Kgypt

France

German Empire Prussia

Bavaria

Saxony

Wurtemberg

Baden

Hesse

Anhault

Brunswick

Mecklenburg-Bchwerin

Mecklenburg-Strelita

Oldenburg

Baxe-Coburg and Gotha

Waldeck-Pynnont Great Britain and Ireland Greece Guatemala Hayti Honduras India Italy Japan Liberia Luxemburg Mexico Honaco Montenegro Morocco Nepal

Netherlands Nicaragua Paraguay Persia Peru Portugal Boumania Russia Salrador Sarawak fierri* Biam Spain

Sweden and Norway Awitaerland TripoU Tunis Turkey

United States (Amerioa) Uruguay l^enesuela

Menelek of Shoa, o.o.v.o.

Habibulla Khan, o.o.m o.

Julio A. Roca

Francis Joseph

Mir Mahmud, O.G.I.B.

Lrapold n.

Jose Emanuel Pando

F. de P. Rodriques Alves Ferdinand German Rieeco Kuang Hsu J. M. Marroquin King of the Belgians Ti Hiung

Ascension Esqnirel Prince George of Greece Tomas Estrada Palmas ChristUn IX. Horatio Yesques Gen. Leonidas Plasa Abbas n.„o.o.B. Emile Loubet William II. William n. Otto

Prince Luitpold George William II. Frederick Ernest Louis Frederick Prince Albrecht Frederick Frauds Frederick WiUUm Frederick Augustus Charles Edward Frederick Edward VH. George

Manuel Estrada Cabrera Genl. Alexis Nord Tcrencio Sierra Edward YII. Victor Emanuel IIL Mutsuhito

G. W. Gibson Adolphus Porfirio Dias Albert

Nicholas (NikiU) Muley Abdul Asis Shamsher Jang Bahadur Wilhelmina Jose Santos Zelaya Hector Andres Oarralho Mosaffer-ed-Mn Bur. Romana Carlos Charles Nicholas n. Genl. Tomas Regalado Sir Charles Johnson Brookei aaM.O, Alexander (ObrenoTiteh) Khoulalonkom Alfonso XnL Oscar XL Adolf Dencher Hsshem Bey Haflx Mehmet Pasha Abdul Hamid H. T. Rooserelt Juan L. Cuestas Cypriano Castro SeyidAU

	Year of
Title.	Birth.
!s?r'	1848
President	...
Emperor	1880
Khan	...
King	1836
President	,—
President	...
Prince	1861
President	„
Emperor	1871
Vice-President	•••
SoTereign	1886
Emperor	...
President	...
Hi«h Commr.	1889
President
King	1818
President	...
President
Khedive	1874
President	1888
Emperor	1869
King	1869
King	1848
Regent	...
King	1882
King	1848
Grand Duke	1826
Grand Duke	1868
Duke	1881
Regent	1887
Grand Duke	1882
Grand Duke	1819
Grand Duke	1862
Duke	1884
Prince	1866
King	1841
King	1846
President
President	.••
President
Emperor	1841
King	1869
Emperor	1862
President	•••
Grand Duke	1817

Prince	1848
Prince	1841
SulUn	1879
Mahan^Ja	1876
Queen	1880
President	•««
President	•*•
Shah	1860
President	•>•
King	1868
King	1889
Emperor	1868
President	...
RiUft	1829
King	1876
King	1868
King	1886
King	1829
President	•••
GoT-Gen.	«••
Bey
Bnltan	1849
President	1868
President
President	..•
Sultan	•••

Date of Aoeeasion.

Oct Dec.

Mar. 12,1880 Oct. 3, 1901 12.1808 2,1848 1898 Dec. 10, 186« Aug. 20, 1890 Nov. 16, 18M July 7, 188T Sept 18, 19U1 Jan. 12, 187» lOOO 188» 1864 May 8, 1898 Not. ao, 1898 May. 20, 1802 Not. 16,1868 May 2, 1899 Not. 1001 Jan. 7, 1892 Feb. 18.1890 June 16, 1888 June 16, 1888 June 18, 1888

June 19, 1902 Oct. 6, 1801 Sept 6, 1866 Mar. 18,1802 May 22,1871 Oct 21, 1886 April 10, 1897 B^t 6,1860 June, 1900 July, 1900 May 12,1898 Jan. 22,1901 Mar. 80,1868 1898 1903 Feb. 1, 1899 Jan. 22,1901 July 29,1900 Feb. 18,1867 Dec. 11,1901 Not. 28,1890 Deo. 1, 1806 Sept 10, 1889 Aug. 14, 1860 June 7, 1894 May 17,1881 Not. 28,1890 June, 1898 Not. 1901 May 1, 1896 Sept., 1899 Oct. 19,1889 Mar. 26,1881 NoT.l,n.s.,'94 Not. 19,1898 June, 11, 1868 Mar. 6, 1889 Oct 1, 1868 May 17,1886 Sept 18,1872 Dec 21,1002 Mar., 1899 July, 1900 Aug. 81,1878 Sept. 14, 1901 Mar. 1,1899 Oct, 1899 July 1902

COLONIAL POSSESSIONS.

19

COLONIAL POSSESSIONS. The following Table exhibits the area, popalation, royenne, expenditure and debt •of the whole of the Colonial PoBBesaiona of Great Britain, exclasive of India.

Colonies.

"BlTBOPB—

Gibraltar

MalU

Cyprus

Ceylon Hour Kong StraitB Settlements -

Malay States Labnan North Borneo Sarawak

▲fsioa— Ascension Cape, &c. Basutoland

Natal , « "

Bechuanaland Pro- tectorate

Transvaal _ , -

Orange River Colony

Mauritius, &o.

Seychelles

Rtl Helena

Sierra Leone and Protectorate

Gambia

Gold Coast Colony -

Lagos

Southern Nigeria -

Northern Nigeria -

Niger and Niger Coast Protectorate

Sphere of operation of Br. 8. Africa Co. and Br. Central Africa

Somali Protectorate, Socotra, Zanzibar, Pemba, East Africa Protectorate and Uganda

▲mbbica— Bermuda Canada Newfoundland and

Labrador British Guiana British Honduras - Falkland Islands -

W«ST iHDIESr-

Bahamas Barbados Jamaica* Turks Island Trinidad and Tobago

Area

in Square

Miles.

If 117 3,684

25,365

30

1,542

26,960

30

31,106

50,000

34

277,077 10,293 29,200

386,200

120,000

60,000

705

148i

47

[ 15,000

69

40,060

1,239

310,000 500,000

750,000

19 3,653,946

160.200

109,000 7,562 6,500

4,466

166

4,200

1368

Population, 1901.

20,355 183,679 237,053

8,676,990 283,976 617,595 676,138 8,411 200,000 600,000

2,350,000 250,000 929,970

130,500

383,086

20,275

3,342

100,000

15,000

1,473,882

85,607

10,000,000

17,536 5,878,800

214,000

294,943

36,998 2,043

62,196 195,000 756,000 5,287 277,651

Revenue, 1900.

61,418 366,758 200,638

1,821,729

875,639

638,655

1,560,980

6,554

68,802

91,696

6,666,752

1,886.710 22,666

301,800

611,998

26.621

15,391

168,663

49,161 685,583 211,467 880,894

169,668

60.000

116,799

40,124 10,549,885

433,898

509,960 59,615 16,576

78.651

185,476

760,187

9,190

812,302

Bxpendi- ture, 1900.

61,812 365.943 184,682

1,688.182 766,926 608,074

1.264,646

6.968

138.605

7.773,230

1,990,622 104,180

267,450

571,263

23,461

12,603

166,421

29,818 616.667 187,126 306,193

146.670 80.000

382,617

47,632

8,894.806

380.760

505,492 50,659 15.502

82,887

182,866

763.869

8.083

696.880

Debt, 1900.

19.258 79,168

3,419,460 341300

31,097,825 9,019,143

1.820,000

1,189,284

30,000

972,902

49,600 71,138,421

3,570,862

954.780 34,736

112,226

416.850

3,499.899

918,472

• No eensns taken liace 1891.

HANDBOOK OF JAMAICA.

OoiiOxriAL PosBSSBioirs, contimmei.

	Area	Population,	Berenne,	Bxpendi-	Debt,
Ck>loiiies.	in Square Mnes.	1901.	1900.	ture.	190O.
			.1900.
WnTlHDDES—			£	£	«
Windward Iflles—
Grenada	188	63,488	70.868	62,715	187^7a
St. Luoia	288	49,660	72,108	64,760	176,680
St. Vincent	182	46,640	80,608	86,121	14«470
Iieeward Islands—
Antiffua Dominica	108	84,175 28,894	42.662	49,486	i?7,an
290	28,118	26,780	65,909
Montserrat	82\|	12.216	6,604	17,266	ll.tfO
St. Kits and Nevis -	116	61.877	89,904	48,964	78,96a
Virgin Islands	68	4,908	2,116	2,197
AUBTBALASIA—
New South Wales -	810,700	1.869.948	9,970,677	9.888,977	65,832,99a
Victoria	87,884	1,200,914	7,460,866	7.298,186	48,7743»
Queensland West Australia	668,497	498.249	4,420.324	4,791.577	86,898,414
976,209	182,663	3.010,006	2,898.664	12,709,480
South Australia -	903,690	361,366	2,829,462	2,860,671	26,117.846
Tasmania -	26.216	172,476	1,064,980	923,781	8,511.005
New Zealand	104,471	772,719	6,906 916	5,479.703	49,591,245
Fiji	7,485	124,230	111,669	100,022	200,63&
New Guinea	90,640 J	360,000	13,884	21,802	—

GOVERNORS.

Thb following is a List of the OoTemors and other Officers AdministeriDg the GoTemment in the British Colonies and their places of residence and salaries : —

Colonies.

BUBOPB—

Cyprus

Gibraltar

Malta

Asia— Ceylon

Hong Konff Straits Settlements - Labuan Afkioa— Cape of Good Hope ? and Brit. KafCranaf

Natal

Orange Rirer }

Transvaal (

Bechuanaland

Basutoland

Rhodesia

Mauritius

Si. Helena

Sierra Leone

Gambia

Gold Coast Ls

Name of Officer Administering Govemment.

Sir W. F. Haynes-Smith, K.C.M.G. Gen. Sir G. F. White, V.C, G.C.B. General Sir Francis Wallace Gren I fell, G.C.B., G.C.M.G. f

SirWestRidgway,K.C.B..K.C.8.I., i

g.o.m.gT s

Sir H. A. Blake, G.C.M.G.

Sir F. A. Swettenham, K.C.M.G. -

E. W. Birch. CM.G.

Lord A. Milner, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., High Commissioner

Col. Sir H. E. M'CaUum, K.C.M.G.

Lord Milner, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., GoTemor i

Major H. J. Goold- Adams, C.B.,} C.M.G. •(

Godfrey Y. Lagden, K.C.M.G.

Sir M. J. Clarke, K.C.M.G.

Sir Chas. Bruce, K.C.M.G.

Vacant. )

Sir C. A. King-Harman, K.C.M.G.

Sir G. Chardin Denton, K.C.M.G. i

Major Kir Matthew Nathan, K.G.M.G. BirW.McGregor,M.D..K.O.M.G..C.B.

Place of Residence.

Nicosia In Fortress

Valletta

Colombo

Victoria

Singai>ore

Victoria

Cape Town

Pietermarita- burg

Mafeking Maseru

Port Louis Plantation

House Free Town Bathurst, St.

Mary's Accra Lagos

BalMy..

8,000

6,ooa

6,000

8,000

6,000

880

♦9,000 5,000

1,800

1,700 1,000 6,000

6oa

2,600

2,100 .

8,000 2,600

t Of tki* lam £8,000 If Salary m High OominiMloiier and £1,000 pownal aUowance.

BBITIflH AHBASSADOBSy &0.

21

Oolonies.

Name of Officer Administering GoTemment.

Place of Beeidenoe*

Ambbiga— Bermoda

M rOanada

Britiflh Oolnmbia - Ontario Quebec < Manitoba ^ I New Brunswick - ^ Nova Scotia 8 I Prince Sdward Island Q LN.^ Territories - Newfoundland - British Guiana British Honduras - Falkland Islands - Wbst Ikdibb— Jamaica

Turkslslands Bahamas

Trinidad 8c Tobago - Barbados Windward Islands—

Grenada

St. Vincent St. Lucia

Leeward Islands

Antigua

Montserrat

St. OhriBtopher and }

Nevis (

Virgin Islands Dominica -

oommonwbalth ov ' Australia ' '

New South Walesa

Norfolk Island S Victoria Queensland Tasmania South Australia New Zealand Western Australia - Fiji Islands British New Guinea

Ll-Gen. Sir Henry LeGuay Geary,

K.G.B., BJL. Barl of Minto, G.C.M.G. Sir J. F. Lothbinidre. K.C.M.G. - Sir O. Mowatt, G.C.M.G. Louis A. Jette, K.G.M.G. Hon. D. H. McMiUan Hon. Abner Reid McLellan Hon. A. F. Jones Hon. P. Mclntire Hon. Amed6e E. Forget Sir Cayendish Boyle. ELO.M.G. - Sir J. Alex. Swettenham -

Col. David Wilson, K.C.M.G. W. Grey Wilson, C.M.G.

Sir A. W. L. Hemming, K.O.M.G. W. D. Young, Esq. Sir Gilbert Carter, K.C.M.G. Sir C. A. Malony, K.C.M.G. Sir F. L. Hodgson, K.C.M.G.

Sir Robert B. Llewelyn, Governor-

in-Chief

J. Cameron. Esq, , Sir Geo. Melville, E8q.,K.C.M.G. Adm. SSirGeraldB B. Strickland, E.C.M,G., / Govemor-in-Chief

E. St. J Branch, President Acting -

F. H. Watkins, Comer.

0. T. Cox,Adm.

N. G. Cookman H. Hesketh-Bell

Right Hon. Earl of Hoptoun, K.T., G.C.M.G.

Sir H. H. Ranson, K.C.B.

CoLSirG.Bydenham Clarke, K.C.M.G Sir H. Chermside, G.C.M.G. Sir A. B. Havelock, G.C.S.I. Lord Tennyson. K.C.M.G. Earl of Ranfurley, K.C.M.G. Vacant

Sir H. M. Jackson, E:.C.fld.G. Geo. Ruthven Le Hunte, C.M.G. -

i'

Hamilton

Ottawa

Victoria, V. L

Toronto

Quebec

Winni|)eg

Frederiokton

Halifax

Charlotte Town

Regina

St. John*s

Georgetown

Belize

Stanley

St. Andrew's Grand Turk Nassau Port of Spain Bridgetown

I St. George

Kingstown Castries

St. John's Plymouth

Basseterre

Tortola Roseau

Sydney

Melbourne

Brisbane

Hobart Town

Adelaide

Wellington

Perth

Suva

Port Moresby

2JM

1C,000 1300 2,000 2,000 2,000 1,800 1,800 1,400 1,400 2,500 6,000 1,800 1,200

5,000 500 2,000 5,000 3,000

2,600

800

3,000 500

900 900

7,000

10,000 6,000 3,500 4.000 6,000 4,000 2,200 1.600

BRITISH AMBASSADORS, &0.

Name.	Residence.	Name.	Residence.
BirE. J. Monson, G.C.B.	Paris	Sir H. M. Durand, G.C.M.G.	Madrid
Hon. Sir F. R. PlunkeU,	Vienna	Geo. Grivelle, C.M.G.	Mexico
G.O.B.		W. M. Beauderk
flir N. R. O'Conor, G.C.B. LordCurrie,G.C.B,	Constantinople	George Barle Welby,	Bogot4
Rome	(Miniitar). A. Cohen, (Otm. 6fen.) C. C. Malet
Bt. Hon. Sir Frank Caven-	Berlin	Port-au-Prino«
dish Lasdelles, G.C.B.		Panama
Sir Charles S. Scott,G.C.B. Hon. Sir Mioheal Herbert,	St. Petersburg	Ed. Thornton, IMimster.)	Central Ame-
Washington		rica
K.C.M.G.

22

HANDBOOK OF JABiAICA.

FOREIGN CONSULS IN JAMAICA.

CONBUIi.	▼lOS-OOKBUL OB OOHBULAB AGBHT.
Name.	Country he repreaentfl.	ii	Name.	Residence.	Countrjlitf- repreaonis.-
Hon. G. H. Bridg-	U.S. America	^	CA.Malabre,o.A.	Kinffston Trinidad	France
man, M.D.			A J. Bigoreau«	Spain
8. Bouiar	Denmark		v.c.
J. Duff	Venezuela		C. M. OgilTie,	Eingstc>n	««
Wm. Schiller	German Empire		Hon. v.c.
B. Otto	Austria-Hungary		8. C. Peynado,	Black River	1 Sweden.
8. B. Pieteraa	Belgium		v.c.		^ and
B. A. H. Haffgart 0. V. Carvalho	The Netherlands	.	Z. Jones, v.c.	Sav.-la-Mar	'Norway
Hayti	i	W. G. Price, v.c.	MUk River	•<
8. Sontar	Sweden dc Norway	J. 8. Twells.	Kingston
A. Morrice	Ecuador	V.&D.C.
W. P. Porwood	Costa Bica (o.o.)	s	A.B. Rerrie, C.A.	Montego Bay
G. C. H. Lewis	Guatemala		AB.D. Berrie, O.A.	St. Ann's Bay
W. P. Forwood	Colombia (O.O.)	s	0. 8. Farquhar-	Sav.-la-Mar
D. P. Tanco	M		son, C.A.		United
Arthur George	Greece		N. R. Snyder,	Port Antonio	States of
M. DeCordova	Honduras		Com. Agt.		' Amerio*
*i	Nicaraffua San Salvador		D. H.Jackson, V.	t»
<•		& Dep, Com, Agt.,(j, S.A.
E. A. H. Haggart	Brazil
F. C. Henriquee	Italy		C.C.Langlois.CA. R. R. BAer	Port Morant
			Port Maria
			CM. Farquharson	Black River
			8. Soutar, v.c.	Kingston	Venezuela
			S.L.Schloss,T.c.	Kingston	Colombia

The CaDadian Government have a Commercial Agent in Kingston. This office is held hy Mr. G. E. Burke.

BESCBIFTION OF JAMAICA.

23

PART III.

DESCRIPTION OF JAMAICA, POPULATION, &o.

(By the late Thomas Harrison, Survey or-Oeneral.) The Island of Jamaica is situated between 17° 43' and 18° 32^ N. lat., and 76° 11' and 78° 20' 60" W. long., about 6,000 miles to the south-west of England, 100 miles west of St. Domingo and 90 miles south of Cuba, 446 miles north of Cartbagena and 640 miles from Colon.

Jamaica is bounded on the north and east by that part of the Caribbean Sea which separates tbe Islands of Cuba and St. Domingo from Jamaica and which at its north-eastern part is called " The Windward Passage," the waters of which mingle with those of the Atlantic Ocean. On the south and west Jamaica is washed by the Caribbean Sea.

The Islands of Grand and Little Cayman, with Cayman Brae, are situated, the former about 166 miles and the two latter about 110 miles north-west of Negril Point. The Pedro Bank and Cays commence about 40 miles south of Portland Point and extend westerly for 100 miles ; this bank is about three- fourths of the size of Jamaica. The Morant Cays are 36 miles from Morant Point in a south-easterly direction. These several Islands and cays, together with the Turks and Caicos Islands, are all dependencies of the Island of Jamaica.

The nearest part of the Continent of America to Jamaica is Cape Gkircias & Dies, in the Mosquitto Territory, which is 310 miles south-west of the west-end of Jamaica.

From its central situation as regards the other West Indian Islands and the fact of its being in the direct track between Europe, the United States and the Isthmus^ of Panama, Jamaica furnishes advantages and conve- niences for trade and commerce between these points which are not to be found elsewhere. Should a ship canal uniting the Atlantic and Pacific ever be constructed Jamaica will undoubtedly be of great strategic im- portance upon the new trade route.

The aboriginal name of Jamaica was Xaymaca, a word supposed to imply an overflowing abundance of rivers. Bridges tells us that the name is de- rived from two Indian words, Chabatian signifying water and Makia wood. The compound sound would approach to Chab-makia ; and harmonized to the Spanish ear, would be Cha-makia, corrupted by us to Jamaica — " denoting a limd covered with wood and, therefore, watered by shaded rivulets, or, in other words, fertile."

The extreme length of .Jamaica is 144 miles, its greatest width is 49 miles and its least width (from Kingston to Annotto Bay) 21^ miles. The island is divided into three counties and fourteen parishes, namely : —

BUBBXT.	MIDDIJESIBZ.	OOBNWALL.
	Square MUes.	St. Catherine St. Mary Clarendon St. Ann Manchester Total	Square Miles.	St. Elisabeth . Trelawny St. James Hanover Westmoreland . Total	Square Miles.
Kingston 8t. Andrew 81. Thomas PortlflBid	7% 166 274 285	470 249 474 476 802	462 333 234 167 808
Total	732H	I 1.971	1,604

24 HANDBOOK OF JAMAICA.

giving a total of 4,207^ aquare miles, equal to 2,692,587 acres, of whicli only about 646 square miles, or 413,440 acres, are flat, consisting of aUuvium, marl and swamps.

OENSKAL GSOLOGIOAL FORM ATIOK.

The foundation or basis of the island is composed of igneous rocks, over- laying which are seveild distinct formations.

COUNTY OF SUSBET.

The coast formation is of white and yellow lime-stone ; the interior consists chiefly of the metamorphosed and trappean series, with carbonaceous shales and conglomerate. The greater part of this country is yeiy mountainoas ; the only flats are the plain of Liguanea (north of Kingston) and the yalleyB of the Morant and Plantain Garden Bivers, and smaller flats at and near th.e mouths of the other chief rivers. Mineral deposits are numerous in the motin- tain districts. Iron, copper, lead, manganese and cobalt have been found and worked to some extent, but no profitable industry has been the result. Marble of good quality has also been found at the head of the Blue Mountain Valley.

The only volcanic formation in the island is that at Lowlayton and Betreat Estates in the Parish of Portland, a mile from the sea ; there is however, no defined crater, and the volcanic materials are the only evidences remaining.

COUNTY OF MIDDLESEX.

The Parish of St. Mary exhibits a great diversity of formation, consisting^ of white and yellow lime-stone carbonaceous shales, metamorphosed, per- phyritic, granite smd conglomerate rocks, with many mineral-bearing rocks. The district of St. Thomas- in- the- Vale is of granitic formation, overlaid considerably by cretaceous and white lime-stone and marl beds.

St. Catherine possesses an extensive alluvial flat stretching from Kingston Harbour to the boundaiy of Clarendon ; the rest of the parish is of white lime- stone.

In Upper Clarendon the metamorphosed trappean and conglomerate series prevail ; the central districts are of white lime-stone, and the southern part, with the district of Vere, is alluvium, and embraces an area of about 132 square miles, which is the largest continuous flat in the island. The mineral deposits of Upper Clarendon are considerable, and, it is believed, ofEer a fair field for mining enterprise. ^

The Parishes of Manchester and St. Ann consist almost entirely of white limestone.

COUNTY OF OOBNWALL.

The Parish of St. Elizabeth has an extensive area of alluvium from the boundary of Manchester to the boundary of Westmoreland, narrowing so considerably at Lacovia that the north and south lime-stones nearly meet ; much of this flat is covered by swamp. In the north-east of the parish there is also an extensive flat called the Nassau Valley. The rest of the parish is white lime-stone with some patches of yellow lime-stone.

The Parish of Westmoreland also presents extensive alluvial deposits' and marl beds. The north-western part of the parish furnishes trappean rocks with yellow and cretaceous lime-stone. The eastern part is chiefly white lime-stone with some trap formations at the head of the Great Biver.

In Trelawny the district called " The Black Grounds" consists of trap formation. The rest of the parish is of white lime-stone with some alluvifJ valleys ; that called " The Queen of Spain's Valley," on the borders of and extending into the Parish of St. James, is remarkable for its picturesque beauty and great fertility.

DBttCKlFTlOM OF JAMAICA.

25

The interior of St. James presents a trappean formation, with some over- laying yellow and oretaceous lime-stones. The rest is of white lime-stone with some alluTial deposits round the coast.

The eastern part of Hanover is ohieHy white lime-stone, and the western part black shale, with some metamorphosed rocks and yellow lime-stone.*'

MOUNTAIN BANQBS.

The surface of the island is extremely mountainous and attains consider- able altitudes, particularly in the eastern part where the central range is known as the Blue Mountains.

The following table will give a general idea of the area in square miles •embraced in the different zones of elevation, above sea level, in the several parishes : —

	1^	^1 If	^1	If	i\|	it	Total Areas in
Parishbs.	•^ S	*£§	•M §	«Mg	<Sg	•S s	Square
	<	w^	ss s	1"'	\|i	i'	Miles.
Kingston	H	i	.			,	71
St. Andrew .	59	54	27	17J	i	) i	166
St. Thomas	136	59	35	20	14	I 11	274
Portland	94	. 89	40	32}	Vi	r i2i	285
St. Mary	110	116	19	4			249
St. Ann	85	337	54					476
Trelawny	166	135	32						333
St. James	139	90	5						2;54
Hanover	161	6							167
Westmoreland .	235	73	,						308
St. Elizabeth .	335	120	7						462
Manchester	42	134	126						302
Olarendon	314	115	45						474
St. Catherine .	336	124	10					470
Totals	2,2171	1,452\|	400	74	31	) 24	4,2071

From the above table it will be observed that a great diversity of climate is obtainable. From a tropical temperature of 80° to 86° at the sea coast the Thermometer falls to 45° and 50° on the tops of the highest mountains, and with a dryness of atmosphere that renders the climate of the mountains, of Jamaica particularly delightful and suitable to the most delicate constitution.

The midland parts of the island are, of course, the highest. Through the CJounty of Surrey, and partly through Middlesex, there runs the great central ehain which trends generally in an east and west direction, the highest part of which is the Blue Mountain Peak attaining an elevation of 7,360 feet.

From this range subordinate ridges or spurs run northerly to the north- «ide of the island, and southerly to the south-side ; these ridges in their turn are the parents of other smaller ridges, which branch off in every direc- tion with considerable regularity and method ; and they again throw ofE other ridges, until the whole surface of the country is cut up into a series of ridges, with intervening springs or gullies.

* For a more compleU aoooant of the Oaology of the Tslsnd sea SavUn's Qtologj of Junsics.

26 HA^NDBOOK OF JAMAICA.

Many of these subordinate ridges yi^ with the main ridge in impoi-taxioe' and elevation ; such, for instance, as the great ridge starting from Catherixie'B Peak, above Newcastle, and passing through the Parish of St. Andrew^ in & Bouth-easterly direction, culminating at great elevations at Newton and Bellevue, and expending itself at Albion in the Parish of St. Thomas. A1b€> the ridge known as Queensberry Bidge, starting from the Blue Mountain Peak, passing by AmtuUy, Belle Clair and Windsor Castle, where it is known as Coward's Eidge, and extending to the sea at Belvedere and Creigli- ton Hall, to the north of which place it forms the conspicuous mountain, known as YaUahs Hill, 2,348 feet high.

On the northern side of the island three great ridges may be mentione<i* One extending from the Blue Mountain Peak through the Parish of Portlaxwi, dividing the waters of the Bio Grande from those of the Swift Eiver, and expending itself at St. Margaret's and Hope Bays. Another starting from Silver Hill, dividing the waters of the Buff Bay and Spanish Bivers, and tlie other very high ridge extending from Fox's Gap at the boimdaiy of St. Mary and Portland, north-easterly, culminating in a conspicuous elevation called Hay Cock Hill, 2,500 feet above the sea, and terminating on the coast neair Dover.

The Blake Mountains, which run in a north-westerly and south-easterly direction in the Parishes of Portland and St. Thomas, divide the Bio-Grande Valley from the eastern coast of the island. They form a plateau of about 2,000 feet elevation rather than a mountain range. Li their higher parts they are a. barren, waterless tract of lime-stone formation ; much of it covered by the sharp rocks known as honeycombed rocks, over which it is almost impossi- ble to walk. The Blake Mountains may be said to be an offshoot from the great central range which, from the depression known as the Cuna Cuna ap, north of the town of Bath, turns suddenly northerly and forms itself into this plateau.

The central range suffers a considerable depression at Stony Hill, in the Parish of St. Andrew, where the main road to the north side crosses it at an elevation of 1,360 feet. Here the range is divided into two ridges ; one of lime-stone formation, extending westerly through the district known as Mammee Hill, reaches a conspicuous elevation known as Lunan Mountain, at Highgate, in St. Catherine, and expends itself at Bog Walk ; the other, which is the continuation of the central dividing ridge, is of granite formation and extends in a north-westerly direction. It passes the district of Lawrence's Tavern and Mount Charles, where it commences to form the boundary line be- tween the Parishes of St. Mary on the north and St. Catherine on the south side : continuing north-westerly it passes Pear Tree Grove and turns suddenly to the south-west at Windsor Castle andDecoy, and it then joins the lime-stone formation at Guy's Hill and Middlesex township, continuing as a weU-defined range to Mount Diablo, where the main road crosses it at an elevation of 1,800 feet. It continues on to Holly Mount, a little beyond which it unites witk the St. John's range, which forms the eastern boundary of Lluidas Yale.

From this point, although these mountains continue as a separate range^ they become irregular and broken, chiefly on account of their lime-stone oharaoter, and with this formation they extend through the Parish of St. Ann, expending themselves in the Cockpit country to the east of the district called " The Black Grounds"* in the Parish of Trelawny. To the south of

*Bo called from the rich black soil in oontnirdlitinction to the red eofl of Manchester.

DB8CR1PTI0N OF JAMAICA. 27

tiiis looalily, along the borders of Clarendon and Manohester, the trappeai^ series is again met with and two great inland rivers flow there.

Bunning in an irregular north-westerly line, almost paralled with the last range of mountains described, is another lime-stone range which may be said to commence from the western bank of the Kio Minho or Dry River above Xiime Savanna, and, forming first the range known as Mocho Mountains, it includes the Whitney Valley and joins the Manchester Mountain range at Cumberland. Thence trending north-westerly it passes through the northern district of Manchester and enters the Parish of St. Elizabeth at Hector's- Siver Sink ; thence it continues on to Accompong Town and becomes lost in a peculiarly wild formation of what is usually known as Cockpit Land. In this quarter, and extending for a considerable distance into the Parishes of Trelawny and St. James, the Cockpit Land bids defiance to the tra- veller.

This formation is of white lime-stone, sharp, irregular and jagged, with little earth, and formed into a series of circular arenas like inverted cones with extremely irregular sides, but preserving the circular formation through, out and terminating in most instances with a sink hole in the apex.

These arenas are of all diameters, from half-a-chain to two and three chains. The ridges or edges where these cones unite are, of course, very irregular and sharp, presenting very steep or vertical rocks of considerable height. Such a country may be said to be inaccessible.

The May Day and Carpenter's Mountains pass through the Parish of Man- chester in a diagonal direction. Commencing at the Round Hill in Vere at the south-east extremity of Manchester, they traverse the parish to its north- western angle, where they join the main ridge near the Hector's River Sink f one off-shoot forming the Nassau Mountains of St. Elizabeth.

The Santa Cruz Mountains in the Parish of St. Elizabeth run parallel with the Manchester Mountains. They commence at the sea at the precipice called " The Lover's Leap," 1,660 feet high, and terminate near Lacovia,. where the passage of the Black River produces a break in the hills. These mountains, as well as those of Manchester, are considered generally very Bslubrious.

Another range of mountains a continuation of the same line as the Santa- Cruz Mountains, commences above Lacovia, to the north, and extends to Mul- grave near the line of St. James, and traverses the Parish of St. James in a northerly direction, terminating in the hills south of Montego Bay.

The last and most westerly range of mountains, extending through West- moreland and Hanover, commences about the locality called '' Middle Quar- ters" and extends northerly, with some irregularities, to Chesterfield at the head of the Great River, which forms the boundary between St. James and Westmoreland ; it then trends north-westerly to Chester Castle and Knock' alya, near the boundary of the Parishes of Westmoreland and Hanover, and then westerly, culminating in a conspicuous hill called "Dolphin Head," with an elevation of 1,816 feet, and terminating in several small ridges towards^ the west end of the island. There is also a coast line in Westmoreland called "The Bluefields or Surinam Range," commencing at Middle Quarters- in St. Elizabeth and extending towards Savanna-la-Mar.

XLSVAIIONg.

The following are a few of the elevations, above the sea, of the principal monntains and passes through them commencing from the eastern end of the island, most of the figures are taken from Sawkin's Geology of Jamaica : —

^

HANDBOOK OF JAMAICA*

Names.

Blake Mountains, arerage Cana Guna Pass Blue Mountain Western Peak . Portland Qap

8ir John's Peak (highest point ? of Cinchona Plantation) \ Belle Yue, Cinchona Plantation Amtnlly Gap Hagley Qap Moreens Gap ^Content Gap Newcastle Hospital Flamstead Belle Vne CMr. Pinnock's)

Eleyation in Feet.

3,100

7,300 6,549

e,ioo

6.017 2,764 1,959 4,945 8,261 8,800

8,784

Names.

Silver Hill Gap

Catherine's Peak

Cold Spring Gap

Hardware Gap

Fox's Gap

Stony Hill (where main road

crosses it) I

Guy's HDl

Mount Diablo, highest point . " " where road crosses Bull Head Mandeyille Accompong Town Dolphin Head .

Ele-vmtiaa

in Feet.

8^13

4,628 4,079

3,9e7

1,360

a,ioo

2,800

1,800 2,885 2,131 1,409 1.816

RIYSBS AKD QBNBKAL DB80RIFTION.

The numerous rivers and springs which abound along the coast in most iparts of the island to a considerable extent justify the name of " The Land, of Springs,*' although there are extensive districts in the midland and western parts of the island singularly barren of water.

When it is remembered that the chief range of mountains, or back-bone vof the island, runs generally east and west, it will be easily understood that the chief rivers, starting from the northern and southern slopes of this range, would generally have a north and south direction ; that is, those streams rising on the northern side of the great ridge flow northerly to the northside, while those which emanate from the southern slopes run south- erly to the southside. There are some exceptions to this general rule, the chief of which is the Plantain Garden Eiver in the Parish of St. Thomas, which, rising in the Cuna Cuna Mountains, runs southerly in its upper course, but suddenly meeting the coast range of hills turns easterly, and flowing through the fertile district to which it gives its name, empties itself at Holland Bay. Another is the Montego Kiver, which, although it flows northerly in its upper course, turns westerly through the greater part of its flow, discharging at Montego Bay.

There are interior rivers (which have no outlet) which are also exceptions to this general rule, such as the Cave and Hector's Eivers.

While most of the rivers have generally northerly and southerly directions, it must not be forgotten that the subordinate ridges which are nearly at right angles to these lines will produce subordinate streams, meeting the rivers on their eastern and western bank.

In consequence of the great elevations from which most of the rivers flow they are very rapid in their descent, and, in times of flood, become formid- able torrents, sweeping everything before them and operating as dangerous obstructions to the traveller. It may, however, be mentioned that many of these rivers now* have substantial bridges erected across them.

Some of the chief of these are the Plantain Garden Eiver alroady mentioned. And the Morant and Yallahs in the Parish of St. Thomas. The Eio Grande, in the Parish of Portland, is one of the finest rivers in the island ; it flows from the northern slopes of the Blue Mountains. The Back and Stony Eivers, two of its great affluent?, furnish not only some of the loftiest and most picturesque waterfalls but the widest and most romantic scenery in the island.

It was on one of these naturally fortified ridges, nearly surrounded by ihe Stony Eiver, that the notorious Nanny, the renowned Maroon leader, held out against the regular troops about the year 1789.

DBSCKIFTION OF JAM AIOA. 29^

All the upper part of the Parish of Portland remains unsettled to the present time, in oonsequence of the steepness of the country and the want of roads^ \}ut there is no other part of the island richer in valuable timbers and other natural productions, and possessing greater advantages for the growth of oofEee, cacao and cinchona than this district. The character of the soil and. dimate is the same as that of the St. Andrew and Port Boyal Mountains "where the best coffee is produced, but where the coffee fields are fast wear- ing out. As nearly the whole of this land in Portland now belongs to the- GoTemment a fair field is open to persons desirous of cultivating coffee, as^ it is the only good coffee land remaining in forest in the island.

The West India Improvement Company have, however, in accordance with fheir contract with the Government for building railroads, selected the ^eater portion of this land.

The other rivers of Portland are the Swift, Spanish and Buff Bay Bivers, all possessing the same character as the Bio Grande.

In St. Andrew we have the Agua Alta (corrupted to Wag Water) Biver, which, rising in the mountains back of Stony Hill, runs through the Parishes of St. Andrew and St. Mary, debouching at Annotto Bay. The Hope Biver rises in the hills around Newcastle and joins the sea at the sixth mile stone from Kingston on the windward road ; from this river the City of Kingston and District of Liguanea are supplied with water.*" From the- Above Bocks district of St. Andrew flow the sources of the Bio Pedro, a large tributary of the Bio Cobre, which, with its numerous affluents, traverses the Parish of St. Catherine. The gorge known as Bog Walk, through which the Bio Cobre flows, is remarkable for its picturesque scenery. This river is utilised for irrigating the plains of St. Catherine, cmd very fine works for the purpose have been constructed by the Gk)vemment.

The rivers of St. Maiy, besides the Wag Water, are the Dry Biver, the Annotta, the Port Maria, Oracabessa, Bio Neuva and the White Biver, which latter forms the boundary between the Parishes of St. Mary and St. Ann.

The volume of water in the White Biver is considerable, and the great oasoade above Industry and the Fall at Prospect are veiy grand and form objects of attraction to visitors.

The Parish of St Ann, being chiefly of lime-stone formation, furnishes no rivers of any consequence in the interior. The sea coast rivers are numerous ; the Bearing Biver and the Llandovery Biver possess large volumes of water.

The cascades on both these rivers are very beautiful, particularly those of the Bearing Biver where the main road crosses it. In the yellow lime-stone and granite formation at Guy's Hill the Ghreat Biver flows and sinks at Middle- sex township, rising again at Bio Hoe, where it forms the Moneague Lake ; the waters of which disappear in sink holes at Walton.

The Cave and Hector's Bivers rise near the junction of the Parishes of Clarendon and Manchester with St. Ann and Trelawny, and, running in op- posite direction, form the northern and southern boundaries of these parishes, respectively.

The Cave Biver, with its affluent the Yankee Biver, flows easterly, sinking at. Greenock Estate; thence it is supposed to have a subterranean course of 13^ miles or more and, rising near Domook Pen with considerable volume, is called Bio Bueno, and, with a course of 6^ miles to the sea, forms the boundary between St. Ann and Trelawny.

* Water !■ now also obtalnad from the Wag Water RiTer bj meana of a tunnel through the Main Ridgo aft- Oonatant Spring.

30 UANDBOOK OF JAMAICA.

The Hector's River runs westerly and, after a course of about 12 mOes ierminates in several sinks in a wild and broken country. This river a^ain makes its appearance at Oxford, in Manchester, where it goes by the name of One Eye Biver,and, again sinking there, it passes through a ridge to the north •oi the Bogne Hill and rises in considerable body at Mexico and Island Ss- tates, from which points to the sea it is called the Black River. This is . certainly the finest river in the island. With a tortuous course of about 44 miles it debouches at Black River Bay near the tovm of that name. This river is navigable for boats of considerable size for a distance of about 25 miles, and is used for conveying the produce of a large district to the sea^

The Black River receives several tributaries of considerable size, which are slso partially navigable, such as the Y. S., Broad^ Grass and Horse Savanna . Rivers.

The Rio Minho or Dry River rises with numerous tributaries in the Claren- don Mountains, and, flowing through the entire length of the Parish of Claren- don and district of Vere, discharges near Carlisle Bay.

In consequence of the arenaceous character of the soil the water of this river sinks a little below Longville Estate, 16 miles from the sea. The lower part of this river, say from Seven Plantations Estate to a little above the Alley in Vere, is, therefore, usually dry, except a considerable spring at Parnassus Estate where the water flows for a short distance ; the water ap- pearing a little above the Alley flows to the sea.

In floods this is a most formidable river and formerly, when " down," as the expression is, all communication along the south side of the island was cut off ; but a few years ago the Government erected a very fine iron bridge across the river at May Pen, which has answered all expectations. • The Cock Pit and Salt Rivers are short but deep rivers. The Milk River is also a very fine river and is navigable for some miles up. A considerable quantity of logwood and fruit is shipped from this river.

Along the foot of the Manchester Mountains considerable water rises and, with short channels, flows to the sea. The largest of these rivers are the Alligator Hole, Swift and Gut Rivers.

Trelawny furnishes only one river of importance ; this is the Martha Brae River. This river rises at Windsor in the interior of the parish and seems to be the waters of the Quashie and Mouth Rivers, as well as many other small streams which are interior rivers that rise and sink. in the black grounds. The Martha Brae is a fine river, navigable for some distance up, and dis- charges to the east of Falmouth.

The Montego River rises in the trap formation near Maroon Town and is there called Tangle River. It sinks and re-appears, and, after receiving nu- merous tributaries, enters the sea south of the Town of Montego Bay. The Great River is the boundary of St. James next to Hanover and Westmore- land. It is a long river, but has few tributaries, the Lamb's and Seven Rivers being the chief.

The rivers of Hanover are the Flint, Maggotty, Lucea (east and west), Lance's, Davis, Cove, Pell and Green Island Rivers ; none of these are large rivers or demand any special notice.

In Westmoreland the chief river is the Cabaritta. This is also a very fine river and, with its tributaries, the Thicket and Morgan's Rivers, waters the alluvial districts of the parish. There are also the Dean's Valley or Sweet River,* New Savanna and Negril Rivers.

• TlM Town of Sairanna-larlfar is snppUed with water from this Btver.

DB8CK1PT10N OF JAMAICA. 31

OAYBBNB.

The lime-stone formation, bo prevalent in Jamaica, furnishes many cavernB «ad sink holes of great size and grandeur, the chief of which is the beauti- ful cave at the place called Cave Hall Pen, two miles east of Dry Harbour, near the main road. This cave is of great length and has two branches ; the various apartments are designated grottoes, halls, domes and galleries ; and the stalactites and stalagmites, formed by the dripping of calcareous water, glittering in the torch light, impart a magical effect to the scene.

The Grand Cave at River Head in St. Thomas-in-the-Vale is a very re- markable place. The Bio Cobre, after sinking at Worthy Park, emerges from this cave. It is of great dimensions and in former years was a favo- rite resort for picnics ; it is traversable, with the assistance of a raft to cross some deep water, for a distance of over a quarter of a mile, until the '^ flood- gate" is reached where the water gushes from the rock.

The cave at Mexico in St. Elizabeth is probably the longest in the island ; it is nearly a mile from the One Eye Gulf to Mexico Gulf (the mouth of the cave). The One Eye or Black river passes through this cave.

It has been explored for some distance in, but, in consequence of some deep bodies of water obstructing the passage, less is known of it than of the Bio Oobre Cave. A thorough exploration of this cave would be most interest- ing.

The Peru Cave, also in St. Elizabeth, is very beautiful, and the stalactites and stalagmites here show to great effect. There is also a very fine cave at Mount Plenty in St. Ann, which can be traversed for a distance of ten chains ; it has two branches and the vaulted chambers are particularly fine.' At some distance from the mouth it is illuminated by a sink hole from the top.

Another very fine cave is that from which the Mouth Biver flows in the black grounds of the Parish of Trelawny. There is also a remarkable cave near this at Spring Garden. The cave at Portland, in Vere, is very fine and used formerly to be a great place for picnics.

There is also a remarkable cave and subterranean river at Epping Forest in the Parish of Manchester.

There are numerous other caves of smaller dimensions throughout the island. Sink holes, as already stated, are also very numerous. The Light Hole at Tingley's in St. Ann is a sink hole on a large scale. This is a great arena of vertical rocks some three or four chains in diameter and of consider- iible depth, with large trees growing at the bottom.

Many of the sink holes and caves throughout the island have springs at the bottom, such as the Gt>vemor's Cave at Healthshire ; a sink hole near Fort Clarence opposite Port Boyal ; a cave near Salt Biver ; one at Swansea in Lluidas Yale, &o.

MINBBAL SFKINOS.

There are many mineral springs in Jamaica, most of them possessing valu- able qualities for the cure of various diseases and infirmities of the body.

Two of these are particularly famed, namely, the hot sulphurous spring at Bath and the warm salt spring at Milk Biver.

There are public institutions maintained at both these springs for the benefit of those unfortunately requiring reliel The spring at Bath in the Parish of St. Thomas is believed to be the hottest in the idand ;* the tem- perature at the fountain head is 126° to 128° F., but the water loses about 9

* Then Ss, howerer, » hot spring en the Onaya Blyer in the Pariah of Portland, the temperature of whioh ilaMidt*bel82de(reei.

82 HANDBOOK OF JAICAIGA.

degrees of heat in its transit to the bath. These waters are snlphuric aa<f contain a large proportion of hydro-sulphate of lime ; they are not purgatiye and are beneficial in gout, rheumatism, gravely complaints, cutaneous affec- tions and fevers. It is remarkable that a oold spring flows from the same^ hill-side, near the hot spring, so that cold and hot water are delivered alongside of each other at the bath. (Set " Bath of St. ThofHas-tke" ApostU:')

The bath at Milk Biver in the distict of Yere is one of the most remark- able in the world. It is a warm, saline, purgative bath ; the temperature is 92^ F. It is particularly efficacious in Ihe cure of gout, rheumatism, para- lysis and neuralgia ; also in cases of disordered liver and spleen. Some won- derful results are on record, and it is believed that if the beneficial efEects of these waters were more generally known in Europe and America a large number of eufEerers would be attracted to them. The buildings are exten- sive ; and comfortable accommodatian at a moderate charge can now be obtained by visitors. (See *• Milk Biver Bath *')

The Spa Spring, or Jamaica Spa, as it is called, at Silver Hill in St. An- drew, was formerly mantained as a Grovemment Institution and extensive buildings once existed there, but they have long gone to decay and the spring- is neglected. These waters are chalybeate, »rated, cold, tonic ; beneficial in most cases of debility, particularly after fever, dropsy and stomach complainti^.

Another similar spring, but not so strong a chalybeate, exists at St. Faith in the district of St. John.

There is also a remarkable spring at MofEat, on the White Biver, a tribu- tary of the Negro Biver in the Blue Mountain Valley. These waters are sulphuric, cold and purgative, useful in itch and all cutaneous diseases. A simi- lar spring exists near the source of the Cabaritta Biver in Hanover.

The spring at Windsor, near St. Apn's Bay, was once brought into con- siderable prominence in consequence of some remarkable cures affected by its use. People from all parts of the island visited it and the water waB carried away to great distances. It is still a favourite among the peasantry, and it is said to possess wonderful powers in healing ulcers, &o.

There are warm springs at Garbrand Hall on the east l^ranch of the Mo- rant Biver, and on the Adam's Biver, near the Blue Mountain Bidge in the Parish of St. Thomas.

The well known spring at New Brighton, in St. Catherine, is the favourite bath of the inhabitants of Spanish Town.

A mineral spring also occurs on the sea edge at Manatee Bay, also in St. Oatherine, and one at Bock Fort in the Parish of Kingston.

Another possessing some qualities of importance is to be found at Qolden Vale in Portland; and there are salt springs near the Ferry on the Kingston and Spanish Town road, and at Salt Biver in Yere ; and in many other loca- lities salt-water springs are found and some impregnated with soda or other alkalies.

POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. It may be interesting to notice the gradual increase in the population of Jamaica since the earliest period when there was any authentic record. The first regular oensuB was taken in the year 1844 ; although there had previously been approxi- mate calculations as to the inhabitants of the island. The first attempts at num- bering the people was in 1660, when ^* the relicts of the Army" were put down At about 2,200, and the planters, merchants and others, as probably as many more.

POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. 33

Thirteen yean after, that is in 1673, the inhabitants were thus classified : — Whites- Men ... ... 4,060

Women ... ... 2,006

Children ... ... 1,712

Negroes ... ... 9,504

17,272 a.

In 1734 the popalation stood thus —

Whites ... ... 7,644

Slaves ... ... 86,646

94,190 h.

In 1776 the free coloured people were for the first time accounted for. The popu- lation

Whites ... .,. 12,737

Free Coloured ... ., 4,093

Slaves ... ... 192,787

209,617 0.

In 1791 (sixteen years after the last date) the population was estimated

Whites ... ... 30,000

Free Blacks and Coloured people ... 10,000

Maroons, about ... ... 1,400

Slaves ... ... 250,000

291,400 <f.

At the Emancipation in 1834 the Slaves numbered 311,070 and the

other portion of the population was computed at—

Free Blacks ... ... 5.000

Coloured ... ... 40,000

Whites ... ... 15,000

371,0711

In June, 1S44, the first Census was taken by legally appointed Officers, whdn it as found that there were in the Island : —

Males ... 181,633 White ... 16,729

Females ... 195,800 Coloured ... 68,576

Black ... 293,128

377,433

In 1861 another Census was taken under an Act of the Legislature when the population was returned as follows : —

Males ... 213,521 White ... 13,816

Female* ... 227,743 Coloured ... 81,074

Black ... 346,374

441,264

The total population by the Census of 1861 compared with that of 1844 showed an inoreaae of 63,831 in the 17 years notwithstanding the two visitations of Cholera,

a. Calendar of State Papers, Vol. I.

b, Montgomery Martins, Oolonlal Empire. «. Bryan Sdwards West Indies, Yol. L

d. Parliamentary £etams to the Hoose ot Lords, Mareh, 1888. HlU's Lights and Shadows of Jamaica BMory.

0

34

HANDBOOK OF JAMAICA.

one of Scarlatina and one of Smallpox which oocnrred within that period. ^ Theae pestilenoeH carried off between fifty and sixty thousand persons by oyer one Irandred daily, while Cholera desolated."*

During the ten years that followed there was no epidemic or other cause to tkSoei the natural increase of the people and the numbers in 1871 were 64,890 in exoeas of those of 1861, namely : —

Males . 246,573 White . ISJOl

Females- . 269,681 Coloured . 100,346

Black . 392.707

506,154

— i 506.154

compared with 1861 there was in 1871 a decrease of 716 white inhabitants, and. an increase of 19,281 coloured and 46,333 black inhabitants.

The population of Jamaica by the Census taken on the 4th April, 1881, 680,804, or 74,680 in excess of the population in 1871. The totals were —

Males 282.967 White 14,432 Coolies 11,016

Females 297,847 Chinese 99

Coloured 109,946 Not stated 1,125

580,804

Black

444,186

580,804

The population of Jamaica, according to the Census of 1891, was 639,491, or 66,681 in excess of the population of 1881 ; and 133,337 in excess of the population of 1871. White 14,692, Coloured 121,956, Black 488,624, East Indian 10,116, Chinese 481. Not stated 3,623. The total estimated population on the Slat March, 1902, was 770,.242.

The births registered in the year 1901-1902 numbered 31,268, giving a rate of 40.9 per 1000 of the estimated mean population.

The followingshows the annual Birth-rates for eight years, 1894-96 to 1901-1902: —

Tear.

1894-95

1895-96

1896-97

1897-98

1898-99

189S-1900

1900-1901

1901-1902

Annual Rate per 1,000

Estimated

Mean Population.

iTi

38.8 38.5 39.8 38.1 42.2 36 7 40.9

The deaths registered in the year ended 31st March, 1902, numbered 16,756 being in the proportion of 21.9 to each 1,000 of mean population.

Below are shown the annual death-rates for eight years 1894-95 to 1901-1902 :

Tear.

1894-95

1895-96

1896-97

1897-98

1898-99

1899-1900

1900-1901

1901-1902

Annual Bate per 1,000

Bstimated

Mean Population.

21.0 22.7 22.1 23.0 21.0 22.8 21.6 21.9

^ HIll'8 Ligbti and Shadowi of Jamaica HlBtory.

POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS. POPULATION OF THB PABIBHSS.

35

	Census, 1891.	Census, 1881.	1 9,938
"~""~	15	i -3 B	f Total.	1 16,928	IS a & 22,638	1 38,566	i
Kingston	20,114	28,390	.
St. Andrew	18.318	19,537	37,855	17,251	17,731	34,982	2,873	•
St. Thomas	15,566	16,620	32,176	16,819	17,126	33,946	.	1.769
Portland	15,664	16,334	31998	14,294	14,607	28,901	3,097	•
«t. Mary	21,267	21.648	42,915	20,010	19,686	39,696	8,219	.
St. Ann	26,264	27,873	54,127	22,831	23,753	46,584	7,543	•
"Trelawny	14,326	16,670	30,996	15,556	16,559	32,115	.	1,119
St. James	16,063	18,987	35,060	15,846	17,810	33,625	1,426	.
Hanover	15,402	16,686	32,068	14,518	15,049	29,667	2,521	■
Westmoreland .	25,820	27,630	53,450	24,549	24,486	49,035	4.461	•
St. Slliabeth ,	29,916	32,341	62,256	26,612	27,763	64,375	7,881	-
MaDohester	27,173	29,289	55,462	23.622	24,836	48,458	7,004	•
Clarendon	28,338	28,767	57,106	25,180	24,665	49,845	7.260	•
St. Catherine	31,738 305,948	38,771 333,543	65,509	29,972	31,138	61.110	4,399	•
	639,491	282,957	297,847	680,804	58,687

POPULATION OP THB OHIEF TOWNS.

	1891.	1881.
Males.	Females.	TotaL
Kingston	18,286	27,616	46,642	36,846
Morant Bay	261	395	666	1,000
Port Antonio	788	996	1.784	1,306
Port Maria	748	744	1,492	1,741
St. Ann's Bay	654	661	1,615	1,665
Falmouth	948	1,569	2,517	3,029
Mont^go Bay	1,884	2,919	4,803	4,651
Lucea	563	1,032	1,595	1,702
Sav-la-Mar	1,184	1,768	2,962	2,498
Black River	627	627	1,154	M79
MandevUle	473	698	1,171	218
Chapelton	187	282	469	664
Spanish Town	2,164	2,865	6,019	6.689

86 HANDBOOK OF JAMAICA.

PAET IV.

HISTOEICAL SKETCH OP JAMAICA. X8SS Jamaica was discovered by Christopher Columbus on the 3rd May^ 1494, during his second voyage to the new world. The Island was faield by the Spaniards until 11th May, 1655, when it was surrendered to an English expedition under Admiral Penn and General Yenables. Cromwell, tlieu in power in England, sent Major Greneral Sedgwick as Commissioner to con- duct the Civil Government. He arrived in October, 1655, and establi^lied a Council of which Colonel Edward D'Oyley was President. 16ft6 In June of the following year, Colonel William Brayne arrived a& successor to Sedgwick who had fallen a victim to Dysentery. He brought with him 1,000 troops, and was followed shortly afterwards by 1,500 settlers from Nevis, Bermuda, Barbados and New England, and by 1,000, girls and as many young men from Ireland.

XBS7 Brayne died in 1657 and D'Oyley assumed the Government. SA» administration was marked by an invasion of the Island by Don Arnold Sasi, the old Spanish Governor, who landed on the North coast and built a fort at Eio Nuevo in St. Mary. D'Oyley however advanced against him, and completely defeated him. Don Sasi escaped from a point on the coast now called Eunaway Bay in memory of the event.

X680 D'Oyley who had been promoted to the rank of Greneral was appointed Gro- vemor of Jamaica, being the first to have that title, by Charles II. He was em- powered in his Commission to select a Council of twelve persons, and to constitute a Ciyil Judicature and pass Acts for the '< security and prosperity'' of the Island, 1862 Lord Windsor succeeded to the GoTemment of the Colony in 1662, the chief act of his administration being the disbandment of the Army the men of which were divided into five Kegiments of Militia.

Lord Windsor retired during the same year and Sir Charles Lyttleton assumed the Government as Deputy Governor. He granted lands to the Maroons (as the slaves left by the Spaniards were called) on account of the assistance they had given the English, and gave them by Proclamation the liberties and privileges of Ei^lishmen. Lord Windsor had been instructed to summon Assemblies, and these instructions were carried out by Sir Charles Lyttleton who issued writs for the first General Assembly held in the Island which met at St. Jago de la Vega, on the 20th January, 1664.

X8G4 In May 1664, Lieutenant Colonel Lynch relieved Sir Charles Lyttleton of the Government, the latter having retired to England owing to ill health, but he was shortly succeeded by Colonel Edward Morgan, as Deputy Governor who wa» in turn superseded, after a month's Administration, by Sir Thomas Modyf ord who was appointed Governor and brought with him from Barbados a thousand Settlers. During Sir Thomas Modyf ord' s term began the long series of disputes between the Governors and the Assemblies which are so marked a feature of the early history of the Colony.

Sir Thomas Modyford was recalled for having on his own responsibility commissioned a large number of privateers to act on behalf of the King of England against Spain, and Sir Thomas Lynch was sent out as Lieut. Governor.

Sue years later Sir Henry Morgan arrived as Lieutenant Governor, but after & short administration was relieved by Lord Vaughan, who arrived as Governor. At this time the foimdation of Jamaica future histoiy as a sugar producing country was laid by the advent of 1200 of the inhabitants of Surinan which had been ceded to the Dutch in exchange for New Amsterdam (New York). These people settled in the district now known as the Parish of Westmoreland, where they vigorously prosecuted planting operations. Their example was followed by others, and soon the Island had become well known as one of the finest and most iertile of British Colonies.

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF JAMAICA. 3T

1071 During the next fifteen yean the Colony was govemed snooesBiyely b^ the Earl of OarlLle, Sir Thomas Lynch (for the second time) Sir Hender Moles- ivorth, the Duke of Albermarle, Sir Fras. Watson and the Earl of Inchiquin, but there is little of historical interest to record daring the period. Squabbles be- tween the GoYemors and the Assemblies were frequent, varied by depredations of freebooters and French cruisers on the coasts of the Island. 1092I On the 7th June, 1692, occurred the terrible earthquake which destroyed Port Royal, where of 3,000 houses two hundred only, and Fort Charles, escaped un* injured. The catastrophe led to the settlement of Kingston ; many of ihe sur- Tiyors removed to the plain of Liguanea and settled on land belonging to Colonel Beeston, where the capital of the Island now stands.

1893 In March 1693 Sir William Beeston arrived and assumed the Government^ and in the following year a French fleet landed detachments on the S.E., coast and committed terrible havoc. At Carlisle Bay however they were met and gallantly defeated by the Colonial Militia.

X702 A naval battle occurred off Santa Martha between the French Admiral Du Casse and the British Admiral Benbow who sailed from Port Boyal to attack the French fleet. Benbow was defeated and returned to Kingston where he died of his wounds.

XTOd Sir William Beeston was succeeded in Januaiy 1703 by Colonel Thomas Handesyd, who was followed in 1711 by Admiral Lord Arthur Hamilton, in 1716 by Mr. Peter Heywood, a Planter, in 1718 by Sir Nicholas Lawes, another Planter, and in 1722 by the Duke of Portland. Of these the most notable was Sir Nicholas Lawes. Throughout the administration of all however the struggles between the Executive and the Assembly continued, much delaying the progress of the Colony.

1726 The Duke of Portland died and was succeeded by Major- General Robert Hunter, who succeeded in propitiating the Assembly, so much so that they raised his salary to £6,000 per annum. About this time the Maroons began to give X734 trouble and in 1734 a formidable expedition against their mountain strongholds was organized, but the Government forces were surrounded and with difficulty escaped annihilation.

When Governor Trelawney arrived in 1738 he took steps to come to terms with these hardy mountaineers. Two thousand five hundred acres of land were ceded to them, and perfect freedom granted them and their posterity in consideration of their agreeing to aid the Government in quelling rebellion and repelling invasion. X739 Jamaica fitted out an Expedition to attack the Spanish American possessions, and although there were some unimportant successes, the operations as a whole resulted in failure.

X778 War broke out between France and England, and a powerful French fleet sailed for the West Indies. Martial Law was proclaimed in Jamaica, and extraordinary efforts were made to resist the enemy. Spain having joined France the Governor of Jamaica dispatched an Expedition against San Juan de Nica- ragua. The place was captured, but the number of deaths from disease among the invading force was awful, and a miserable remnant only, among whom was the famous Nelson, returned to Port Boyal. In 1782 occurred the ever memorable Victory of Rodney over the French Fleet under de Grasse then on his way to join the Spanish Fleet. The people of Jamaica who had dreaded the threatened in- vasion and had made great efforts to resist it, received the news of the victory with the utmost enthusiasm. The marble statue of Rodney is a lasting testimony of their gratitude to him. Again, a few years later, the then Governor received orders from the Imperial Government to send a Military force to St. Domingo << to accept terms of capitulation from the inhabitants of such parts of the Island as solicited the protection of the British Government." The Expedition captured several places on the coast, but disease again proved the most formidable enemy, and notwith- standing everv effort to subdue the Island, a treaty had ultimately to be made in 1798 with Toussaint rOuverture, and the remnant of the force returned to Jamaica.

88 HANDBOOK OF JAMAICA.

l.'TSO In the meantime the enemies of law and order within the Islazid itself had not been idle. In 1760 a formidable rebellion broke oat among the slaves la St. Mary, which caused much loss of life before it was finally overcome. X70S The inhabitants of the Island were thrown into a state of the greatest alarm by the outbreak of a second Maroon war, of more formidable proportioBs than that of 1734. The troops sent to quell the insurrection again and agaizL fell Into ambuscades and lost heavily. The brunt of the operations was borne by the Militia which in all the disturbances of the time proved itself a most valuable force. £r the present war they were assisted by the Maroons of Acoompon^ 'who remained faithful to the Government. The insurrection was quelled in 1796, and in June of that year upwards of 500 men, women and children were transported to Nova Scotia, whence they were afterwards sent to Sierra Leone. X708 Another rebellion of slaves occurred the insurgents this time beings the ron-away slaves who infested the lower region of the Trelawny Mountains. It was however soon put down.

Notwithstanding these occurrences the Colony continued to grow rich. No lass than one million pounds were voluntarily subscribed to help England against re- volutionary France in 1798, and when war broke out with Spain and France in 1804, Jamaica made extensive preparation for her own protection. So far as the West Indies were concerned the war was made eventful by the manoBUvres of tli» XS08 rival fleets in West Indian Waters and by the brilliant victoiy gained by the British over the French fleet off St. Domingo, the captured prizes being broa^ht to Port Royal.

1M>T Sir Eyre Ooute brought from England the announcement that the British Parliament had withdrawn the restriction of trade between Jamaica and the other British West India Islands and the United States of America and had abolished the slave-trade without compensation to the Planters. There were then. in Jamaica 319,351 slaves.

1.808 On the 20th March 1808 the Duke of Manchester arrived as Governor. His administration continued for 19 years and was distinguished by the novelty of the Assembly existing for the full tevm of seven years. Questions of privilege however frequently arose, and the Executive and Legislature were frequently in opposition. The Colony had to face a period of depression and distress at the time of the war with France and the United States, and storms doing great damage occurred in 1813, 1816, and 1818.

1823 But the most prominent occurrence in Lord Manchester's administration was the beginning of the controversy between the British Parliament and the Jamaica Assembly on the subject of the Slave Code. In 1823 the Assembly was called upon to give effect to Mr. Canning's resolutions for the adoption of measures to ameliorate the condition of the slaves. The Assembly refused to entertain the recommendations of the resolutions, repudiating the right of the Imperial Parlia- ment to interfere in the internal afiairs of the Island.

1S27 The Duke of Manchester relinquished the Qovemment in 1 827, Sir John Keane becoming Lieutenant Governor. He was succeeded in 1829 by the Earl of Belmore, who repeated the demand of the British Parliament for the amendment of the Slave Code. Some acts in this direction were passed, but on the British Government subsequently making proposals for the further amelioration of the Slaves, the Assembly offered a strenuous if not violent resistance, the House ultimately declining to consider any measures not emanating from themselves* So intense indeed was the hostility of a majority of the Assembly and of the slave- owners to the Imperial Parliament, that they threatened to " transfer their allegiance to the Uniteid States, or even to asseit their independence after the manner of their Continental neighbours."

JL831 The excitement produced by these proceedings soon extended to the slave population and on the 28th December, 1831, a serious out- break occurred. The mansion and sugar works of Kensington Estate in St. James were first set on fire by the slaves, and by midnight sixteen incendiaiy fires were destroying the properly in the neighbourhood. The outbreak was quelled by the Militia but not before property to the value of £666,977 sterling had been destroyed by the insurgents

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF JAMAICA. 39

1831 The British Government in commiseration of the deplorable state to 'which the proprietors were reduced, extended to them a loan of £200,000 to enable them to restore their plantations . •

1832 The Earl of Molgrave having succeeded to the Government in 1832 again pressed the Assembly to pass necessairy laws to give effect to the resolutions of 1823 of Mr. Canning. But the Assembly resisted as before and declared that while iidmitting the supremacy of the Sovereign they could not admit ** the supremacy of one portion of His Majesty's subjects in the Parent State over another por- tion of these subjects in Jamaica.''

1333 After this the Emancipation Act was passed by the Imperial Parlia- ment, and was laid before the Jamaica Assembly on 18th October, 1833. They could not but accept the decree, but they entered strong protests against the Act in their Journals.

1334 On the 1st August, 1834, slavery was abolished and the Apprenticeship System established. The number of slaves for whom compensation was paid by the British Government was 256,290, the amount of compensation awarded being £5,863,975 Sterling.

1335 The apprenticeship system was subsequently abolished by Act of Parliament in May 1838, and on the 1st August of that year absolute freedom was conferred on the whole negro population.

The History of the Colony from this time on to the outbreak of 1866, consists of little else beyond a series of political disputes and disagreements between the Executive and the Legislature accompanied with a bitterness which could not fail 1330 to have a disastrous result on the well-being of the country. When Sir Charles Metcalfe was Governor, it is true, much was done to reconcile these dif- ferences ; he succeeded in restoring the affection for the mother- country which in the case of a large number of Colonists had been alienated by recent events, 1343 and he left the Colony after passing a number of useful Laws, greatly regretted by all.

He was succeeded by Lord Elgin during whose administration much was done to improve the general condition of the Island. Coolie Immigration was commenced, new breeds of cattle were introduced and the Jamaica Railway was opened.

1840 The Imperial Parliament passed an Act to equalize the sugar duties on British and Foreign productions. The result of this Act would clearly be disastrous to the sugar planters of Jamaica, and the Assembly in November 1846 declared that they would be unable to continue the institutions of the Colony on the present scale or to defray the cost of Coolie Immigration.

1847 Sir Charles Grey arrived as Governor at this time, and throughout his ad- ministration of 6 years, the " War of Retrenchment" continued. Bill after Bill embodying a scheme of retrenchment was passed by the Legislature and was re- jected as often by the Council. The Treasury became bankrupt owing to the failure of the Legislature to re-enact expiring Revenue Bills, and a complete 1.8S3 ^deadlock" ensued. But Sir Charles Grey's term of office expired and Sir Henry Barkly was appointed Governor of Jamaica. He had been a planter in Demerara and had been sent to that Colony to settle the Retrenchment Question there, a task which he had successfully accomplished. His appointment to Jamaica was therefore hailed with joy, the retrenchment party seeing in him a sympathiser and a deliverer. The Legislature having been called together, an Act for the better government of the Island was passed, and in consideration of this and the provision of a permanent revenue of £25,000 to provide for salaries of Judges and several other Public Officers, the Imperial Government granted a loan of £500,000 at 4 per cent to pay off the debts of the Colony. Sir Henry Barkly was sworn in as Captain General and Governor in Chief under the new Constitution.

1857 Sir Henry Barkly was succeeded by Mr (afterwards Sir) C. H. Darling, flifl administration is remarkable for the fact that acting on the opinion that it was the intention of the Legislature to establish in Jamaica the principle that in all im- portant questions of a purely domestic nature the Colony shouH be governed

40 HANDBOOK OF JAMAICA.

18S7 according to the views of the constitaencies as expressed by their .Repre- sentatives in the Legislature, he appointed three gentlemen to office on the prin- ciple of Ministerial Kesponsibility.

1862 The political struggles between the Executive Committee &zid the Assembly revived in all their intensity and in the following year had gone so far that Mr. Edward John Eyre the Lieutenant Governor, and the Assembly came into direct collision a majority of that body declining " to proceed to any fiurther business with His Excellency."

X864 Mr. Eyre, who had been Lieutenant Governor during the absence of Sir Charles Darling on leave, was appointed to succeed him as Governor, the Imperial Oovemment approving of the course he had adopted in the recent con- tiict with the Assembly.

But meanwhile trouble was brewing in the country. A severe drought liad greatly impoverished the people, while the American Civil war and other ojnineii had increased the price of imported bread-stuffs. Agitators availed themselves of the opportunity to unsettle and excite the minds of ijie ignorant. Public Meetings were got up at which seditious speeches were made calUng upon those of African race to assert themselves and to publicly set forth their grievances. Tlie movement had its natural effect.

188S In October, a rebellion of the black people broke out in the Parish of St. Thomas. On the 11th of that month a crowd of some hundreds armed with cutlasses, bayonets, sticks and muskets entered the square in front of the Court house at Morant Bay and declared for << war." They ware all blacks, and their cry ^vrss ** colour for colour, blood for blood." The Custos and Magistrates of the Parisii were butchered while holding their meeting for the transaction of business. Tlie Tolunteers who were drawn up in front of the Court house were stoned and although they fired, were overpowered. All the Officers and many members of tl&e force were killed. Martial Law was at once proclaimed, troops were dispatched to the disaffected district, and the outbreak vigorously quelled. The principal agitator, Mr. George William Gordon who was mainly responsible, was arrested, tried by Court Martial and hanged, while a number of the actual ringleaders among the insurgents were similarly dealt with.

1888 On intelligence of the affair reaching England, Sir Henry Knight Storks was sent out to assume the Government and act as President of a Commission of Enquiry of which the other Members were Mr. BusseU Gurney the Recorder of London, and Mr. J. B. Maule, the Becorder of Leeds.

The conclusion at which the Commission arrived was, shortly, that the out- break had been quelled with unnecessary severity. They reported however that << the disturbances had their immediate origin in a planned resistance to lawful authority," and that <' a principal object of the disturbers of order was the obtaining of land free of rent."

As a result of this finding, Mr. Eyre was recalled by Her Majesty's Govern- ment, and left Jamaica.

The Legislature had previously, at the instance of Governor Eyre, passed a law to abolish the then existing Constitution, and to empower Her Majesty the Queen " to create and constitute a government for this island in such form and with such powers as to Her Majesty may best seem fitting," and the act had received the assent of the Crown. Thus was brought to a close a Representative Institution which had existed for 202 years, and which had exercised powers, in some respects, in ex- cess of those of the British House of Commons itself.

Sir John Peter Grant, K.C.B., arrived as Captain- General and Govemor-in-Chief of the Island on the 5th August, 1866. He brought with him an Order in Council dated the 11th June of that year establishing a new form of government. The new Legislature was designated << The Legislative Council of Jamaica" and consisted at first of the Governor and six official and three non-official members. A Privy Council was also provided for.

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF JAMAICA, 41

:X368 The Legislatiire Council met for the despatch of business on the 16th Octo- 'her and at once directed their attention to the re-adjustment of the public finances. There had been a deficit on the 30th September, 1866, of i£80,656, and there were obli- .^^tions arising out of the recent disturbances to be immediately met. V/ith the view of providing for these requirements, without unduly pressing on any particular sec- tion of the community, the excise duty on rum was increased, the house tax was extended to all houses under £12 annual rental, a small tax was laid on land and a trade license was imposed on Merchants, Storekeepers, Newspapers Proprietors and other men in business. In the following year additional customs' duties were levied •on wines, tobacco and similar articles of luxury and an addition of ten per cent. was in all cases made to the total amount payable on imports. Estates machinery and other articles required for the production of the staples of the colony and the •development of its resources were however admitted free. The result of these re- adjustments was that on the 30th September, 1868, there was a surplus of £5,599 ; this was the first time for many years that the finances of the colony had shown an •excess of revenue over expenditure. The Government had now begun a series of changes in the political and fiscal affairs of the colony.

One of the first measures of reform was the reduction of the number of parishes from twenty-two to fourteen. The parishes were thus nearly equalized in size and population and the annual expenditure for maintenance was greatly reduced. A new revenue system was established, whereby the Officers of Customs and the Col- lectors of Taxes were placed under a Central Head and the collection of the revenue, both internal and external, was regulated by a uniform system. A semi -military Police was organized and placed under an Inspector- General, and a Rural Police was added as an Auxiliary Force for the detection of crime in the remote districts of the country. The Judicial Establishment was re- constituted. District Courts on the model of the English County Courts were introduced ; Public Prosecutors were -appointed as Assistants to the Attorney-General ; the Judges of the Supreme Court ■were authorised to admit Solicitors of seven years' standing to practise as Advocates in the Supreme Court, and a Commission was appointed to prepare a new and re- vised edition of the statutes of this island. Grand Juries were abolished and the Attorney- General was charged with the power of preferring indictments against persons accused of crime. The reduction of the number of Judges of the Supreme •Court from four to two, as vacancies occurred, was sanctioned. A Medical Depart- ment for providing the inhabitants, and especially those in the rural districts, with medical attendance and medicine, was established ; and a change in the educational system, under which the annual grants to elementary schools were based on results was inaugurated. Asa part of this new education movement provision was made ior the training of Schoolmasters at a Government Training College in Spanish Town and at the Mico Institution in Kingston. A Government Savings Bank was opened in Kingston, with branches in the several parishes, in substitution of the old Trustee Banks, which were limited in their operations and but indifferently managed hy the local Trustees. The postal rates on letters were reduced and postal com- munication between Kingston and the interior was extended to three posts per week. A Department of Public Works was organized under an officer designated the Di- rector of Roads and Superintendent of Public Works, and an effective system of road supervision was inaugurated. The public buildings which had for years been ialling into decay were repaired and commodious hospitals, police stations and other necessary buildings were constructed on modem principles. •

1888 In the year 1868 Coolie immigration was resumed (after having been stopped for four years) and Cinchona was first permanently planted at Bellevue, on the Blue Mountain Range, by the Government. In the same year the fruit trade with the United States of America was started at Port Antonio by private enterprize.

The greater part of these improvements involved large additional annual expendi- ture from the Public Treasury ; but notwithstanding this there was an annual surplus during the whole period of Sir John Peter Grant's administration. His Excellency in reporting on the finances of the year 1871-72 (the year preceding that in which

42 HANDBOOK OF JAMAICA.

he left the colony) informed the Secretary of State as follows : ** The continuing Burphis accrues from no increase of taxation, and is in the face of a large expenditure on public works of utility and importance, of a largely increas- ing expen4iture on such departments as those of education and medicine, and of some increase of expenditure in those administrative and revenue departments which necessarily require development as the population and wealth of the colony became developed."* Among the imposts remitted in consequence of the solvency of the finances were the tonnage dues and tax on breeding stock, working cattle^ and sheep, which were inherited from the old Legislature, and the additional im- port duty which was levied in 1868.

1871 A Census was taken on the 31st July, 1871, which showed that the popu- lation 'Which was recorded as 606,164 had increased byl4.7 per cent, in tlie ten years ending on that day. Within the same period the Established Ohojrcli in Jamaica was abolished by the expiry of the Clergy Law and the first Synod of the Disestablished Church was held in Kingston under the presidency of Bishop Courtenay. The Law of Charles II., empowering the Governor for the time, vrith the advice of a Council of War, to declare Marshal Law in times of disturbance, was repealed.

Two other noteworthy occurrences took place during the administration of Sir John Peter Grant. The first was the transfer of the Seat of Government from Spanish Town, the ancient capital, to Kingston, the commercial centre. The second is the case of the La Have.

The La Have, with papers showing that Kingston was her destination, and ^rith a cargo of guns and munitions of war, was captured on the high seas by a Spanish man-of-war and towed into Port Royal. The cargo was detained by order of Go- vemor Sir J. P. Grant on the advice of Mr. Attorney-General Heslop, under an Island Statute which declared that munitions of war shipped at a foreign port are forfeited to* the Crown if imported into Jamaica. Actions for damages were filed by the owners of the vessel and cargo against Sir J. P. Grant, the amount claimed being £36,000. After the first case had been heard and a verdict had been given against the defendants a compromise was effected by the parties to the suits, the Governor giving his promissory note, payable in six months for £7,920, with in- terest at 8 per cent, to the date of payment and restoring the arms and munitions. The Legislative Council subsequently passed a vote for redeeming the promis- sory note, but requested the Governor " to urge the Secretary of State, in aa strong a manner as His Excellency might deem fit, the justice of the British Go- vernment's refunding the amount to the Colony, the seizure having been made for the purpose of carrying out Imperial Policy and International Law." The amount was refunded.

1874 Sir J. P. Grant left Jamaica on the 26th January, 1874, and Mr. W. A..

G. Toung, the Acting Colonial Secretary, assumed the Government as President- of the Privy Council. Sir William Grey arrived as Governor on the 4th ApriL During his administration the island was afflicted with a hurricane (November^ 1874) by which many of the provision grounds of the peasantry were destroyed,, and by a severe drought (1876) followed by heavy and continuous rains, which* did unusual damage to the roads throughout the Island. Small-pox also prevailed epidemically in some parts of the Island, especially in Vere and Clarendon, and endemically in other parts. A considerable commercial panic, in consequence o£ overtrading on fictitious capital, also -occurred. Two of the leading. firms of King: ston failed for the large sum of £363,844 and these failures caused several other bankruptcies. The reaction which followed upon this general collapse of trade had a very unfavourable effect on the import duties and on the revenue frouL stamps.

Z876 Against these calamities there were the successful exhibition of a collec- tion of Jamaica products at the International fclxhibition which was held at Phila- ' delphia in 1876, and the establishing of Street Cars in the City of Kingston through, the enterprise of a private company. The Rio Cobre Irrigation Works were com-

* Sir John Grant's Report on the Bine Book of 1872.

HISTOBICAL SKETCH OF JAMAICA. 43

^XS^O pleted at a cost of £126,500 and the Dry River Bridge, which had for some years been in constrnction, was opened for traffic.

IS *7 7 Sir William Grey relinquished the Government on the 10th March, 1877, in ooxisequenoe of ill-health, and Lieutenant-Governor Kushworth, O.M.G., was sworn into office. During his short administration Jamaica was admitted in the Postal Union ; Kingston was lighted with Gas, and a Commission was appointed to enquire into the <3ondition of the juvenile population of Jamaica. Mr. Rushworth died of yellow £ever on the 10th August, 1877, and the government devolved on Major-General IMEanii, as President of the Privy Council.

Sir Anthony Musgrave, K.C.M.G., arrived and assumed the government as Cap* tarn- General and Governor- in- Chief on the 24th August, 1877. In opening the fint session of the Legislative Council after his arrival. His Excellency had to make un- favourable announcements with regard to the public finances. By an arrangement made by the Secretary of State for the Colonies, in deference to representations from the sugar planters of the colony, the immigration debt which then stood at £174, 92S mras transferred to the Public Treasury, together with the annual expenses of hos-

Eitals and medical attendance on immigrants. In addition to these assumed liabi- Lties there was a deficit of £4,063 in the general accounts on the 30th September. 1877, and an anticipated deficit of £2,683 on the general accounts of the financial year 1877-78. To meet these demands the Legislative Council, on the recommenda- tion of the Governor, fe-imposed the poll-tax on breeding stock which was repealed by Law 14 of 1870 and raised a loan of £36,000 under Law 1 of 1878. The only other aids to the general revenue during the year (1877-78) were the trifling export duties on coffee and logwood, which were transferred from the Immigration fund to general revenue, as a set-off against the assumption by the public of the charges in connection with immigration. By a reduction in the expenditure on public works

and other economies the finances of the year were closed with a surplus ; but the

new loan remained as an addition to the public debt.

1878 In the next session Sir Anthony Musgrave announced that ''in conse- quence of the healthy condition of the finances and the improved prospects of the com- ing year** he proposed to submit to the decision of the Council " the propriety of some special votes for purposes of public utility and the augmentation of the provisions al-- ready made for some objects of importance.'' Among the measures thus recom- mended were an annual scholarship granting to the holder the means of prosecuting his studies to completion at any British University ; the appointment of a govern- ing body for the management of a high school to promote the higher education of the country ; an increase in the number of Pupil Teachers at the Government Train- ing College at Spanish Town and at other similar institutions, and the founding of an institute for the promotion of literature, science and art in Jamaica, h e also recommended the construction of a line of Electric Telegraph between Kingston and Montego Bay, with a branch from St. Ann's Bay to Port Antonio ; the subsidizing of the West India and Panama Telegraph Company for the purpose of securing tele- graphic communication with other countries ; the purchase of the Jamaica Railway and its extensions to Porus on the south-side and Ewarton on the north- side ; the restoration of the buildings of the saline baths at Milk River and the extension of cinchona cultivation on the Government Plantation in St. Andrew. These recom- mendations were all agreed to and fully carried out. A system of registration of births, deaths and marriages, which had previously been sanctioned by the Legis- 18TO lature, was brought into operation on the 1st April, 1878. In the follow- inff year a new Marriage Law, which provided for the appointment of Marriage Omcersand for purely civil marriages where the parties desired them, and a Divorce Law, were passed. A series *of laws having for their object the improvement of the Judicial System and the consolidation of the superior Courts into one superior Court of Judicature and the appointment of a second Puisne Judge, were also passed. In the same year there was an extension of the telegraph line so as to complete the circait of this useful and civilizing undertaking and the establishing of steam com- miuiioation round the island by means of an annual subsidy.

In the latter part of 1879 (from October 8th to the 13th) there were heavy rainv- which caused great destruction of property and loss of life in and near Kingston r

44 HANDBOOK OF JAMAICA.

1.880 Early in March their Royal Highnesfies Prince Albert Victor and G^eorge, sons of the Prince of Wales, arrived in Jamaica in H.M. Ship " Bacchante" and wero entertained by Lieutenant-Governor Newton, who was then administeriii^ the government during the temporary absence of Sir Anthony Musgrave.

On the return of Sir Anthony Musgrave to the colony on the 4th June, 18S0, ha received an address of welcome from the inhabitants of Kingston.

There was a severe drought which continued to the beginning of Augnst, ^w^hen ordinary rains fell. On the 1 8th a cyclone passed over the eastern haJf of the island which lasted for about five hours and did considerable damage to public juid private property, and to the growing crops of the peasantry. 'Nearly all the wharves in the Kingston harbour were destroyed and the shipping sustained xnach injury. But little rain fell in Kingston during the storm and there was moonlight throughout. Five persons were drowned and twenty-five died from the falling of houses, &c. A double shock of earthquake, each consisting of a large number of tremors, lasting 7 or 8 seconds occurred on the 7th December and was felt tlirough- out the inland. Towards the end of the year there were general and fertilizing rains, which had a beneficial eflfect on the growing crops.

1881 On the 4th March, 1881, a Census was taken, the population being 580,804 ; this gave an increase of 74,650 over the number returned by the Census of 1871 and showed that the population had increased at the rate of 7,000 per annum.

The Legislative Council met on the 22nd November, 1881, when the Governor jtnnounced a deficit of £44,446 on the accounts of the financial year. << This," His Excellency said,'' ought not to be altogether surprising in a year which wsm ad- mitted to have been one of severe distress to the masses of the people, almost all ^ver the colony, in consequence of the protracted drought which succeeded the <$yclone of August last year." An anticipated deficit of £16,702 on the ordinary requirements of the succeeding financial year was also announced. To meet the total deficit (£61,148) the Legislative Council, at the instance of the Grovemment increased the excise duty on rum from 5/ to 8/ per gallon and imposed an addi- tional 10 per cent, on all Customs' duties. The Government by curtailing all ex- penditure on improvements that could be postponed without injury to the country ; by absorbing the annual profits of the Government Savings Bank and by adopting other financial re-arrangements were able to reduce the deficit to £18,178 on the 30th September, 1882. Thereupon the imposition of the additional 10 per cent, on the Customs duties was repealed, but it was considered expedient to continue the increased duty on rum.

In the meantime (that is to say in July, 1881,) two actions were tried in the King- ston Circuit Court in the suit of General Pulido, of Venezuela, against Governor Sir Anthony Musgrave and Mr. Richard Gillard, Collector of Customs, for the detention in 1877 of the Schooner Florence and her cargo of arms and ammunition. Damages were laid in the two cases at £18,000. The vessel had, on her arrival at Port Royal, reported herself in distress, and after landing her cargo of arms and ammunition at Fort Augusta had been permitted to enter the Kingston Harbour for repairs. On the completion of these repairs the Captain was required by the Qo- Temor, on the advice of Mr. Attorney- General O'Malley, to enter into security to proceed direct to St. Thomas, her reported place of destination, with her cargo of arms and ammunition. A thousand pounds was lodged in the Treasury by her con- signees, which was repaid on the production of a certificate from the British Consul at St. Thomas as to the fulfilment of the contract. It was for the delay and other contingent trespasses that the actions were instituted. The verdicts were for the plaintS*, the damages being assessed at £6,700. The amount (with the costs in the suits) was paid by the Governor by means of an advance from the Treasury, in order to save the interest at six per cent, which was running on the judgment, and to avoid the very probable indignity to himself of having his property levied upon and sold to liquidate the claim. But Sir Anthony Musgrave expressed his readiness to re- fund the amount should the course pursued by him be disapproved by the Secretary of State, and he asked for instructions as to how the damages and costs were finally to be paid. In December a despatch from the Secretary of State directing the Governor

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF JAMAICA. 4&

X881 to applj to the Legislative Connoil for a vote to cover the amount was re^ ceived by His Ezoellency and laid before the Council. The despatch required the official members to support the vote. In consequence of this the Auditor General (Mr. J. C. Macglashan) and the Crown Solicitor (Mr. S. C. Burke) resigned their seats, the first on the ground that the " acts of the Governor in reference to the vessel were regarded by the Colonial and Foreign Secretaries as questions of Imperial and international duty," and the second on the ground that " the damages and coBt» vrere incurred solely in pursuance of imperial policy and objects."*

The despatch was referred to a Select Committee who reported that '< the Council would not be justified in sanctioning the vote as the detention of the vessel was made entirely to protect imperial interests and in no way could this island derive any benefit therefrom." The report was disagreed to by the votes of the official members of the Council and the further consideration of the question was postponed until after the Christmas recess. Public meetings in support of the views of the Select Committee were held in Kingston and several other parishes and on the re- 1882 assembling of the Council in January, 1882, a number of petitions were pre- sented against the passing of any vote of money for the damages and costs in the suits referred to. On the question being again brought on for discussion a resolution was carried by the votes of the unofficial members to the effect, that the Council recorded its agreement with the prayers of these petitions. The Governor in forwarding^ the resolution to the Secretary of State informed him of the ''total impossibility that the question at issue could be decided in favour of the Government with the present majority of unofficial members" and asked for further instructions.* On the 7th November a minute was read from the Governor laying before the Council a copy of a despatch from the Secretary of State, stating that Her Majesty's Government was prepared to ask Parliament to consent to the payment of one half of the amount of the damages and costs of the suits on learning that the payment of the other half from colonial funds had been sanctioned by the Legislative Council, and directing the Governor to bring a vote for the amount before the Council. His Excellency accordingly requested the Council to pass the vote required. On the motion for the vote being put to the Council eight official members and the tlom- mander of the Forces voted in support of it, and the six unofficial members present voted against it. At the meeting of the Council on the 11th November the Gover- nor announced that since their last meeting he had received the resignation of the six unofficial members in question, namely, Messrs. McDowell, Gibb, Shirley^ Michael Solomon, Kerr, and Henderson. (Mr. Sewell, who was in England, had tendered his resignation direct to the Secretary of State, and Mr. George So- lomon, who was sSao absent from the island, resigned soon after his return to Ja- maica.)

While the negotiations with regard to the case of the Florence were progressing^ Mr. George Solomon had proposed in the Legislative Council and carried by the votes of the unofficial member, a resolution declaring <Hhat the expenditure of the island during the fifteen years of Crown Government had been in excess in the aggregate to the extent of £2,000,000 over any similar period in the histoiy of the colony without, in the opinion of the Council, any adequate advantages being derived therefrom." The result of this resolution and of the representations that had been made in the petitions from the public meetings with regard to the case of the Florence was the appointment of a Royal Commission to enquire into the public revenue, ex- penditure, debts and liabilities of the island. Further action with regard to the Florence case was stayed by the publication of a despatch from the Secretary of State in which it was intimated, in connection with the resignation of their seats by the unofficial members of the Legislative Council, that Her Majesty's Government did not then propose to take any steps for filling the vacancies, as it would be convenient that no important Legislation should be undertaken by the Council until the Report of the Royal Finance Conmussioners had been received and con- sidered.

Just before the arrival in Jamaica of the Royal Commissioners a calamitous fire occurred in Kingston (on the 11th December, 1882,) by which the greater part of the-

• P^>en laid before Parliament^ December, 1882.

46 HANDBOOK OV JAMAICA.

1882 business portion of the town was destroyed, much yalnable property * jnimed and great distress occasioned to the poorer classes. The area over ivrhichtiie fire extended was about 40 acres, containing 689 houses. The market value of the house property destroyed was estimated at between £160,000 and £200,000. Sub- scriptions were received from all parts of the Empire, &om the United States of America and from the other parishes of Jamaica for the relief of the suiferexs, the total amount received from abroad being £11,946 16s. 6d. and the total amouni contributed locally being £4,810 Is. 7^. (These sums were exclusive of tlie large amount subscribed by the Masonic Fraternity in Jamaica and elsewhere for the relief of their Brethren who were sufferers by the fire.)

X883 The Royal Commissioners arrived on the 6th January, 1883, and imme- diately entered on their important duties ; their enquiry lasted to the 25th. Feb- ruary when they left Jamaica for the Leeward Islands to prosecute similar inquiries there. Soon after Sir Anthony Musgrave assumed the government he had appointed a Commission to " inquire into and report upon the extent, composition and organi- sation of the several public departments of the island" and in the month of Jannazy, 1882, their report was Laid before the Council. The recommendations in the reports were reviewed by the Boyal Commissioners and in the majority of cases suggestions other than those included therein were made by them.

On the 20th April, Sir Anthony Musgrave finally relinquished the Government, hav- ing completed his term of Ofiice and been appointed to the Governorship of Queens- land. The citizens of Kingston presented a farewell address to his Excellency, ia the course of which they stated " that they had hoped that his Excellency's adminis- tration would have been extended so as to have enabled him to perfect and complete the many works of progress undertaken by him for the future advantage and pro0- perity of the Colony." They concluded thus : " It is with gratitude that as a people we say that the administration of your Excellency has been one which, while it illuB- trates the capacity of the Administrator, has tended to develop both the industrial and mental capacities of the people, and cannot fail largely to contribute to their welfare and happiness." His Excellency in a despatch to the Secretary of State^ when leaving the colony, thus reviewed his administration of the Government : **3o far as it has been in my power to direct it, the policy of the Local Government has been to facilitate the ready administration of justice and the organization of public departments, to improve the sanitary condition of the people and the difiusion of education among them, and to furnish those means of communication by telegraph and post, and transport by railway, which in all countries are found to stimulate industry by giving value to its products."

Colonel Wiseman Clarke administered the Government as Senior Member of the Privy Council until the arrival of Major-General Gamble, C.B., from Barbados, on the 4th May, 1883. During the latter's term of office a public meeting was held in Elingston ** to protest against the continuance of the official Legislative Council" and << taxation without representation ;" and a deputation of gentlemen interested in Jamaica waited upon the Earl of Derby (then Secretary of State for the Colonies) at the Colonial Office in London '< to express their views regarding a desired im- provement in the Government and Legislature of the Island, by wMch a legitimate control over the expenditure should be exercised by the non-official body." The deputation was introduced in an explanatory speech by Captain Price, M.P., for Devonport. Addresses were also delivered by Mr. Richard EOLLL Jackson of Jamaica and Mr. James Ohlson, the Secretary of the West India Committee in England. Lord Derby in reply stated that Her Majesty's Government had << carefully consi- dered the question of the Constitution of Jamaica and were prepared to take a new departure, and that it was their intention to introduce something of an elective ele- ment into the new arrangements that were to be made."

On the 17th December, 1883, the inhabitants of Kingston presented Major- Genend Gamble with a farewell address, and four days afterwards His Excellency relinquished the Government to His Excellency Sir Henry Wylie Norman, K.C.B., C.I.E., who had been appointed Captain- General and Go vemor-in- Chief of Jamaica . and its dependencies.

HISTORICAX SKETCH OF JAMAICA. 47

XS83 On the following day a despatch from the Secretary of State for the Colonies, •dated 1st December, 1883, was published in a Gazette Extraordinary. The des- patch intimated that for the future the nine unofficial members of the Legislative Oouncil would be elected by the people and instructed the Governor to appoint a Royal Commission to determine the Franchise. The despatch also stated <<that the vote of the official members should not, as a general rule, be recorded against that of the unofficial members, if not less than six of the latter are present and agreed."

1884 On the 4th January an address was sent to Sir Henry Norman from a " pri- vate meeting of gentlemen" held in Kingston to consider the despatch of the Secretary of State for the Colonies respecting the future government of the colony. The address stated that " a large number of persons look upon the proposed new Legis- lative Council as differing little from the old, the only difference in fact amounting to this, that there is to be in it an unofficial elected minority, with special powers in matters of finance so fettered as to be practically useless, instead of an unofficial nominated minority possesing no semblance of power at all." The address also urged that " the Order in Council which would confer on the Representatives of the People the financial powers referred to in clause 6 of despatch No. 285 should also distinctly specify the instances in which the ' general rule' might be suspended." His Excellency in reply expressed << his regret that the gentlemen entertained such an unfounded belief as they did with respect to the intentions of Her Majesty's Government and that they failed to see any material difference between the pro- posed new Legislative Council and the old one." He continued : '< 1 can only say that I entirely dissent from their view. I think that a real change was intended and that a substantial power and responsibility is to be given, under the terms of Lord Derby's despatch, to the elected members of Council, and that there is ample justification for his Lordship's styling the change '< a moderate step in advance." With r^;ard to th^ second point dealt with in the address His ExceUency said that ** it appeared to him that the power of the Governor to command a majority in the Council by filling the full number of official seats may be exercised in any extreme ease by the Governor, who, however, would have to justify his action to Her Ma- jesty* s Government ; and although this power would, under the terms of Lord Derb/s despatch, be only justifiably used in a case of great importance and under a sense of great responsibility, it was impossible before hand to say that under no circumstances could a case of extreme importance arise which some persons might not consider came under the title of general legislation on a question of local in- terest."

Public meetings were held in St. Ann, Portland, Manchester and Kingston, to protest against the political constitution of the island as proposed in the Secretary of State's despatch of the 1st December. In the Kingston resolutions it was urged that *^ in matters of general legislation and government the elective minority in the Oouncil would possess no power at all, and in matters of finance the power professed to be given to them would be so fettered that it could, at any moment, be overrid- den by the Governor." The resolution continues : <' This meeting declares that the Governor's presence and power in the Council have been in the past, and will be in the future unduly restrictive of the freedom of debate ; and that nine elective members will be numerically inadequate to represent the various interests of the island ; and in view of the fact that the Crown still retains exclusive privilege to initiate finance as well as the prerogative of veto, this meeting hereby records its emphatic protest against the Crown also possessing power to usurp at pleasure that control over taxation and expenditure which ought only to be exercised by the Re- presentatives of the People." A Standing Committee was appointed to represent the Parish of Kingston in respect to the subject matter of the forgoing resolution ; to raise funds ; to hold conference with the sister parishes ; to decide upon a course of action and to carry the same into effect : and also to select and appoint dele- gates for such purposes, or any of them from time to time, as occasion may require. During the period of agitation Sir Henry Norman communicated with the Secre- tary of State who, in a despatch published on the 21st February, 1884, stated that the Governor '< correctly represented the views of Her Majestj^s Government in his reply to the Address of the gentlemen of Kingston."

48 HANDBOOK OF JAMAICA.

The Royal Commission on the Franchise met on the 8th January, 1 884, and agreed to their report. They recommended that freeholders paying 20/ of taxes, or rate- payers and taxpayers paying 30/ of taxes or rates should be entitled to vote. The recommendation was approved by the Secretary of State and on the SOth. June the Order in Council, dated 19th May, 1884, re-constituting the Legislative Council was published in a Gazette Extraordinary. The Registration of the electors took place in June and the elections for the new Council were held between the Stliand 12th September. In five of the electoral districts there were contested electioiis but in the other four districts the members were returned unopposed.

The first meeting of the new Council was held on 30th September. All the official and elected members were present. Governor Sir Henry Norman in open- ing the proceedings congratulated the members on " the restoration as some -would call it, or the commencement as others would say, of representative institutions in the colony." The first legislative act of a constitutional character was the passing of the following resolution, which was moved by the Hon. George Henderson, mem- ber for St. Thomas and Portland : "That it appears by the Acts 29 Victoria, sec. 1, chapters 11 and 24 (the laws abolishing the old constitution of the island and giving power ■'to create and constitute a government for this island) that no power was given or contemplated to be given, in these laws for the Queen or Her Ministers to appropriate the revenues of this country without the consent of its Legislature." The resolution had reference to the Civil List attached to the Order in Council of {he 19th May, 1884. A few days after a message from the Governor was presented to the Legislative Council, informing them that Her Majesty's Government -were- negotiating with the United States Government for the free entry of British Weet Indian Sugar in return for the abolition of import duties on bread, butter, cheese,, com, flour, lard, kerosene and other articles, and asking if the Council was willing- to take part in the arrangements and would make good the revenue sacrificed, by means of a land tax or an export duty or otherwise. The Council, in a resolution, expressed their willingness to take part in the arrangements and to make good the revenue to be sacrificed, which was estimated at £69,300.

X88S On the 26th February, 1885, the Poms Branch of the Railway Extension was opened by Sir Henry Norman. The event was celebrated by a luncheon at Poms, at which His Excellency and a distinguished party, including the Right Honourable Viscount Cranbrook and the Right Honourable Gathome Hardy, M.P., and Mrs. Hardy were present. The Ewarton Branch was opened on the 13th August of the same year. Sir Henry Norman and a large Company were present.

The Legislative Council re-assembled on the 11th March and the Governor laid before the Chamber a despatch from the Secretary of State in reply to the resolution of the 14th October, 1884, with regard to the Civil List. The Secretary of State after reciting the nature of the resolution thus continued : "You will have the good- ness to inform the Council that Her Majesty's Government conceive that this resolu- tion was passed under a misapprehension of the circumstances of the case. It is tme that the Act which enabled the Queen to constitute the late Legislative Council of Jamaica did not confer upon the Crown the power of reserving a Civil List by an Order in Council ; but as by the Order in Council pass'ed thereunder the whole con- trol of the public purse was vested in persons nominated by the Crown, it is in accordance with constitutional precedent that the Crown when admitting the people of the island by a further Order in Council to a large share of the control of its finances, should by the same instrument reserve and secure the salaries of some of the principal officers of the Government. Instances of this procedure are to be found in the constitution of Malta, Natal and some of the Australian Colonies. It should, however, be clearly understood that if the Colonial Legislature should at any time propose to vary the salary assigned by the Order in Council to any of the officers named in the schedule their views will receive attentive consideration." On the 19th March the following resolution was agreed to by the votes of the elected members of the Legislative Council, the ex officio and nominated members declining to vote : " That this Council learn with pleasure, but without surprise, that it is the opinion of the Secretary of State for the Colonies that the Acts which enabled the

HISTORICAL 8KBTCU OJT JAMAICA. 49

18 Queen to constitute the Legislature of Jamaica did not confer upon the Crown the power of reeerving a Civil List by Order in Council. That without in